Introduction. - This study aims to compare the vulnerability hypothesis and the expression hypothesis to explain a greater level of psychological distress among working women than among working men. Method. - The two hypotheses were contrasted by integrating work stressors, family stressors, work-family conflicts and psychosocial resources. The conceptual models were tested by using multilevel path analyses on 2026 employees in Quebec (Canada) based in 63 work establishments. Results. - Results partially supported both hypotheses. According to the vulnerability hypothesis, single parenting, child-related problems and self-esteem were indirectly involved in the variation of psychological distress among women through family-to-work, otherwise known as work-family conflict. According to the expression hypothesis, although family-to-work conflict was closely associated with more psychological distress among women, this stressor was also closely associated with higher at-risk alcohol consumption among men. Couple-related problems and a sense of control likewise played a role in the expression mechanism through family-to-work conflict. Conclusion. - These results underline the importance of considering that gender contributes to mental health inequalities through multiple mechanisms. They also call for a distinction between the two directions of work-family conflict as gendered mediators. 0 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

This study examines an exposure model in which the work and family stressors and the access to resources are gendered and contribute to explaining the psychological distress inequality between sex categories, both directly and indirectly through work-family conflict. A multilevel path analysis conducted on a random cross-sectional sample of 2026 Canadians workers from 63 establishments was performed. Our exposure model fully explains the higher level of psychological distress among working women compared to working men. Women are more exposed to work-to-family conflict, have less decision authority, are more likely to be a single parent and have less self-esteem, factors that are directly associated with a higher level of psychological distress. On the other hand, women work fewer hours, have less irregular or evening schedules and have more social resources outside of work, which contribute to lower their level of psychological distress through less work-to-family conflict. By identifying which of the differences in exposure to work and family stressors and resources explain the greater psychological distress of working women compared to working men, and by examining the mediating role of work-family conflict in this process, this study identified specific paths to reduce psychological distress inequality between women and men in the workplace.

AbstactThis paper revisited the vulnerability hypothesis to explain the greater level of psychological distress among working women compared to working men. A comprehensive vulnerability model was tested in which work and family stressors and psychosocial resources are directly related to psychological distress and indirectly through work‐to‐family (WFC) and family‐to‐work (FWC) conflicts. Data came from a random sample of 989 women and 1,037 men working in 63 Canadian establishments. Multilevel path analyses were performed separately for men and for women. The results show that many work/family stressors and resources are linked to men's or women's psychological distress directly and indirectly through WFC and FWC. However, the z‐test used to assess whether the relationships differed significantly between women and men indicated that only two relationships differ significantly between the two groups: experimenting problems with children and a low self‐esteem are associated positively to psychological distress through FWC only for women. In addition to showing the specific involvement of work–family conflict in the psychological distress inequality, this study contributes to revealing that testing the differences in the magnitude of the relation offer a more suitable appraisal of the vulnerability mechanism involved in the psychological distress inequality between men and women.

This study tested a differential exposure explanation of the association between sex categories and work–family conflict. It addresses the question of why men and women may experience similar or dissimilar levels of work–family conflict and tests whether differences are due to their different gendered demands and resources. Drawing from a sample of 1,751 employed adults from 63 workplaces, the results suggest that women spend less time in paid employment than do men; a gendered response that is associated with lower work-to-family conflict, but higher family-to-work conflict. Women were also found to be less involved in irregular work schedules, which is associated with lower work-to-family conflict. The differential exposure explanation was also supported by indirect effects involving commute time, family income, and social support outside work.

