Background : Coxofemoral luxation is the most common traumatic luxation in dogs and the iliotrochanteric suture is one of the surgical treatment options. The orthopedic suture aimed at surgically restoring joint movement should be employed in an isometric manner in order to maintain adequate tension throughout the arc of motion. This study aimed to determine the isometric points for the iliotrochanteric suture in dogs during the joint extension and flexion movements. This evaluation was performed both in the intact hip joint and in the luxation model, establishing the best combination, among the determined points, for the reestablishment of normal joint movement. Materials, Methods & Results : Radiographic analyses of 12 canine cadaveric hips, both intact and in craniodorsal luxation model, were performed in a neutral position, flexion at 50°, and extension at 150°. In the trochanteric segment, two parallel lines were drawn, creating the central vertical axis and the secondary vertical axis. Three points were then determined on each axis, from proximal to distal, corresponding to 25, 50, and 75% of the height of the axis, and were labelled as T1, T2, and T3 and T4, T5, and T6, respectively. In the iliac segment, a line perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ilium was drawn, and 25, 50, and 75% of this height corresponded to points I1, I2, and I3, respectively. The lengths between the points were measured, with the objective of evaluating which combination of points presented less variation in the joint positions. The central location of the iliac and trochanteric segments, determined respectively by I2 and T2, provided smaller variations during the maximal movements of hip flexion and extension. Discussion : The surgical techniques of iliotrochanteric suture target to maintain the internal rotation of the femoral head inside the acetabulum and abduction of the femur until the soft tissues have healed. The described techniques for the iliotrochanteric suture present a great anatomical variety in the arrangement of the anchor points of the suture. It is known that if during motion, the attachment sites move closer to one another, the suture will become lax and, if the attachment sites move away from one another, the suture will tighten. Therefore, the implantation in isometric sites assists in reducing the variation of the distance between the points of origin and insertion of the suture during joint movement, keeping the suture tension constant and allowing the functional recovery of the joint. This study demonstrates that there are some locations for the origin and insertion of an iliotrochanteric suture that are associated with less length change than others. I2-T2 combination is the point closest to isometry for the iliotrochanteric suture during hip extension and flexion, so that, T2 is the most central point of the greater trochanter, corresponding to 50% of the height of its central vertical axis, as well as I2, which corresponds to the most central point of the ilium, representing 50% of the height of the most caudal portion of its body. The isometric point found by us details the exact location of perforation in all aspects (height and length), both in the ilium and the trochanter. In addition, it is a personalized point created for each patient from its radiographic examination and taking into consideration its anatomical variations, so that there is no damage to the suture during hip extension and flexion movements.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to describe our initial experience with double pelvic osteotomy (DPO) in young dogs affected by hip dysplasia (HD) and to report their postoperative outcome. Seven dogs (four females and three males) were included in our study with mean age 8.3 (±1.7) months, and mean body weight 29.5 (±7.4)Kg. Breeds involved were: Rottweiler (n = 1), Labrador Retriever (n = 3), Golden Retriever (n = 1), Great Dane (n=1) and São Miguel Cattle Dog (n = 1). The most common history complaints were: pelvic limb lameness and pain at hip extension and hip abduction. All surgical procedures consisted of osteotomy of the ilium and pubis, acetabular ventroversion and iliac stabilization with a customized bone plate with seven screws, four screws placed at the cranial fragment and the remaining three in the caudal aspect. Average surgical time was 65.8 (±10.4) minutes and median follow-up assessment was 68 (±15) days. Fracture healing was observed within mean period of 26.3 (±8.9) days. Six patients (86%) had satisfactory outcome and one patient didn’t improve after surgery and had to undergo a total hip replacement. Our results showed that DPO is an effective treatment for HD due to the preservation of pelvic geometry and low postoperative morbidity. Since it is a recent technique, further studies are recommended.

