This study explores how heuristics (availability and representativeness) and analytic rational decision-making influence the selection of international business entry modes and their subsequent impact on decision effectiveness and international performance. Grounded in dual-process theories, the research develops hypotheses linking heuristics, analytic rationality, decision effectiveness, and international outcomes. Utilizing a quantitative survey approach, the findings reveal that integrating the availability heuristic with analytic rational decision-making enhances the quality of internationalization decisions, whereas combining analytic decisionmaking with the representativeness heuristic can diminish decision effectiveness. These results emphasize the critical role of balancing heuristic and analytical approaches in managerial decision-making for international entry, contributing to dual-process theories within the international business context and providing valuable insights into the cognitive strategies shaping entry mode selection and organizational performance.

Drawing on resource-dependence theory, this study investigates the relationship between international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) and the time-lagged performance of traditionally internationalized small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through their networking with external market partners and government entities. Using a sample of 243 traditionally internationalized SMEs in Finland, we examine how different types of networking influence the IEO-performance relationship. Our results reveal that government export support significantly enhances the IEO-performance link, while market networking does not contribute in the same way. Interestingly, as IEO levels rise, government networking becomes increasingly crucial for performance enhancement, while market networking holds more relevance for SMEs with lower levels of IEO. This configuration-based finding highlights the importance of aligning networking strategies with a firm’s entrepreneurial orientation. Taken together, these results provide a configuration-based explanation of how external ties shape the value of IEO. Notably, the negative moderating effect of market networking on the IEO-performance relationship becomes statistically significant only when governmental export support is included, underscoring the configuration-dependent nature of this substitution effect. The study also has practical implications for policymakers and managers, emphasizing the importance of government support for high-IEO firms and targeted market networking for those with lower IEO.

Purpose Research on early internationalization in smaller firms has primarily focused on initial market entry, often neglecting responses to adverse post-entry events. This paper addresses the gap between entrepreneurial internationalization and small business survival by examining both initial and post-entry stages through decision-maker cognition. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper develops a cognition-based decision framework that explains how cognitive biases influence pre- and initial entry decisions, and evolve in response to post-entry negative events. It introduces the "experience gap paradox"- a misalignment between personal experience and required international market experience - as a key driver of biased judgment. The framework links non-contextualized pre-entry experience with post-entry decision-making, offering testable propositions on the dynamic interplay between biases, heuristics, and internationalization decisions. Findings This model supports the argument that heuristic decision-making is contingent upon context-specific prior experience, which leaders of small firms typically lack pre-entry, causing them to develop and rely on decision biases. Originality/value This article contributes by exploring how cognitive heuristics and biases evolve in decision-making across the pre-entry and post-entry stages of internationalization, with a focus on smaller firms-particularly International New Ventures (INVs). It provides a comprehensive understanding of the "experience gap paradox" and its influence on entrepreneurial internationalization, offering insights relevant to small firms' adaptive decision-making and survival.

Purpose This paper aims to discuss the growth, thematic focus and current scholarly engagement of Society and Business Review through a bibliometric analysis spanning its 18-year history, summarizing its achievements in regular and special issues.Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted on the contributions of Society and Business Review. This study used descriptive bibliometrics to analyze publication trends, document types and contributions of the most prolific authors. Bibliometric mapping was used to visualize published article content, highlighting the most frequently researched terms and themes and tracking their evolution over time. Data were collected from Google Scholar and Emerald Insight, given the journal's limited indexing in major databases over the study period.Findings The bibliometric analysis identified three dominant and recurring keywords representing the journal's core focus: "Corporate," "Social," and "Responsibility." These themes closely align with the journal's mission and scope.Research limitations/implications The study focused on extracting only articles with complete citations in Society and Business Review due to limitations of the Scopus database, including the journal's delayed inclusion. As a result, the analysis relied on alternative data sources, which may not fully represent the journal's impact.Originality/value This study offers unique insights into the development and contributions of Society and Business Review over its 18-year history (2006-2024), providing a roadmap for future research directions and highlighting emerging trends in business-society scholarship.

