Mental illness is a critical aspect of human health that significantly affects individuals' emotional and psychological well-being. The present study focused on the “Current status of mental health which highlights both advancements and persistent challenges.” About 10% of people worldwide suffer from psychosis, a mental illness characterized by severe distortions in cognition, behavior, perception (delusions and hallucinations), and the ability to identify reality. The growing interest in natural remedies for mental health issues in recent years is indicative of a move toward more comprehensive methods of treating ailments including stress, anxiety, and depression. Numerous genetic, nutritional, microbial, and environmental variables are involved in this complex illness. However, several conditions are included under psychotic illnesses. Although they are pharmacologically categorized as dopamine receptor antagonists, many of them also act on other targets, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, which may contribute to some of their therapeutic efficacy. The activation of the immune system, neuro-inflammation, endocannabinoid receptors, neurotransmission, cell signaling pathways, and oxidative stress status are all changed and modified by these phytochemicals. Most phytochemicals with anti-schizophrenic properties include flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, polypropanoids, lactones, and glycosides. Keywords: Psychosis, Phytochemicals, Medications, Receptors, Schizophrenia, Disease, Anti-psychotics

The present study aimed to isolate and evaluate the antidiabetic potential of shatavarin IV, a major steroidal saponin from the ethanolic root extract of Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Shatavarin IV was isolated and characterised using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Its antidiabetic activity was assessed in STZ-induced diabetic rats by monitoring blood glucose, insulin, glycated haemoglobin, and lipid profile parameters. Treatment with shatavarin IV, particularly at 400 μg/kg (p.o., b.w.), significantly reduced fasting blood glucose from 265.80 to 119.58 mg/dL, improved insulin levels from 13.99 to 21.69 mIU/mL, and decreased HbA1c from 11.52 to 5.91%. Additionally, it ameliorated diabetes-induced dyslipidemia by lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and atherogenic index while increasing HDL. These effects are likely mediated by the steroidal saponin nature of shatavarin IV, which modulates glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings identify shatavarin IV as a key bioactive constituent of A. curillus with antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or action and represents a major global health concern, with high prevalence in India. Although several antidiabetic drugs are available, their side effects and limited efficacy highlight the need for safer alternatives, such as traditionally used medicinal plants, such as Asparagus curillus. Methodology: This work used LC-MS to create the phytochemical profile of the ERE of A. curillus and tested for its anti-diabetic potential in STZ-induced diabetic rats. FBG level and biochemical markers, including lipid profile, insulin, HOMA-IR, liver and kidney function, and HbA1c, were measured. Kidney, liver, and pancreatic tissues were examined microscopically. Results & Discussion: LC-MS analysis identified twelve major phytoconstituents, mainly steroidal saponins including Shatavarin I, Shatavarin IV, and sarsasapogenin. The ERE produced dose-dependent changes in the biological parameters. At the dose of 200 mg/kg, ERE reduced FBG by 37% and HbA1c by 22%, while at 400 mg/kg, reductions of 42% in FBG and 25% in HbA1c were observed compared to the diabetic control. Histopathological examination of organs showed corresponding microscopic changes consistent with the biochemical findings. Conclusion: The ERE showed significant antidiabetic activity, improving glycemic indices, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and renal parameters, as supported by histopathological findings. LC-MS confirmed the presence of steroidal saponins, suggesting that the extract may serve as a potential natural antidiabetic agent. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism and to validate it in clinical trials.

Background/Objectives: Natural products, especially plant metabolites, play a crucial role in drug development and are widely used in medicine, cosmetics, and nutrition. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological profile of Glycyrrhizin (GL), with a specific focus on its molecular targets. Methods: Scientific literature was thoroughly retrieved from reputable databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, up to 30 July 2025. The keywords “glycyrrhizin” and “glycyrrhizic acid” were used to identify relevant references, with a focus on pharmacological applications. Studies on synthetic analogs, non-English publications, non-pharmacological applications, and GL containing crude extracts were largely excluded. Results: Glycyrrhizin, the major bioactive constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antitumor, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. These actions are primarily mediated through the inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and the modulation of key signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and various cytokine networks. As a result of its therapeutic potential, GL-based formulations, including Stronger Neo-Minophagen C, and GL-rich extracts of G. glabra are commercially available as pharmaceutical preparations and food additives. Conclusions: Despite its therapeutic potential, the clinical application of GL is limited by poor oral bioavailability, metabolic variability, and adverse effects such as pseudoaldosteronism. Hence, careful consideration of pharmacokinetics and safety is essential for translating its therapeutic potential into clinical practice.