ABSTRACT. Gonçalves Dias L.G.G., Gonçalves Dias F.G.G., Ikenaga F.M., Honsho C.S., Souza F.F., Selmi A.L. & Mattos Junior E. [Palatoplasty with flap superimposed in dog - Case report.] Palatoplastia com retalho sobreposto em cão - Relato de caso. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(3):179-185, 2015. Curso de Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Veterinária de Pequenos Animais, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, Cx. Postal 82, Franca, SP 14404-600, Brasil. E-mail: luisgd@unifran.br The oral cleft palate deformities are characterized by disruption in the integrity of the bone and palatal mucosa, having variable extensions and multifactorial etiologic character. Frequently are unnoticed by owners and veterinarians at birth and are diagnosed only when the animal begins to demonstrate clinical respiratory signs. Affected patients have direct communication between the oral and nasal cavity, which can cause aspiration pneumonia and hinder the negative intraoral pressure necessary for the suction of milk, these being factors contributors to the deficit in body growth and death. This paper aimed to highlight important points about this rare oral disease in small animals, moreover, report the case of a dog with cleft palate treated successfully with the technique of overlapping flap palatoplasty.

ABSTRACT. Goncalves Dias L.G.G., Goncalves Dias F.G.G., Ikenaga F.M., Honsho C.S., Souza F.F., Selmi A.L. & Mattos Junior E. [Palatoplasty with flap superimposed in dog - Case report.] Palatoplastia com retalho sobreposto em cao - Relato de caso. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 37(3):179-185, 2015. Curso de Graduacao em Medicina Veterinaria e Programa de Pos-Graduacao Stricto Sensu em Medicina Veterinaria de Pequenos Animais, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitario, Cx. Postal 82, Franca, SP 14404-600, Brasil. E-mail: luisgd@unifran.br The oral cleft palate deformities are characterized by disruption in the integrity of the bone and palatal mucosa, having variable extensions and multifactorial etiologic character. Frequently are unnoticed by owners and veterinarians at birth and are diagnosed only when the animal begins to demonstrate clinical respiratory signs. Affected patients have direct communication between the oral and nasal cavity, which can cause aspiration pneumonia and hinder the negative intraoral pressure necessary for the suction of milk, these being factors contributors to the deficit in body growth and death. This paper aimed to highlight important points about this rare oral disease in small animals, moreover, report the case of a dog with cleft palate treated successfully with the technique of overlapping flap palatoplasty.

Determinaram-se os índices de largura da fossa intercondilar (FI), após transecção do ligamento cruzado cranial em nove cães adultos submetidos à estabilização articular com retalho de fáscia lata. Os joelhos foram alocados em dois grupos, sendo o joelho direito (GI) submetido à incisuroplastia troclear (ITR) e posterior estabilização articular, e o joelho esquerdo submetido somente à substituição ligamentar (GC). Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos correspondentes aos momentos de eutanásia aos 30, 90 e 180 dias de pós-operatório. Os índices de largura da FI foram determinados, macroscópica e radiograficamente, pela mensuração da abertura cranial da FI nos terços cranial, médio e caudal, e indexados em relação à largura epicondilar. Observou-se aumento significativo dos índices macroscópicos e radiográficos nas articulações do GI, sendo estes estatisticamente diferentes daqueles das articulações de GC. Não foi observada estenose intercondilar nos joelhos de GC após a estabilização articular. Conclui-se que a estabilização articular com retalho de fáscia lata preveniu a estenose da fossa intercondilar, e que a ITR promoveu o alargamento permanente dessa estrutura.

Joint capsule denervation is based on removal of sensitive fibers from the acetabular edge and has been used as one of the techniques to joint pain relief in the canine dysplastic hip. This study compared the techniques of percutaneous and open hip denervation in 25 dogs that showed clinical and radiographic signs of hip dysplasia, totaling 31 surgeries. The effects of the techniques were evaluated and compared in a period of 180 days following surgery, including subjective evaluation of lameness and pain, thigh girth, maximum degree of hip flexion and extension and range of motion ( ROM). Degree of lameness and pain significantly decreased during the study period for both groups, and no difference could be observed between groups. Thigh girth, degree of flexion, extension and ROM presented an increase in the numerical values throughout the study. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the percutaneous or open approach for capsular denervation produced similar results.

Joint capsule denervation is based on removal of sensitive fibers from the acetabular edge and has been used as one of the techniques to joint pain relief in the canine dysplastic hip. This study compared the techniques of percutaneous and open hip denervation in 25 dogs that showed clinical and radiographic signs of hip dysplasia, totaling 31 surgeries. The effects of the techniques were evaluated and compared in a period of 180 days following surgery, including subjective evaluation of lameness and pain, thigh girth, maximum degree of hip flexion and extension and range of motion (ROM). Degree of lameness and pain significantly decreased during the study period for both groups, and no difference could be observed between groups. Thigh girth, degree of flexion, extension and ROM presented an increase in the numerical values throughout the study. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the percutaneous or open approach for capsular denervation produced similar results.