Aim Burnout is a pervasive mental health problem in the workforce, with mounting evidence suggesting ties with occupational and safety outcomes such as work injuries, critical events and musculoskeletal disorders. While environmental [work and non-work, work-to-family conflict (WFC)] and individual (personality) pathways to burnout are well documented, little is known about how gender comes to influence such associative patterns. The aim of the study consisted in examining gendered pathways to burnout. Methods Data were derived from the SALVEO study, a cross-sectional study of 2026 workers from 63 workplaces from the province of Québec (Canada). Data were analyzed using multilevel path analysis. Results Direct effects of gendered pathways were evidenced for work (e.g. decision latitude) and non-work (e.g. child-related strains) environmental pathways, as well as for individual pathways (i.e. internal locus of control). Indirect effects of gendered pathways were also evidenced, with women reporting higher levels of burnout compared to men due to lower levels of decision latitude and of self-esteem, as well as higher levels of WFC. Women also reported lower burnout levels through investing more time into domestic tasks, which could represent a recovery strategy to highly demanding work. WFC further mediated the associations between working hours and burnout, as well as the between irregular work schedules and burnout. These result suggest than men distinctively reported higher levels of burnout due to the specific nature of their work contract negatively impacting on WFC, and incidentally, on their mental health. Conclusion Study results supported our hypotheses positing that gender distinctively shapes environmental and individual pathways to burnout. OHS prevention efforts striving for better mental health outcomes in the workforce could relevantly be informed by a gendered approach to burnout.

