Growing ecological and public health issues brought on by the increasing presence of novel organic contaminants in wastewater need the development of innovative remediation solutions. It’s usually challenging for conventional treatment methods to effectively collect these contaminants, which include pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial chemicals. Scientists are, therefore, concentrating on innovative material to increase the efficiency of adsorption and removal. Because they facilitate interaction with a range of organic pollutants, 2D MXenes’ unique structural and chemical properties have drawn interest from these materials. MXenes are very excellent adsorbents for a variety of contaminants because of their large surface area, many terminal groups, and distinctive 2D layer architectures. Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dyes, antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfonamides, and ciprofloxacin), amitriptyline, verapamil, carbamazepine, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), diclofenac, ibuprofen heavy metals, and other contaminants have all been claimed to be eliminated by MXenes. Recent studies propose the formulation of MXene-based biocomposites, which not only harness the high surface area and electrical conductivity of MXenes but also integrate biodegradable components to promote eco-friendliness. This work explores the potential of novel 2D MXenes biocomposites in addressing the critical challenge of wastewater treatment, focussing on their efficiency, and sustainability in removing emerging contaminants.

To investigate the influence of nanoparticle size on sensor response, surfactants polyethylene glycol (PEG), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were used to facilitated the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures via a straightforward sol–gel technique. Structural properties were analyzed utilizing x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD analysis verified the establishment of wurtzite-structured ZnO. The surfactant significantly influenced the particle size management. Particles measuring, on average, 66 nm, 46 nm, and 37 nm were observed on TEM micrographs. Gas sensing experiments were conducted for various compounds, including acetone, ethanol, and ammonia, at a fixed concentration of 1000 ppm across various temperatures. Chemical sensing analysis indicated that the PEG-ZnO sensor exhibited a superior and selective response of 39.63

In the current study, four different combinations of hydrogels were synthesized using carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG), synthetic polymers: polysodiumacrylate (PSA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) and Graphene Oxide (GO) as a filler, and Ciprofloxacin (Cip) as a model drug and then characterized. The swelling behavior of hydrogel reveals the order as Distilled Water (DW) (pH 7) > pH 7.4 > pH 1.2. The gel content (%) of the hydrogels was 79 (D1), 68.7 (D2), 88 (D3), and 76 (D4). Further, studies such as drug loading and drug release were carried out at simulated pH 7.4, pH 5.5, and pH 1.2, which reveals that the maximum drug release (%) was exhibited by D3 (86), followed by D1 (82), D4 (70), and D2 (61) at pH 7.4. The Korsmeyer-Peppa's model suggested the best fit with R2 = 0.99 for all. Additionally, the antibacterial activity reveals the inhibition zone (mm) for 24 (D1), 16 (D2), 30 (D3), and 19 (D4) hydrogels. The cytotoxicity of hydrogels indicated that the cell survival rate was >68 % in <250 μg/mL concentration for all hydrogels. Hence, incorporating GO can potentially enhance the drug release ability, bactericidal property, and cell survival rate of the hydrogels.

This chapter explicates information about surface modification techniques to enhance mechanical engineering as well as biomedical engineering applications of titanium and its alloys. Ti6Al4V has some valuable properties like a high strength to weight ratio, high bone cell attachment bone cell proliferation etc., which differentiates it from other materials and alloys. Furthermore, to make it highly reliable for long-term service various additive manufacturing techniques such as anodic oxidation and thermal oxidations are frequently used to improve aesthetical appearance generally utilized in architectural engineering and osseointegration property utilized in medical engineering, etc. Electrolytic concentration, solution temperature, time span, anodic voltage and current density are controlled parameters of the anodization process. 0.5 M sulfuric acid with 10% HF at anodic voltage of 40 V formulates homogeneous nanoporous oxide film of uniform thickness over titanium substrate. Anodization offers high surface hardness as compared to untreated one, almost six times improvement in surface hardness has been observed. Homogeneous nanoporous oxide film facilitates improved bone cell attachment, cell proliferation and osseointegration properties.

The present study describes the facile synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and GO/carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG)-based hydrogel composite. The synthesized GO/CMTKG/PAM hydrogel composite was applied as an adsorbent for the selective sequestration of toxic crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous medium. The impact of various controlling parameters such as contact time, pH, concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature was studied. The experimental data obtained from the isotherm and kinetics modeling showed a good correlation with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics model, respectively. The optimized concentration of dye was 40 mg L-1 for CV and 20 mg L-1 for MB, and the adsorption capacity (q(max)) was calculated to be 111 mg g(-1) for CV dye and 25 mg g(-1) for MB dye. The synthesized adsorbent exhibits excellent recyclability for dye uptake after six consecutive cycles. Furthermore, the simultaneous adsorption of CV and MB from the binary system was carried out to ascertain the utility of the adsorbent in a wide range of adsorption systems. The adsorbent was also found to act as a proficient adsorbent in various water samples. These results demonstrated that synthesized hydrogel can be successfully applied as an adsorbent for the sequestration of dye effluents in real-time applications.