Mielografia é uma técnica radiográfica na qual se administra meio de contraste no espaço subaracnóideo para avaliar a medula espinhal. Múltiplas projeções radiográficas fornecem uma exploração circunferencial da medula, auxiliando na localização mais precisa de compressões nesta região. Objetivou-se demonstrar a contribuição das projeções oblíquas, pouco exploradas em exames de mielografia, para a localização de lesões medulares extradurais em cães e gatos causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral. Foram avaliadas 116 mielografias e observou-se que em 36,2% dos casos as projeções oblíquas foram imprescindíveis para a localização exata das lesões. A associação entre as projeções ventrodorsal e oblíquas se mostraram mais úteis para a localização da lesão do que quando avaliadas isoladamente e as projeções oblíquas esquerda e direita foram igualmente importantes.Myelography is a radiographic technique in which is administered contrast in the subarachnoid space to assess the spinal cord. Multiple radiographic projections provide a circumferential view of the spinal cord, aiding in more precise localization of compression in this region. This paper aimed to demonstrate the contribution of oblique projections, little explored in myelography, for the location of extradural spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats caused by degeneration of the intervertebral disc. It was evaluated 116 myelography and it was observed that in 36.2% of cases, oblique views were essential to the exact localization of lesions. The association between the oblique and ventrodorsal projections was more effective to find the lesion´s lateralization than when taken separately, and the left and right oblique view was equally important.

Myelography is a radiographic technique in which is administered contrast in the subarachnoid space to assess the spinal cord. Multiple radiographic projections provide a circumferential view of the spinal cord, aiding in more precise localization of compression in this region. This paper aimed to demonstrate the contribution of oblique projections, little explored in myelography, for the location of extradural spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats caused by degeneration of the intervertebral disc. It was evaluated 116 myelography and it was observed that in 36.2% of cases, oblique views were essential to the exact localization of lesions. The association between the oblique and ventrodorsal projections was more effective to find the lesion's lateralization than when taken separately, and the left and right oblique view was equally important.

Mielografia é uma técnica radiográfica na qual se administra meio de contraste no espaço subaracnóideo para avaliar a medula espinhal. Múltiplas projeções radiográficas fornecem uma exploração circunferencial da medula, auxiliando na localização mais precisa de compressões nesta região. Objetivou-se demonstrar a contribuição das projeções oblíquas, pouco exploradas em exames de mielografia, para a localização de lesões medulares extradurais em cães e gatos causadas por processo degenerativo do disco intervertebral. Foram avaliadas 116 mielografias e observou-se que em 36,2% dos casos as projeções oblíquas foram imprescindíveis para a localização exata das lesões. A associação entre as projeções ventrodorsal e oblíquas se mostraram mais úteis para a localização da lesão do que quando avaliadas isoladamente e as projeções oblíquas esquerda e direita foram igualmente importantes.

OBJECTIVE To compare the cardiorespiratory, anesthetic-sparing effects and quality of anesthetic recovery after epidural and constant rate intravenous (IV) infusion of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in cats given a low dose of epidural lidocaine under propofol-isoflurane anesthesia and submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded clinical trial. ANIMALS Twenty-one adult female cats (mean body weight: 3.1 +/- 0.4 kg). METHODS Cats received DEX (4 microg kg(-1), IM). Fifteen minutes later, anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Cats were divided into three groups. In GI cats received epidural lidocaine (1 mg kg(-1), n = 7), in GII cats were given epidural lidocaine (1 mg kg(-1)) + DEX (4 microg kg(-1), n = 7), and in GIII cats were given epidural lidocaine (1 mg kg(-1)) + IV constant rate infusion (CRI) of DEX (0.25 microg kg(-1) minute(-1), n = 7). Variables evaluated included heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f(R)), systemic arterial pressures, rectal temperature (RT), end-tidal CO(2), end-tidal isoflurane concentration (e'ISO), arterial blood gases, and muscle tone. Anesthetic recovery was compared among groups by evaluation of times to recovery, HR, f(R), RT, and degree of analgesia. A paired t-test was used to evaluate pre-medication variables and blood gases within groups. anova was used to compare parametric data, whereas Friedman test was used to compare muscle relaxation. RESULTS Epidural and CRI of DEX reduced HR during anesthesia maintenance. Mean +/- SD e'ISO ranged from 0.86 +/- 0.28% to 1.91 +/- 0.63% in GI, from 0.70 +/- 0.12% to 0.97 +/- 0.20% in GII, and from 0.69 +/- 0.12% to 1.17 +/- 0.25% in GIII. Cats in GII and GIII had longer recovery periods than in GI. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Epidural and CRI of DEX significantly decreased isoflurane consumption and resulted in recovery of better quality and longer duration, despite bradycardia, without changes in systemic blood pressure.

