Introduction This study aims to evaluate the effect of technical-procedural factors on radiation dose during prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Methods This was a single-center, retrospective study of 59 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who underwent prostatic artery embolization from March 2020 to September 2021. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed for vascular planning prior to PAE in all patients. The effect of the following techniques on the dose area product (DAP) of PAE was evaluated: application of low-dose protocol (LDP) for digital subtraction angiography (DSA), reduction of oblique projections by performing PAE of at least one pelvic side utilizing anteroposterior projections only (AP-PAE), utilization of “roadmap” technique instead of DSA for the delineation of pelvic arterial anatomy (RDMP-PAE), and cone-beam CT (CBCT). The impact of the patient’s body mass index (BMI) on DAP was also calculated. The effective dose (ED) of PAE and pre-PAE CTA was calculated from DAP and from dose length products, respectively, using appropriate conversion factors. Results For the entire study population (n = 59), the mean DAP of PAE was 16,424.7 ± 8,019 μGy‧m2. On simple regression analysis, LDP, AP-PAE, and RDMP-PAE significantly contributed to DAP reduction during PAE (30% (p = 0.004), 26.7% (p = 0.013), and 31.2% (p = 0.004), respectively). On multiple regression, LDP and AP-PAE maintained their significant effect (p = 0.002 and p = 0.006, respectively). CBCT was associated with a not statistically significant increase in DAP (10.1%) (p = 0.555). The ED of CTA represented 21.2% ± 10.6% of the ED of PAE. Conclusion Of the four studied factors, LDP, AP-PAE, and RDMP-PAE proved to be relatively simple and widely available techniques that could limit radiation exposure of both the operators and the patients during PAE. The contribution of planning CTA to the overall radiation exposure of patients undergoing PAE appears to be not negligible.

Cranial vault lesions are rare and may alter skull figure. Among them, osteomas are the most frequent entities found on burial remains. We present a skull (dry bone) which was unearth in the cemetery of Serres city in Northern Greece and was then donated to the Anatomy Department of the Democritus University of Thrace. The specimen presents a triple lesion and an odd figure, a reason which may explain why it was neglected for a long time period as an unwanted remain of a probably stigmatized person. Radiology (computed tomography) revealed a peculiar combination of a meningioma, an osteoma and a hyperostosis frontalis interna. KEY WORDS: Cranial Radiology, Meningioma en plaque, Hyperostosis.

Jugular foramina are two openings in the base of the skull. Difference in diameter between two sides is noted, while right sided foramen is usually mentioned as the larger one. Rare cases have been reported with an enlarged jugular foramen. We report such a case with a right jugular foramen of a diameter 24mmX13mm. Microsurgery in the near future may exploid cases with greater openings. KEY WORDS: Base of the skull, Dry bone, Microsurgery.

Background: Styloid process (SP) is a needle shaped projection of the temporal bone, which lies in close proximity to several important anatomical structures of the head and neck. It attracts the attention of anatomists, otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons, as an abnormally long SP is linked with a clinical condition known as Eagle Syndrome. There are numerous studies in the literature investigating morphometric characteristics of SP, including its length in different populations. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of SP elongation in Greek population and to construct an epidemiologic map showing the incidence of SP elongation across different regions of Greek territory. Materials and methods: Two hundred and nine skulls retrieved from cemeteries across Greece were meticulously examined. Ninety-four male skulls and one-hundred and fifteen females, all of Hellenic origin. SP length was measured from the lowest inner point of the surface between the SP and the stylomastoid foramen to its tip, utilizing a digital caliper and a steel wire. Data from this study were statistically analyzed and combined with data from other studies in Greek population in order to construct a detailed epidemiologic map. Results: The mean length was 27.26 ± 5.89 mm for the left and 27.84 ± 6.31 mm for the right SP. In males 36.4% of the left and 37.8% of the right SP were elongated. In females the incidence of SP elongation was 14.3% and 15.5% for left and right side respectively. Statistically significant association was observed between gender and SP length but not between age and SP length. Conclusion: This study enriches the literature by adding information about elongated SP incidence in Greek population. It reviews the existing studies about SP length in Greeks and presents an epidemiologic map showing the incidence of SP elongation across different regions in Greece. KEY WORDS: Skull, Eagle syndrome, Hellenic population, Elongated Styloid Process.

Introduction. Common hepatic artery is one of the three branches of Haller tripod and gives rise to the left and right hepatic arteries. We describe the case of a 62-year-old woman with the right hepatic artery rising from abdominal aorta, diagnosed incidentally during an abdominal computed tomography angiography. Case report. The common hepatic artery was absent. In its place, the left hepatic artery originated from the celiac trunk, while the right replaced hepatic artery was observed arising directly from the abdominal aorta. Conclusions. The uncommon abnormal vascular pattern presented has not been yet classified as an anatomic variation. Such arterial aberrations should be considered by surgeons during cholecystectomy, liver transplantation and pancreatectomy, to avoid complications.