Anethole, a naturally-occurring aromatic phenylpropene compound, is commonly present in the essential oils derived from botanically diverse plants, including anise, star anise, fennel and basil. It is highly regarded for its therapeutic properties, imparting various health benefits spanning many different conditions. This comprehensive and critical review unites the knowledge on anethole up to the year 2024, available from the scientific platforms Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science, retrieved using the search term "Anethole". A bibliometrics overview is also provided which outlines the trend in the publication output over time, the major contributing authors, collaborative networks and popular research topics on this molecule. The collected data suggests that, in addition to its significance in the flavour and fragrance sectors, anethole exhibits a host of diverse medicinal activities. In-depth research highlights its contributing potential in addressing cancer, infections, wounds, and conditions related to the liver, lungs and skin. However, the research on anethole lacks comprehensive investigations into its mechanisms of action and synergistic effects with other compounds, hindering the understanding of its full therapeutic potential. While it holds promise beyond culinary uses, further research is needed to address this knowledge void and develop targeted therapeutic interventions.

Breast cancer, a pervasive global malignancy, is anticipated to undergo a significant increase by 2040. Despite the conventional armamentarium of treatments including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, the intricate landscape of breast cancer, characterized by its multifaceted surface receptors and signalling pathways, presents formidable challenges to treatment efficacy. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), extracted from Camellia sinensis, has emerged as a subject of interest due to its robust antioxidative properties stemming from its chemical structure. EGCG exerts its effects on pivotal stages of tumour growth and proliferation by modulating key signalling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K, NFkB, and ERK1/2 influencing apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Clinical trials have provided insights into EGCG's potential impact on breast cancer such as mammographic density and pharmacokinetics, indicating its potential as a potent therapeutic agent. Moreover, when administered with conventional chemotherapy, EGCG demonstrates synergistic effects, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, further research is warranted to validate the safety and efficacy of EGCG in breast cancer prevention and treatment.

Abstract Plants have been used in traditional medicine systems worldwide, including Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese medicine, and Unani medicine. In India, plants have been utilized for medicinal purposes for centuries and form an integral part of Ayurvedic practices. The Himalayan region is recognized for its traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, with local communities such as the Jaunsari, Tharu, Raji, Buksa, and Bhotia tribes relying on these plants for their healthcare needs. The present review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive account of the phytochemical composition, traditional uses, and pharmacological applications of Asparagus curillus . Relevant information was gathered from various sources, including online scientific databases such as Scopus and PubMed, as well as several books, resulting in a total of 42 references. A. curillus is an indigenous medicinal plant of the Uttarakhand Himalaya, traditionally used, mainly its roots, for the treatment of various ailments. The literature review revealed that the plant contains a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including glycosides, steroids, and saponins. Furthermore, it has been widely used by local communities for treating respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary, and skin disorders. This review highlights the important medicinal uses of A. curillus in ethnomedicinal practices and suggests its potential as a source of novel drugs and natural remedies. Further research is needed to explore its pharmacological activities and clinical efficacy in treating various diseases.

Phytoconstituents possess diverse biological activities including medicinal, therapeutic, and nutritional as well as play vital roles in the plant's growth, development, interactions with other organisms, defense against pathogens and to attract pollinators. Various groups of phytoconstituents, such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, , glycosides, saponin,s terpenoids, lignans, and resins, are found in different plant species, demonstrating efficacy and potency in providing health benefits for humans and animals. Phytoconstituents have been integral to systems of traditional medicine for centuries, with many cultures relying on plant-derived products or compounds for treating various health conditions. Modern pharmacology and the pharmaceutical industry recognize their potential for developing novel drugs and dosage forms, as around 80% of the global population depends on natural products and traditional medicine for primary healthcare. Recent advancements in technology have facilitated the study of phytoconstituents, allowing for deeper insights into their mechanisms of action and applications in drug development, nutraceuticals, and herbal medicine, leading to innovative treatments and improved health outcomes. Several pharmaceuticals available in the market are derived from or inspired by phytoconstituents found in plants, such as paclitaxel, reserpine, berberine, vincristine, morphine, nicotine and aspirin. These phytoconstituents demonstrated various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and cardiovascular effects in the studies. This chapter focuses on Aspidinol, a phloroglucinol found in certain plants, particularly in ferns (Pteridophyte) and some traditional medicinal herbs. It has demonstrated several potential medicinal properties, including anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, anti-malarial, and anti-cancer activities. Although promising, further research is needed to fully understand Aspidinol's mechanisms of action and practical implications in healthcare. The potential pharmacological applications of Aspidinol in healthcare make it an intriguing subject for further research and drug development. However, additional investigations are necessary to uncover its full therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action for its effective utilization in medicine.