The current study delineates the synthesis of hydrogel films comprised of carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and guar gum (GG) using glutaraldehyde (GTA) as cross-linker. The hydrogel films were evaluated in terms of equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR), moisture content, thickness, wetting analysis, thermal, and mechanical analysis. The tensile strength value lies in the range of 95.80 to 149.07 MPa while elongation at break value lies in the range of 1.51 to 5.20 %. The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of hydrogen bonding between CMTKG, PVA, and GG components of hydrogel film. FE-SEM micrographs indicated the rough surfaces of hydrogel film. TGA-DTA analysis confirmed that the thermal stability of hydrogel film was found to be increased by incorporating the ciprofloxacin (CFX) drug into the hydrogel matrix. CFX was embedded in the best-swelled hydrogel film and in-vitro drug release behavior was studied at alkaline pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. It was found that the maximum drug release was to be 73 % after 24 h at pH 7.4. Moreover, the release data was fitted in various kinetic models such as the First-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. The best-fitted Korsmeyer-Peppas model suggested that the release of the drug follows Fickian diffusion and the value of diffusion exponent (n) was determined to be 0.38. The cytocompatibility of the hydrogel film was analyzed by MTT assay while the antibacterial behavior of the hydrogel film against E. coli and S. aureus showed clear zone of inhibition area. Thus, the overall results indicated that CMTKG/PVA/GG hydrogel film have potential to be used in the biomedical applications.

A base-mediated protocol has been established for the N-acetylation of anilines/amines at room temperature. Reaction utilizes acetonitrile as a solvent as well as a surrogate of the acetyl group. Apart from acetonitrile, trifluoroacetonitrile could also be utilized in the reaction. The advantages of the reactions are simple operation, transition-metal-free approach, short reaction time, high functional group tolerance, and gram-scale synthesis, which show the reaction's utility. The developed strategy represents a valuable approach in synthetic organic chemistry.

During the previous couple of decades, transition-metal (Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Au) catalyzed inter- and intramolecular coupling reactions have attracted huge attention for the construction of C–C and C–heteroatom (like C–N, C–P, C–O, C–S, etc.) bonds to synthesize a diverse range of polymers, fine chemicals, and agrochemicals (mainly fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides), as well as biologically and pharmaceutically important organic molecules. Furthermore, the employment of lower cost and easily available metals such as first-row transition-metal salts or metal complexes of Fe, Co, Cu, Ni as catalysts compared to the precious metals such as Pd, Ag, Au in cross-coupling reactions have led to major advances in applications within the fields of synthesis. A number of cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by transition metals have been explored, including Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira, Stille, Kumada, Kochi, Murahashi, Corriu, and Negishi reactions, as well as carbonylative, decarboxylative, reactions and α-arylations. In this review, we offer a comprehensive summary of the cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by different transition metals from the year 2009 to date. 1 Introduction 2 Pd-Catalyzed Reactions 2.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 2.2 C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions 2.3 C–P Cross-Coupling Reactions 3 Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions 3.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 4 Cu-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.2 C–O Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.2 C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.4 C–P Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.5 C–Se Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.6 C–S Cross-Coupling Reactions 5 Fe-Catalyzed Reactions 5.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 5.2 C–S Cross-Coupling Reactions 6 Co-Catalyzed Reactions 7 Transition-Metal Nanoparticle-Promoted Reactions 7.1 Pd Nanoparticles 7.2 Cu Nanoparticles 8 Miscellaneous Reactions 9 Perspectives and Future Directions

meta -BPDM is a new type of discrete conjugated porphyrinoid system and shows tremendous properties related to fluorescence and different behaviors with substituents on the sp 3 meso carbons.

We have developed a robust method for the detection of heavy metal ions zinc, cadmium, and mercury in water.In this study we have synthesized a hydrogel based on biopolymer that is raw wool obtained from eszvMarino sheep and used this hydrogel as heavy metal ion sensor in the water.We have incorporated meta-benziporphodimethene ligand in-situ in the hydrogel synthesis, which shows selectively color-changing characteristics when immersed in Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ metal ions aqueous solution.This hydrogel shows selective response towards Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ metal ions in a competitive environment.Meta-BPDM was responsible for the selectivity of hydrogel towards Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ metal ions in water.This selective sensing behavior of raw wool based hydrogel has given a novel existence to our study.The synthesized hydrogel was studied for sensing applications and characterized by using FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques.