A displasia coxofemoral canina (DCF) é uma afecção ortopédica freqüente, comumente dolorosa, decorrente de instabilidade e que leva à doença articular degenerativa. Várias formas de tratamento cirúrgico são descritas, entre elas a denervação capsular a céu aberto. Neste trabalho, é descrita a denervação capsular percutânea e seus efeitos em 92 cães com sensibilidade dolorosa na articulação do quadril atribuída à DCF. Foram avaliados os seguintes aspectos: o grau de claudicação (CLAUD), a dor por escala analógica visual, a perimetria da coxa (PC) e os graus máximos de extensão (GME) e flexão (GMF) passiva do quadril imediatamente antes da cirurgia e aos sete, 15, 30, 180 e 360 dias de pós-operatório (p.o.). Os animais foram pré-medicados e submetidos à anestesia geral inalatória e, posteriormente, a borda acetabular crânio-dorsal foi denervada por meio da introdução percutânea de um pino de Steinman com aproximadamente 4,5mm de diâmetro. A CLAUD e a dor foram analisadas por meio da ANOVA e do teste de Friedman. A PC, a GME e a GMF foram analisadas por meio da ANOVA e do teste de Tukey. Foi observada melhora significativa na CLAUD e dor a partir dos 15 dias de p.o. A GME apresentou aumento significativo já aos 30 dias de p.o., enquanto que a PC apresentou aumento significativo após os 60 dias de p.o. Conclui-se que a denervação capsular percutânea é alternativa cirúrgica eficaz em restabelecer a movimentação do quadril displásico e promove melhora significativa da dor e claudicação.Canine hip dysplasia is a common painfull orthopedic disorder, resulting from articular instability and causing degenerative joint disease. Several treatment options are available, including capsular denervation. This study describes the results of percutaneous capsular denervation in 92 dogs diagnosed with hip dysplasia. Lameness (LAM) and pain on palpation (PN) were determined using a visual analogue scale (VAS), muscle girth (MG) and maximum degree of passive extension (PME) and flexion (PMF) of the hip were determined pre-operatively and at days 7, 15, 30, 180 and 360 post-operatively. Dogs were anesthetized and 4.5mm Steinman pin was used to percutaneously scrap the craniodorsal border of the acetabulum. LAM and PN were analyzed by means of ANOVA followed by a Friedman test, whereas MG, PME and PMF were analyzed by means of ANOVA followed by a Tukey test. There was a significant decrease in LAM and PN 15 days following surgery. PME presented a significant increase after 30 days of surgery. It is concluded that the percutaneous hip denervation is an effective method in restoring function in the dysplastic hip.

The present study aimed to determine biomechanical alterations resultant from a modification in the fixation method of the tibial tuberosity advancement technique (TTA), originally described for stabilization of the cranial cruciate-deficient stifle. Ten adult mongrel dogs weighing 25-30kg were used. After euthanasia, performed for reasons unrelated to this study, the hind limbs were distributed into two groups: G1 operated (n=10) and G2 control (n=10), represented by the contralateral limb. The operated hind limbs were orthopedically, goniometrically and radiographically evaluated, sequentially at four moments: moment 1, in intact joints; moment 2, after cranial cruciate desmotomy; moment 3, after surgical stabilization of the stifle joint using modified TTA; and moment 4, after caudal cruciate ligament desmotomy. The tibial tuberosity was stabilized by one shaft screw craniocaudally and a titanium cage inserted at the osteotomy site. The position of the patellar tendon at 90° in relation to the tibial plateau allowed cranial tibial thrust force neutralization, despite cranial drawer motion maintenance in all dogs. The biomechanical tests confirm the viability of the tibial tuberosity fixation method and support future clinical trials to validate the technique.