This study delves into the critical role of export market orientation (EMO) in business-to-business (B2B) industrial marketing, with a particular focus on B2B exporting firms. While previous research emphasizes the positive impact of EMO on firm performance, this research examines its entrepreneurial implications, highlighting the overlooked dimensions of opportunity recognition and exploitation in an international business context. By differentiating between proactive and responsive EMOs, this study elucidates how each dimension uniquely contributes to opportunity recognition and exploitation. Although moderating effects of environmental dynamism were hypothesized, no significant moderation was found. Importantly, only opportunity exploitation translates into international performance, whereas opportunity recognition does not- thereby refining current understandings of EMO's role in international entrepreneurship.

We contribute novel insights into how status quo bias may play a part in identifying and capitalizing on international opportunities, thus addressing a previously overlooked aspect of cognitive perspective in international entrepreneurship research. First, from an entrepreneurial process perspective, we assert that internationalizing firms can attain a performance advantage by adopting Kirznerian and Schumpeterian types of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) with the mediation of opportunity recognition and exploitation. Building on cognitive bias theory, we further posit that status quo bias plays a significant role in shaping the relationship between EO and opportunity recognition and exploitation. We test our hypotheses using survey data collected from 275 internationalizing firms. The empirical results suggest that EO variants exhibit distinct influences and are influenced in unique ways by international opportunity recognition, exploitation and status quo bias. Specifically, we find that a higher level of status quo bias strengthens the relationship between Schumpeterian EO and opportunity recognition, whereas a lower level strengthens the association between Schumpeterian EO and opportunity exploitation. However, no significant effect of status quo bias is found in Kirznerian firms. The study offers both theoretical and practical implications, and provides valuable recommendations for future research.

This study examines the rise and fall of Binni Restaurant, a Bengali cuisine venture launched by corporate bankers to fill a market gap in Dhaka's upscale dining scene. Despite initial success, the restaurant struggled due to poor financial planning, weak procurement systems, ineffective marketing, and mismanagement of human resources. Using an exploratory case study approach, the research analyzes qualitative data from interviews, financial records, and internal documents to identify key factors behind the restaurant's failure. By integrating multiple data sources, the study ensures a well-rounded analysis of strategic missteps, economic influences, and operational challenges. The findings offer valuable lessons for restaurant entrepreneurs, emphasizing the importance of financial discipline, adaptability, operational efficiency, and market awareness. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the risks faced by upscale dining establishments in Bangladesh, equipping future investors with insights to navigate the complexities of the industry.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive scoping review to examine how brand advocacy has evolved as a key construct in consumer–brand relationship research. Through systematic analysis of existing literature, this review clarifies the conceptual boundaries of brand advocacy, synthesises current knowledge and develops an agenda for future research. Design/methodology/approach By reviewing a selection of 172 studies, this research explores various aspects of the brand advocacy literature, including theories, methods, contexts, antecedents, outcomes, mediators and moderators. The review examines key themes and synthesises the theoretical and contextual foundations. Findings This review identifies significant gaps in the current literature, particularly regarding conceptual clarity and consistency, framework development, validation and contextual measurements. The findings of this study suggest guidelines for future research to advance scholarly understanding of brand advocacy. Research limitations/implications The insights from this review offer guidance for researchers and practitioners looking to advance the field of brand advocacy. This study highlights the importance of creating validated frameworks and addressing measurement issues to integrate the brand advocacy concept into consumer–brand relationship research. Originality/value This scoping review advances the field of brand advocacy by synthesising existing research, identifying critical gaps and proposing a coherent research agenda for future studies. This study contributes to the broader understanding of consumer–brand relationships and provides a foundation for developing more robust theoretical and practical frameworks in the domain.