Objective The morphology and quantitative anatomy of the axis vertebra (C2) attracts a lot of attention between anatomists, surgeons and radiologists. However, no report exists in the literature correlating the height of the dens with the length of the femur. Our paper aims to determine such a correlation. Material and methods An examination of forty-five adult dry skeletons (twenty-three male and twenty-two female) was conducted. The height of the odontoid process of the axis and the maximum length of the femur were measured and statistically analyzed. Results The mean values for the height of the dens were 19.13±2.74 mm and 16.83±2.45 mm concerning the male and female dry skeletons respectively. The mean maximum length of the right femur bone was 43.04±2.32 cm for male and 39.90±2.40 cm for female skeletons. Data analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation (r=0.709, p <0.001) between the height of the odontoid process and the maximum length of the femur bone. A linear regression model expressing this association was created: Femur max length (in cm) = 32.874 + 0.531 x Dens height (in mm). Conclusion We present a new mathematical equation correlating one of the most studied long bones of the skeleton, the femur, with another "long" part of the bony structure of the human body- the C2 odontoid process.

The dorsal wall of the sacrum presents various anatomical variations, while the dorsal bony wall of the sacral canal suffers more. We report a case of a sacrum with a series of variants in the midline due to abnormal ossification and a bizarre aperture on the sagittal plane between the 1st and the 2nd sacral spinous processes. A failure of the ossification patter during embryological life, or an ossification of the supraspinous ligament may result in such an aperture. Sacrum variety is of great importance for the daily proper medical practice.

Bone variations are usually a result of abnormal ossification during embryonic life. Separately or in combination, sternal foramina and bifid xiphoid process are well documented skeletal alternations, as well as the median cleft of the posterior arch of the atlas. However, their appearance in combination is not yet celebrated in the literature. Our post-mortem examination unearthed such a triple variant of an adult male skeleton, which included no other skeletal variations. The fact that all variants are depicted in the median line of ossification implies a hypothesis of a triggered midline bone defect process. The awareness among clinicians of such variations during interventional and imaging procedures is of great importance.

Stafne bone defect (SBD) or as sometimes called "cavity", is a rare, unilateral, mostly unilocular, asymptomatic bone depression found at the posterior part of the mandible, below the mandibular canal at the level of the molars. It is usually being depicted at plain radiographs as a round-shaped or oval-shaped radiolucency. It is diagnosed in adults between the fifth and seventh decade of life, with a male to female ratio of 6:1 and with a prevalence of 0.10%-0.48%. The differential diagnoses include a plethora of benign or malignant conditions. Thus, multilevel radiological methods such as computed tomography (CT), cone beam CT (CBCT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may help establish its diagnosis. Soft tissues are usually contained inside an SBD, including salivary gland tissue, fat, blood vessels, fibrous tissue and nerve bundles. The main purpose of the present article is to introduce SBD not as a pathology but as an anatomical variant, to present a case of an SBD found on a dry mandible during skeletal examinations, reviewing meanwhile the available international literature.

Background: Ancient Greek medico-philosophers comprehended a series of genitalia disorders and were able to perform surgical operations for their correction. Although researchers believe that the first plastic surgery of pseudo-hermaphroditism was performed by Persians in 11th century AD, a series of intersex individual cases were reported in the work of the ancient Greek historian Diodorus Siculus. Methods: Bibliographical study of Diodorus' treatises. Results: The report of a patient named Callo, who was raised as a female and was surgically transformed into a young male, was included in Diodorus' works. Diodorus described that the operation was performed surprisingly by a pharmacist, testifying the extent and depth of medical knowledge among ancient Greeks. The operation included cicatrization and placement of an artificial urethra in the non-perforated penis. Conclusions: The operation was for the era an innovative procedure ahead of its time, a hallmark of cosmetic and plastic surgery.

Introduction. The globulomaxillary cyst has been under controversy the last few years as an entity of its own. Nevertheless, there are cases of nonodontogenic cysts which cannot be categorized elsewhere. Case report. We describe such an entity, located in the region of the maxillary lateral incisor and the adjacent canine in a 17-year old patient discovered due to radiology examination. Excision of the mass was performed, a histological examination revealing a cyst lined with ciliated columnar and squamous epithelium followed to confirm the diagnosis of a nonodontogenic cyst. Conclusions. The scientific debate on the globulomaxillary cyst reveals a controversial or even inappropriate term, but one cannot deny that such kind of oral cysts exists and needs further attention.

Background: The diversity of the human body structure which results to a great variety of vascular branching, seems to be endless.The vascular variations of the renal arteries are among the most frequent discovered ones.We present such a case, found during an educational cadaveric dissection.Results: Vascular branching alternations from the norm were observed in both kidneys of the case report.A bilateral presence of additional arteries, a polar one in the right side and a hilar one in the left side, with a double renal vein in the left side were observed.Conclusions: Anatomy of the renal vessels usually is depicted with a plethora of variants.Clinicians should be aware that the renal topographical anatomy presents such difficulties, in order for complications to be avoided during various procedures.

Objective. Gardner’s syndrome is a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis, characterized by gastrointestinal polyps, multiple osteomas, and skin and soft tissue lesions. Diagnosis by means of an understanding of its various symptoms is of great importance. Case report. This report presents the case of a 32-year-old man with obvious asymmetry and disfigurement on his face, due to multiple osteomas and soft tissue lesions. These clinical signs prompted us to further investigation, leading to the diagnosis of a case of Gardner’s syndrome, with asymptomatic polyposis of the colon. Polyps have virtually an almost 100% risk of undergoing malignant transformation. Conclusion. Early diagnosis and treatment of this pathological entity are crucial, while the presence of osteomas should alert us to this diagnosis.