L'ampleur actuelle de la morbidité et de la mortalité liées aux blessures professionnelles (c.-à-d. accidents du travail, troubles liés aux mouvements répétitifs) pèse lourd sur la productivité des travailleurs, des entreprises et de la société canadienne. Annuellement, les données révèlent qu'un Canadien sur quinze est blessé dans l'exercice de son travail, alors que les coûts économiques générés par les blessures professionnelles mortelles et non mortelles figurent parmi les principales causes contributives au fardeau économique de la maladie au Canada. Ainsi, malgré la présence de disparités importantes dans la distribution sociale des facteurs de risque liés aux blessures professionnelles, les connaissances actuelles n’ont pas permis à ce jour de vérifier et de départager la contribution relative de déterminants contextuels tels que la profession ou le secteur industriel de celle des facteurs individuels (par ex. : profil sociodémographique, style de vie, traits de personnalité, état de santé préexistant) et associés à l’environnement de travail immédiat (p.ex. : risques professionnels, nature du contrat de travail). Ces connaissances n’ont pas permis non plus d’établir la nature du rôle spécifique de l’état de santé mentale des travailleurs au regard de l’incidence des blessures professionnelles. Le but de cette recherche était double. Premièrement, elle cherchait à établir la contribution de la profession et du secteur industriel à l’explication des blessures professionnelles. Deuxièmement, elle visait à valider un modèle explicatif des blessures professionnelles, intégrant les déterminants individuels (c.-à-d. profil sociodémographique, style de vie, traits de personnalité, et conditions chroniques de santé), environnementaux (p. ex. : les facteurs du travail tels les risques professionnels et la nature du contrat de travail, ainsi que les facteurs hors travail tels le statut marital et parental), et contextuels (c.-à-d. profession, secteur industriel) des blessures professionnelles. Population. Les données proviennent des fichiers maîtres de deux bases de données produites par Statistique Canada : une enquête transversale, soit l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC; 2010) ainsi qu’une enquête longitudinale, soit l’Enquête nationale sur la santé de la population (ENSP; 1994-2010). La pertinence de recourir à ces bases de données aux fins de cette recherche tient du fait qu’elles documentent les déterminants sociaux de la santé de la population canadienne, incluant par le fait même une série de déterminants socioprofessionnels ainsi que d’indicateurs de blessures professionnelles. La santé mentale, évaluée ici comme médiateur potentiel de l’association entre les déterminants et les blessures professionnelles, est mesurée par un indicateur de détresse psychologique. Stratégie analytique. Le recours à ces deux bases de données suit une double logique. Premièrement, l’examen de l’ESCC 2010 permet d’établir la prévalence des blessures professionnelles par profession et par secteur industriel, ainsi que d’identifier les professions et les secteurs pour lesquels cette prévalence est supérieure à la moyenne nationale. Une fois les prévalences établies, des analyses multiniveaux reposant sur une structure hiérarchique où les travailleurs (niveau-1) sont associés à des professions (niveau-2), puis à des secteurs industriels (niveau-2), ont été effectuées afin de départager la contribution unique de la profession ainsi que du secteur industriel pour expliquer les blessures professionnelles, au-delà de leurs déterminants environnementaux (c.-à-d. facteurs du travail et hors travail) et individuels. Deuxièmement, l’examen de l’ENSP 1994-2010 permet de dégager les dynamiques causales des blessures professionnelles. Des analyses multiniveaux reposant cette fois sur une structure hiérarchique où les temps de mesure (niveau-1) sont nichés dans le niveau propre aux travailleurs (niveau-2) permettent d’évaluer dans le temps la stabilité des associations entre les déterminants et les blessures professionnelles, ainsi que l’effet de médiation de la détresse psychologique sur ces associations. Résultats. Selon les données de l’ESCC 2010, la prévalence moyenne nationale des accidents du travail se situe à près de 3 % des travailleurs, alors que celle des troubles liés aux mouvements répétitifs atteint près de 5 %. La profession regroupant les charpentiers et les ébénistes est identifiée comme étant particulièrement à risque, tant pour les accidents du travail que pour les troubles liés aux mouvements répétitifs. En ce qui concerne les secteurs industriels, ceux associés aux entrepreneurs spécialisés, à l’élevage animal, ainsi qu’à la construction de bâtiments présentent également des risques élevés pour la main-d’œuvre. De plus, les analyses multiniveaux montrent que 5 à 12 % de la variance expliquée des blessures professionnelles est directement attribuable soit à la profession, soit au secteur industriel (objectif de recherche 1). En examinant les déterminants, un niveau élevé de demandes physiques ainsi que de stress au travail auto-perçu représentent des facteurs de risque communs aux deux types de blessures professionnelles (objectif de recherche 2). L’examen de l’ENSP 1994-2010 rend compte des dynamiques causales ainsi que d’une plus vaste étendue de déterminants (objectif de recherche 2). Pour les accidents du travail, après ajustement des autres déterminants (c.-à-d. facteurs hors travail, facteurs individuels), l’utilisation des compétences, les demandes physiques ainsi que le nombre d’heures travaillées par semaine représentent des facteurs de risque dans le temps, alors que la présence d’une autorité décisionnelle pour le travailleur constitue un facteur de protection. Sur le plan des troubles liés aux mouvements répétitifs, les demandes physiques ainsi que le nombre d’heures travaillées constituent également des facteurs de risque, alors que l’utilisation des compétences se révèle plutôt comme un facteur de protection. Enfin, tant pour les accidents du travail que pour les troubles liés aux mouvements répétitifs, la détresse psychologique ne s’est pas avérée significativement associée à aucun de ces types de blessures professionnelles à un seuil de signification de p<0,05. L’analyse des données épidémiologiques de la main-d’œuvre canadienne dérivées de l’ESCC (2010) ainsi que de l’ENSP (1994-2010) permet d’établir de manière probante, à partir de bases de données multiples, la nature des déterminants des blessures professionnelles. La profession et le secteur industriel d’activités au sein desquels évoluent les travailleurs ainsi que certains facteurs du travail, sont des déterminants structurants à prendre en compte dans l’évaluation des risques communs associés tant aux accidents du travail qu’aux troubles liés aux mouvements répétitifs.