This research examines the impact of grey knowledge on knowledge management practices in Finnish SMEs, with a particular focus on its role as a linkage between explicit and tacit knowledge. It employs a mixed method, integrating qualitative thematic analysis with quantitative machine learning models. Findings highlight the necessity for Finnish SMEs to capture and integrate grey knowledge into organisational processes. The integration of grey knowledge is perceived positively by managers and employees for its effect on enhancing performance. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in expanding its application in the context of Finnish SMEs to create more balanced and effective KM practices. Despite being focused on Finnish SMEs, further interdisciplinary and cross-cultural industry-wide research is essential for understanding the role of grey knowledge in various KM paradigms. Such research could explore how organisations can utilise grey knowledge to strengthen resilience, foster innovation, and enhance competitiveness in markets.

Papers N Parcels (hereafter PnP) is an end-to-end logistics business organization founded in 2018 by Tilak Mehta, who was a teenager at the time. The capital that supported the initial activity of the company was derived from family investments. The company has an efficient business model and gains a competitive advantage by setting up its primary objectives and strategies, which position it for success. PnP aims to deliver its products within 4–8 h of an order, which is the fastest rate among existing delivery companies. The parcels are picked up from the end customers and delivered to the recipient company’s main hub. From there, the parcel is sent to the final recipient with the help of the PnP app. This approach streamlines the process, and the time involved is very minimal. The business model of this fast-moving company was new and unique. The case study highlights how effectively PnP capitalizes on the vast network of dabbawalas (lunchbox deliverymen) in Mumbai who use the PnP app.

Purpose This study aims to explore how multinational lead buyers can play an active role in ensuring worker voices in garment supplier factories where workers have limited space to raise their voices, and how buyers’ involvement increases the possibilities of worker voices mitigating barriers to social dialogues and enhancing mutual interests of buyers and workers in garment factories. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative research approach and multiple embedded case study method, this study considered buyer−supplier dyads as the unit of analysis, i.e. two multinational lead buyers and their four corresponding suppliers in the garment industry of Bangladesh. Focus group discussion and key informant in-depth interviews were techniques applied to collect factory-level data, and within and cross-case analysis techniques were applied to develop an overall understanding. Findings The results of this study reveal that the opportunities for workers to voice their concerns through social dialogue in garment supplier factories are limited due to various obstacles. Similarly, the role of multinational lead buyers in addressing these issues is found to be less than ideal. This study also shows that buyers can take short-term and long-term initiatives to ensure social dialogues. Moreover, this study presents how social dialogues can meet the expectations of multinational buyers and their garment suppliers. Research limitations/implications While this study focuses exclusively on the garment industry, similar scenarios also exist across a multitude of other industries. Thus, future research could extend this study’s scope to various sectors, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the general state of worker voices in Bangladesh. This study stands to make significant contributions to literature in the fields of global value chains, human relations and international business. It will pose critical perspectives on how upstream value chain suppliers can fortify worker rights through social dialogue, and elucidate the means and motives for lead buyers to play a more active role in this endeavour. Originality/value This study is distinct in its approach, integrating buyer−supplier roles to pave the way for enhanced worker voice opportunities through social dialogue in garment supplier factories.

This research investigates the impact of consumers' environmental knowledge, connectedness to nature and climate change anxiety on their intention to stay in an eco-resort. Data (n = 388) were collected from Australian respondents through a structured online questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS AMOS 28. Drawing propositions from the norm activation theory and integrating positive and negative feelings in a single model, we find that consumers' environmental knowledge positively influences their pro-environmental behavioural intention (I3 = 0.137, SE = 0.047, p = 0.007). Moreover, this relationship is serially mediated by consumers' connectedness to nature and climate change anxiety (I3 = 0.026, SE = 0.008, CI: 0.012, 0.043). Our research expands the conceptual domain of the focal variables from environmental psychology to the area of consumer psychology in sustainable tourism. The implications of our findings are particularly relevant for marketers in the eco-resort industry, as they highlight the significance of leveraging connectedness to nature and climate change anxiety as mediating factors to develop compelling promotional strategies that communicate eco-friendly practices and immersive sustainable experiences, thereby appealing to environmentally conscious consumers and gaining a competitive edge in tourism.