In this research work, a novel hydrogel network based on carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum/poly (sodium acrylate) was synthesized by using poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a cross-linker. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared via the hydrothermal synthetic method and developed ZnO NPs embedded within CMTKG/Poly (sodium acrylate) hydrogel for the controlled release studies of ciprofloxacin drug. Various techniques such as FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and TEM were used to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs, pure hydrogel, and hydrogel nanocomposites. Various parameters such as drug loading (DL %), drug entrapment (DE %), gel content, and porosity were estimated for all the synthesized hydrogel nanocomposites. The results of swelling and rheological studies of hydrogel nanocomposites concluded that the embedded ZnO NPs increased hydrogel's swelling and thermal stability. The water absorption data were analyzed using the Power and Schott model. The result concluded that the Schott function model fitted the dynamic swelling data. The antibacterial action of CMTKG-based hydrogel nanocomposites was studied using E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria with the help of the disc diffusion method. The result showed that the incorporation of ZnO NPs enhanced the antimicrobial action of ciprofloxacin-loaded CMTKG-based hydrogels. The kinetic modelling of drug release was done using Higuchi and Korsmeyer - Peppas model. The higher value of regression coefficient (R2) close to unity indicated that the mechanistic pathway of drug release from the hydrogels was more fitted in the Korsmeyer-Peppas model followed by Fickian diffusion.

In this article, highly fluorescent phosphorus(V) corrole was synthesised which was then combined with CdSe quantum dots (QDs) in order to study Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism between CdSe QDs (donor) and phosphorus corrole (acceptor). Spectral overlap between QD's emission profile and corrole's absorption profile was found to be significant enough to result into Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The UV-vis spectrum experienced increase in the absorption bands on addition of phosphorus corrole to CdSe QDs suggesting QD-corrole conjugation. In the steady state fluorescence measurements, emission spectrum observed quenching in the fluorescence intensity of prepared CdSe QDs on addition of phosphorus corrole. Likewise, in case of time-resolved fluorescence measurements it was noticed that the CdSe QD's lifetime was greatly quenched by the presence of a corrole acceptor. Stern-Volmer plot was made to show quenching in this case was dynamic in nature. Based on the results of UV-vis, steady state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements the plausible mechanism behind such observations is considered to be FRET.

In the current study, 25% incorporating PVT hybrid CPC collector double slope solar still is using Al2O3 nanoparticles underwent energy matrices analysis and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE). With the aid of an analytical programfed into MATLAB, the analysis is conducted on an annual basis based on the atmospheric conditions in New Delhi. The IMD in Pune, India, provided the input data needed for the numerical computations. The average annual energy output will be calculated using energy and exergy, then evaluated. This will reveal that the average annual yield is 8.5%, the average energy payback time is 16.16%, the average energy payback factor is 13.91%, and the average life cycle cost conversion efficiency is 7.15% higher. Therefore it is obvious the proposed system is better on the basis of following parameters i.e. annual yield, energy matrices such as efficiency of life cycle cost (LCCE), factor of energy payback (EPF), energy payback time (EPT) than previous system. The proposed hybrid system can be met the future requirement of potable water as well as electricity.

In this research paper, various formulations of zeolite-loaded carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG) based hydrogels were synthesized and utilized as a potential adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye. The swelling capacity of all the synthesized hydrogels was investigated and the composition of hydrogel which exhibited maximum swelling was used for the characterization and dye removal experiment. The CV dye was chosen as a model dye for the dye removal experiment. The structure of zeolite and zeolite embedded hydrogel was elucidated by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX and elemental papping techniques. The adsorption experiment was investigated by varying the CV concentration, amount of hydrogel adsorbent, temperature, pH of the dye solution, adsorption time, and ionic strength. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to fit the adsorption data and it was observed that the data fitted well with the Langmuir model. Moreover, hydrogel's maximum dye adsorption efficiency was found at 123.60 mg g(-1). The adsorption kinetic studies were followed by pseudo- first-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. In addition, regeneration studies were performed for the best adsorbent hydrogel using ethanol solvent and the result concluded the desorption efficiency of hydrogel (82 %) over four desorption cycles.

'Prevention is better than cure, especially when something has no cure.' Cancer, in most patients is detected at the stage beyond which it becomes noncurative. Therefore, the early detection of cancer cells can play a crucial role in enhancing the chances of a patient's survival. In this light, we present a nonfluorescent receptor used for the detection of Zn2+ ion in MDA-MB-231 carcinoma cells that exhibits fluorescence turn-on behaviour upon binding with the metal ion. In this work, the synthesis of 11,16-bis(2,6-difluorobenzene)-6,6,21,21-tetramethyl-meta-benziporpho-6,21-dimethene and its Zn2+ chloride complex have been reported. The compounds were fully characterized using UV-visible, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the X-ray polymorphs of a meta-benziporphodimethene analogue were added. The study of its bioimaging applications in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells for the detection of Zn2+ ions is reported.