Objective: Research has shown that employed women are more prone to depression than men, but the pathways linking gender to depression remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine how work and family conditions operated as potentially gendered antecedents of depression. It evaluated more specifically how differences in depressive symptoms in women and men could be explained by their differential vulnerability and exposure to work and family conditions, as well as by the mediating role of work-to-family conflict (WFC) and family-to-work conflict (FWC).Methods: Data were collected in 2009-2012 from a sample of 1935 employees (48.9% women) nested in 63 workplaces in the province of Quebec (Canada). Data were analyzed with multilevel path analysis models to test for the differential exposure hypothesis, and stratified by gender to test for the differential vulnerability hypothesis.Results: Results supported both hypothesizes, but only WFC played a mediating role between work family stressors and depression. Regarding the vulnerability hypothesis, WFC was more strongly associated with women depressive symptoms, and the magnitude of the association between family income and WFC was stronger for women. Overall, the differential exposure hypothesis seemed to reach a greater empirical support. After accounting for work and family stressors as well as WFC, differences in depressive symptoms in women and men were no longer significantly, as WFC, working hours, irregular work schedule and skill utilization acted as mediators. WFC associated with higher depressive symptoms and skill utilization with lower depressive symptoms. WFC related to higher working hours and irregular work schedule. Compared to men, women reported higher WFC, but lower working hours, less irregular work schedule and lower skill utilization at work.Conclusion: Women's higher rate of depression is intrinsically linked to their different social experiences as shaped by a gendered social structure and gendered organizations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is an underlying multidimensional typology of drinking according to gender among a population presenting heterogeneous drinking profiles in Canada.METHODS: Latent class analysis was chosen to analyze the degree of statistical relationship among three indicators of drinking practices: patterns of drinking i.e., frequency and quantity; contexts; and motivations to drink. Multivariate multilogistic regressions were conducted to explore the composition of each typology by age and education. Participants were selected from the Canadian GENACIS survey (Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study) and comprised 871 men and 843 women (N = 1,714) aged between 18 and 77 years and being regular alcohol drinkers (consumption at least once a month). Respondents to the GENACIS questionnaire completed questions on use, contexts and reasons to drink as well as socio-economic questions (age and education), adjusted by Canadian province of residence.RESULTS: Six profiles were distinguished among men and five among women. Men and women share four drinking patterns but present distinctive characteristics of drinking. We also observed variability in the relationship according to socio-economic status and gender.CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the complexity and variability of drinking practices according to gender in Canada and the necessity to focus on gender and social dimensions in order to enhance our understanding of alcohol use. This study also reinforces the idea of adapting promotion strategies and interventions in public health by gender and social status in order to make them more efficient.

The aims of this study were twofold: a) to investigate the impact of higher education institutional alcohol-control policies on students' drinking, and b) to determine whether a differential exposure to such policies based on students' place of residence (on/off campus) was a significant source of variability in their drinking practices and patterns. The data was drawn from the 2004 Canadian Campus Survey, a large epidemiological survey examining the social determinants of addiction and mental health among full-time undergraduates enrolled in Canadian universities (N = 4,358). Multilevel analyses performed on samples stratified by place of residence evaluated differences in explanatory factors for drinking practices (probability of drinking on campus) and patterns (usual drinking quantity). Overall, alcohol-control policies distinctively contributed to explain outcomes among campus residents and off-campus residents. Results suggest that the place of residence is an important determinant modulating students' drinking outcomes and interactions with higher education institutions.

Objectif : L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer si les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille modèrent l’association entre la parentalité et la consommation d’alcool parmi les adultes canadiens en emploi. Méthode : En s’appuyant sur le pendant canadien de l’étude GENACIS internationale (GENder Alcohol and Culture: an International Study), l’échantillon est composé de 3 403 femmes et 3 295 hommes en emploi, âgés de 18 à 55 ans et qui ont indiqué avoir consommé de l’alcool au moins une fois au cours des 12 mois précédant l’enquête. Des analyses de régression hiérarchique ont été effectuées afin de tester l’hypothèse de modération. Résultats : Les principales conclusions peuvent être résumées comme suit : i) le rôle parental est négativement associée à la consommation d’alcool ; ii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne sont pas associés à la consommation d’alcool chez les hommes et ils ne sont que marginalement associés à la consommation d’alcool chez les femmes ; iii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne modèrent pas l’association entre le rôle parental et la consommation d’alcool. Conclusion : Les futures recherches devraient porter sur les processus spécifiques selon lesquels la parentalité structure la consommation d’alcool. Il serait aussi pertinent de vérifier si l’effet du rôle parental sur la consommation d’alcool est plus marqué dans des contextes de consommation qui favorisent la consommation abusive d’alcool.