In this study the authors aimed to compare the efficiency of carprofen, ketoprofen and vedaprofen for alleviating postoperative pain in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy (OH). Pre- and postoperative assessment of pain was made using serum levels of cortisol and glucose, the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the University of Melbourne pain scale (UMPS) in twenty-one bitches undergoing OH. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three groups: vedaprofen at 0.5mg kg(-1), carprofen at 2.2mg kg(-1) or ketoprofen at 2.2mg kg(-1). All analgesics were given orally 2 hour before surgery. Assessments were made before surgery and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-extubation. No dog of this study required additional doses of analgesics. There were no significant differences on serum cortisol and glucose concentrations among groups or from basal values, excepted one hour after extubation. No significant differences on pain scores were observed. It was concluded that vedaprofen provided as good a level of postoperative analgesia as carprofen and ketoprofen.

A desnervação capsular (DC) se baseia na desperiostização da borda acetabular e tem sido utilizada como uma das técnicas de alívio da dor articular em cães displásicos. Compararam-se as técnicas de DC percutânea e aberta, aplicadas em 25 cães, que apresentaram diagnóstico clínico e radiográfico de displasia coxofemoral, totalizando 31 cirurgias. Os efeitos das técnicas foram comparados, em período de 180 dias, por meio de avaliação subjetiva de claudicação e dor, perimetria da coxa, graus máximos de flexão e extensão da articulação coxofemoral e amplitude de movimento articular. Os graus de claudicação e dor apresentaram decréscimo significativo ao longo do período avaliado em ambos os grupos, sem apresentarem diferenças quando comparados entre si. Com relação à perimetria da coxa, flexão, extensão e amplitude de movimento articular, foi observado o aumento dos valores numéricos destas variáveis ao longo do estudo. Baseado nos achados, concluiu-se que a abordagem percutânea ou aberta na DC produz similitude nas variáveis avaliadas, e ambas trazem bons resultados.

The present study aimed to evaluate a modification of the stabilization method of the tibial tuberosity advancement technique (TTA), originally described for stabilization of the cranial cruciate deficient stifle. Ten adult mongrel dogs with weights ranging from 25 to 30kg were used. After euthanasia, the hind-limbs were divided into two groups: G1 - test (n=10), and G2 - control (n=10) represented by the contra lateral limb. The test group was submitted to the modified TTA technique, stabilized by one shaft screw in craniocaudal position and a titanium cage inserted at the osteotomy site. The position of the patellar tendon, 90° in relation to the tibial plateau, and the correct position of all implants were confirmed radiographically after surgery. Posteriorly, in both groups, limbs were harvested and tibias collected with their respectively patellar tendon insertion preserved for the mechanical resistance test. The fixation of the tibial tuberosity with a shaft screw and titanium cage resulted in resistance compatible with the normal physiological forces transferred to the hind-limbs during locomotion. The biomechanical tests confirmed the viability of the method performed for the tibial tuberosity fixation and support future clinical trials to validate the technique.

O esofago apresenta peculiaridades que podem dificultar sua reparacao. Deste modo, buscou-se avaliar a utilizacao do N-2-butil-cianoalcrilato, em comparacao a sutura da parede esofagica em leporinos. Seis coelhos foram submetidos a incisoes da parede esofagica, sintetizadas por meio de sutura e pelo adesivo N-2-butil-cianoalcrilato, avaliando-se o tempo despendido para cada manobra, o aspecto da ferida cirurgica e as alteracoes macroscopicas e microscopicas, sete dias apos o procedimento.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of avian cortical bone xenograft (Gallus gallus domesticus) preserved in 98% lycerol associated with bone plates as a fixation method for segmental femoral ostectomies. Eight adult cats of either sex were divided into four groups with two animals each. Clinical, surgical, radiographic and macroscopic examinations were performed. Radiographic evaluation was done weekly until time of euthanasia at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after surgery for each group. Radiographic and macroscopic evaluations at 120 days revealed partial absorption of the bone graft and mild callus formation, followed by instability at the bone/graft interface. Due to the delay in bone union and remodeling, it was concluded that avian xenograft, as used in this experiment with cats, was not a satisfactory option for the orthopedic routine. KEY-WORDS: Xenograft. Bone substitution, orthopedic, cats.