The article focusses on exploring the real-time application of meta-benziporphodimethene (m-BPDM) embedded polyacrylamide/carboxymethylguargum (PAM/CMG) hydrogel. The hydrogel-based sensor is highly selective for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ with no significant response to other competitive cations including Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+ in aqueous medium. Initially, the stability of the hydrogel has been examined at different pH conditions. The sensitivity of the hydrogel was found to be 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm in 1, 2 and 3 h for Hg2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+, respectively, at pH 6. The sensor exhibits colour change from red to bluish-green with Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in water over other ions. The modified hydrogel matrix displayed a unique naked eye turn-on colorimetric sensor selectivity for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions in the aqueous solutions of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial cells and industrial effluents. During the detection process, the zinc metal ions released because of cell lysis bind with hydrogel, in the former. The binding of Zn2+ causes the change in the colour of hydrogel from red to bluish-green, which was visually detected. The m-BPDM does not leach out and is stable in the hydrogel matrix. The sensing of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ was achieved by directly adding hydrogel into industrial effluent without any pretreatment of effluent. The quantitative determination of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in industrial effluent was performed by the atomic absorption spectroscopy technique just to confirm the results obtained with the hydrogel.

A series of five cobalt corrole complexes Co[(p-NO2Ph)2RCor](py)2 where R is functionalized with different aromatic aldehydes at meso positions, was examined in acetonitrile solvent. Three of the five complexes changed color to green in 10[Formula: see text] M acetonitrile solution. Their potential to sense anions was investigated using the colorimetric and spectroscopic approach in 14 different tetrabutyl ammonium salts of F[Formula: see text], CN[Formula: see text], CH3COO[Formula: see text], NO[Formula: see text], AsO[Formula: see text], AsO[Formula: see text], Cl[Formula: see text], Br[Formula: see text], I[Formula: see text], ClO[Formula: see text], H2PO[Formula: see text], S[Formula: see text], HS[Formula: see text]and PF[Formula: see text]. Co-1, Co-2 and Co-4 shows selectivity towards F[Formula: see text], CN[Formula: see text]and CH3COO[Formula: see text] by their changing of color from green or reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown. The complexes exclusively bind these three anions at their axial positions. The binding constant determination gives the number of binding species (n) >1 at less than one equivalent concentration of anions in the acetonitrile solution of the complex. A band appeared at around 735 nm, on the other hand, suggests that a bis(CN)-derivative of corrole complex could form under >1 equivalent anionic conditions. The limit of detection for the Co-4 was superior than Co-1 and Co-2, which were 0.0068 [Formula: see text]M for CN[Formula: see text], 0.0082 [Formula: see text]M for F[Formula: see text]and 0.0177 [Formula: see text]M for CH3COO[Formula: see text] ion. Although the complexes detect all three anions at less than 1 equivalent of the anion addition, the Co-1 and Co-2 are more selective towards CH3COO[Formula: see text]ion, whereas Co-4 selectively detects CN[Formula: see text]anion at larger equivalents of these anions.

Heme-like metal-chelating macrocycles, including expanded and contracted porphyrins, are of everlasting interest as drug candidates for numerous diseases. Still, all reported corrole derivatives (and most other heme analogues) do not fulfill the most basic standards expected for oral drug administration: a combination of low molecular weight and reasonable water solubility. We now disclose a very straightforward synthetic method that relies on surprisingly facile trifluoromethyl hydrolysis for gaining access to a new class of corroles that do satisfy all druglikeness criteria. The relevance is briefly exemplified for the iron corroles by demonstrating the ability to affect their association with plasma proteins and their performance for catalase-like decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

In the recent years, significant advancements have been made in the field of material chemistry. Over the time, wide research has been carried out on nanomaterials owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio. This chapter explores the synthesis of two such well-defined nanomaterials, silica and iron-oxide, that have been employed as heterogeneous catalysts for various organic transformations. Throughout this chapter, judicious designing of uprising nanomaterials with highly selective and active nanostructured catalysts is discussed. The methods used to enhance the activity and selectivity of these materials by simple manipulation onto the surface of the particle have been presented as the key feature of this report. The last section provides a deep insight into the utilization of these hybrid nanomaterials as a catalyst in a variety of organic reactions. The chapter will also draw a bridge between nanotechnology and green chemistry that strives to meet the scientific challenges of protecting environment.