Objectif : L’objectif de cette etude est d’evaluer si les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille moderent l’association entre la parentalite et la consommation d’alcool parmi les adultes canadiens en emploi. Methode : En s’appuyant sur le pendant canadien de l’etude GENACIS internationale (GENder Alcohol and Culture: an International Study), l’echantillon est compose de 3 403 femmes et 3 295 hommes en emploi, âges de 18 a 55 ans et qui ont indique avoir consomme de l’alcool au moins une fois au cours des 12 mois precedant l’enquete. Des analyses de regression hierarchique ont ete effectuees afin de tester l’hypothese de moderation. Resultats : Les principales conclusions peuvent etre resumees comme suit : i) le role parental est negativement associee a la consommation d’alcool ; ii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne sont pas associes a la consommation d’alcool chez les hommes et ils ne sont que marginalement associes a la consommation d’alcool chez les femmes ; iii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne moderent pas l’association entre le role parental et la consommation d’alcool. Conclusion : Les futures recherches devraient porter sur les processus specifiques selon lesquels la parentalite structure la consommation d’alcool. Il serait aussi pertinent de verifier si l’effet du role parental sur la consommation d’alcool est plus marque dans des contextes de consommation qui favorisent la consommation abusive d’alcool.

Objectif : L’objectif de cette etude est d’evaluer si les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille moderent l’association entre la parentalite et la consommation d’alcool parmi les adultes canadiens en emploi. Methode : En s’appuyant sur le pendant canadien de l’etude GENACIS internationale (GENder Alcohol and Culture: an International Study), l’echantillon est compose de 3 403 femmes et 3 295 hommes en emploi, âges de 18 a 55 ans et qui ont indique avoir consomme de l’alcool au moins une fois au cours des 12 mois precedant l’enquete. Des analyses de regression hierarchique ont ete effectuees afin de tester l’hypothese de moderation. Resultats : Les principales conclusions peuvent etre resumees comme suit : i) le role parental est negativement associee a la consommation d’alcool ; ii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne sont pas associes a la consommation d’alcool chez les hommes et ils ne sont que marginalement associes a la consommation d’alcool chez les femmes ; iii) les stresseurs du conflit travail-famille ne moderent pas l’association entre le role parental et la consommation d’alcool. Conclusion : Les futures recherches devraient porter sur les processus specifiques selon lesquels la parentalite structure la consommation d’alcool. Il serait aussi pertinent de verifier si l’effet du role parental sur la consommation d’alcool est plus marque dans des contextes de consommation qui favorisent la consommation abusive d’alcool.