Purpose This research aims to examine the role of consumers' brand trust and attachment on advocacy intention before and after the occurrence of brand misconduct in retail banking. In addition, the influence of brand attachment on consumers' willingness to switch, advocate for and forgive brands is examined in a post-misconduct scenario. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a self-administered online survey questionnaire. A total of 304 valid and usable responses from Australian participants were analysed using IBM SPSS 27.0. Findings The findings reveal that brand attachment mediates the positive relationship between trust and advocacy intention. Furthermore, brand attachment (1) dilutes consumers' switching intention and (2) strengthens their willingness to forgive the bank after misconduct. Practical implications Results suggest that retail banks should create strong brand attachments with their consumers. In addition to brand trust, brand attachment will generate greater advocacy intention among consumers. Moreover, practitioners in retail banking can leverage brand attachment to mitigate the negative impact of brand misconduct. Originality/value To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to examine the impact of brand attachment on the consumer–bank relationship within the context of brand misconduct. The study is also unique in its analysis of the mediating role of brand attachment between brand trust and advocacy. This research further adds to the current literature by suggesting that strong and positive customer connections to the brand facilitate communication and marketing efforts after brand misconduct and that these are effective in maintaining consumer-bank relationship.

Purpose The importance of smart tourism technologies (STTs) has been rising recently, but how STTs are related to tourists' psychological well-being has got little attention. The study intends to show how STTs increase tourists' psychological well-being by capitalizing on the theory of Tourism 4.0. The study investigates the associations between the factors of STTs with the perceived benefit and, subsequently, perceived benefit with the psychological well-being of tourists. Moreover, this study also examines the moderating impact of a growth mindset (GM) between perceived benefits (PB) and tourists' psychological well-being (TPW) in the tourism industry. Design/methodology/approach Using a structured questionnaire, 243 responses were collected through the convenience sampling method. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used for the analysis. Findings Findings show that automation, security/privacy concerns, information accuracy, and personalization are significantly related to the PB of tourists. The results also confirm that a GM moderates the relationship between PB and TPW. Practical implications The results show the social and managerial importance of the perspective of tourism in developing countries. Based on the tourism 4.0 concept, this study presents a theoretical contribution by expanding practical information regarding the link between STTs and psychological well-being. Moreover, the study shows some directions to the tour operator about improving PB and psychological well-being. The notion of tourism 4.0 is a new paradigm that seeks to unlock the psychological well-being of visitors through the hyper-interconnectedness of humans and technologies. Originality/value This study contributes to prior research on technology-based tourism by exploring the uncharted STT variables, PB, GM and psychological well-being. Moreover, the study makes an empirical effort to conceptualize the tourism 4.0 concept on the proposed relationships. Tourist firms should focus on implementing this theory to develop their business.

Firms are increasingly adopting pro-lesbian, -gay, -bisexual, -transgender, inclusivity and diversity (LGBT-ID) policies for workforce management. This study develops a parsimonious, albeit complex, moderated-mediated framework by employing a panel dataset combining data from archival sources and involving a sample of predominantly large and publicly held firms from the USA between 2002 and 2018. The number of observations varied across variables with a minimum of 414 observations (corporate brand equity) and a maximum of 3,566 observations (self-reported LGBT-ID policy). This treatise demonstrates that adopting LGBT-ID policies positively impacts firms' profitability. Moreover, pro-LGBT-ID policies during this specific period have a positive effect on corporate brand equity, which in turn affects firm profitability, indicating that brand equity plays a mediating role in the nexus between pro-LGBT-ID policies and firms' financial performance. Furthermore, innovation intensity strengthens the relationship between pro-LGBT-ID policies and brand equity during the sample period of the study.