RÉSUMÉCette étude compare la consommation d’alcool des Canadiens âgés de 55 ans et plus entre les années 1990 et 2000 et vérifie si les différences persistent lorsque la composition sociodémographique des échantillons est prise en compte. Les analyses incluent des sous-échantillons de répondants âgés de 55 à 74 ans provenant des enquêtes CADS de 1994 (1 071 hommes/1 446 femmes) et GENACIS de 2004 (1 494 hommes/2 176 femmes). Des ANOVA univariées font ressortir des taux de buveurs et de consommation excessive significativement plus élevés en 2004, mais aucune différence dans les profils de consommation. Des régressions montrent que la composition sociodémographique n’annule pas les différences observées. Le contexte social/environnemental plus favorable à l’alcool en 2004 expliquerait potentiellement les taux de buveurs plus élevés. Davantage de recherche sera nécessaire afin de préciser les effets de l’âge, de la cohorte et de la période sur la consommation d’alcool des Canadiens âgés.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether the effect of parenthood on alcohol intake varies according to the context in which the drinking act occurs. Method The data were drawn from the Canadian Addiction Survey, a national telephone survey conducted in 2004. The analytical sample included 1,079 drinking occasions nested in 498 female drinkers and 926 drinking occasions nested in 403 male drinkers between 18 and 55 years of age. A multilevel linear statistical model was used to estimate the variance related to the drinking occasion (Level 1) and to the parental role (Level 2). Results Parenthood was not associated with alcohol intake per occasion. Drinking context variables brought great explanatory power to the study of alcohol intake, but, overall, the effect of parenthood on alcohol intake did not vary according to the context in which drinking occurs. Only one interaction between the parental role and contextual characteristics was found. Conclusions Men's and women's alcohol intake within drinking contexts is more likely to be influenced by the immediate context in which drinking occurs than by their parental role. The explanation for alcohol behaviors within the general Canadian population may lie as much in the situation as in the person.

Objectives: To determine the way Canadians consume alcohol beyond drinking amounts and to verify if the drinking act is similar across provinces given that, in Canada, alcohol policies come under provincial jurisdiction.Methods: Subjects were 10,466 current drinkers (5,743 women and 4,723 men) aged 18 to 76 years, who participated in the GENACIS Canada study.Results: In Canada, there are three main patterns of consuming alcohol. Maritimers tend to drink more per occasion, report more binge drinking and largely prefer beer. In the Prairies, people tend to drink less, to drink less often during a meal and to favour spirits. Finally, drinkers from Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia drink more often, drink wine more often, drink spirits less often, and drink more often during a meal than drinkers from the other provinces. The same patterns are observed in both sexes, although the differences across provinces are less pronounced among women.Conclusion: Knowledge about these three drinking groups should be used to increase the legitimacy and effectiveness of alcohol policies in general.

Situational drinking motives (i.e., motives specific to the drinking situation) as well as respondent-level drinking motives (i.e., usual drinking motives across drinking situations) were examined in terms of their relations with aggression experienced by university students. Secondary, multi-level analyses were conducted on the Canadian Campus Survey (CCS), a national survey of 40 Canadian universities conducted between March 1 and April 30, 2004 (N=6 282). For their three most recent drinking events, students reported their motive for drinking (i.e., situational motive) and whether they had an argument/fight. Respondent-level drinking motives were computed by averaging motives across drinking events. Drinking to cope at the situational-level increased the likelihood of aggression. Respondent-level enhancement motives also increased the risk of aggression. Aesthetic motives were important at both situational and respondent levels decreasing the risk for alcohol-related aggression. Gender did not moderate these relations. These results suggest that prevention programming might benefit from a focus on altering drinking motives, or their underlying causes, in order to reduce alcohol-related aggression among young adults.

AIMS:This paper examines the relationship between frequency of drinking, usual daily consumption and frequency of binge drinking, taking into consideration possible age and gender differences.PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN:Subjects were 10 466 current drinkers (5743 women and 4723 men) aged between 18 and 76 years, who participated in the GENACIS Canada (GENder Alcohol and Culture: an International Study) study.SETTING:Canada.MEASUREMENTS:The independent variable was the annual drinking frequency. The dependent variables were the usual daily quantity consumed, annual, monthly and weekly frequency of binge drinking (five drinks or more on one occasion).FINDINGS:Logistic regressions show (i) that those who drink less than once a week are less likely than weekly drinkers to take more than two drinks when they do drink; (ii) that the usual daily quantity consumed by weekly drinkers is not related to their frequency of drinking; but that (iii) the risk and frequency of binge drinking increase with the frequency of drinking.CONCLUSIONS:Given that risk and frequency of binge drinking among Canadians increases with their frequency of drinking, any public recommendation to drink moderately should be made with great caution.