Rutin, often referred to as vitamin P, possesses numerous pharmaceutical applications, yet its market availability is restricted due to poor bioavailability. Recent interest has focused on exploiting rutin's therapeutic potential, prompting efforts to enhance its bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the bioavailability of rutin by formulating tablet dosage forms using cow milk casein as a matrix-forming agent. Tablet formulations containing rutin and milk casein were prepared, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated through in vitro tests, including hardness, friability, and dissolution. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted using Wistar rat models, analyzing plasma drug concentrations and urine excretion. Stability studies were also performed to assess the tablets' shelf life under various conditions. The results of the study revealed that the incorporation of milk casein significantly improved the bioavailability of rutin, both in vitro and in vivo. Physicochemical evaluations demonstrated satisfactory tablet properties, while pharmacokinetic studies indicated enhanced plasma drug concentrations and urine excretion of rutin with milk casein formulations. Stability studies further supported the suitability of the formulated tablets for long-term storage. In conclusion, milk casein proved effective as a matrix-forming agent for improving the bioavailability of rutin. The formulated tablets exhibited favorable physicochemical properties and enhanced drug absorption characteristics, suggesting the potential utility of milk casein in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of rutin formulations.

This chapter delves into the futuristic trends and innovative prospects of utilizing Pteridophytes, a unique group of plants, as novel approaches in the treatment of diabetes. Pteridophytes, which include various fern species, have garnered attention for their potential in addressing the complexities of diabetes. The chapter explores their bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential. It also discusses ongoing research, potential synergies with existing treatments, and the journey towards personalized diabetes management. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of standardized processes, regulatory considerations, and patient education in realizing the promise of Pteridophytes as innovative tools in the fight against diabetes.

Introduction/Background: The health of animals plays a pivotal role in ensuring worldwide food security, fostering economic prosperity, and safeguarding public health. The presence of contagious and parasitic ailments can exert substantial repercussions on the welfare of animals, resulting in considerable financial setbacks for farmers and livestock custodians across the globe. The global impact of animal diseases encompasses animal fatalities, reduced output, and the expenses associated with veterinary care. These factors collectively impinge upon food availability and the livelihoods of rural communities. Vital sectors of the food industry, such as meat, dairy, and egg production, heavily rely on the well-being of animals to meet the escalating demand for sustenance. Contagious diseases in animals, in particular, represent a substantial economic menace, precipitating declines in productivity, efficiency, and revenue. Conventional pharmaceuticals have traditionally served as the primary avenue for treating animal diseases. Nevertheless, the utilization of natural products in animal health has garnered increasing attention due to their potential therapeutic attributes and advantages. Materials and Methods: Natural products are derived from various sources, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, and have been used for centuries to treat human and animal diseases. The use of natural products in animal medicine has been shown to have fewer adverse effects, less likelihood of drug resistance, and cost-effectiveness. This review article was conducted by searching for relevant literature using electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2010 and 2022 were included, and the search terms used included "natural products," "animal medicine," "animal health," "herbal medicine," and "traditional medicine." The articles were reviewed, and the relevant information was extracted and synthesized. Results and Discussion: The use of natural products in animal medicine offers several advantages and benefits. Natural products have a range of therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. They have been used to treat conditions such as pain, anxiety, arthritis, and skin infections, among others. Additionally, some natural products have been found to have immunomodulatory effects, meaning they can enhance the immune system's ability to fight off diseases. Natural products are also used to prevent and control diseases in animals. Garlic and oregano, for example, are natural products that have been shown to have anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties, making them useful in preventing and treating infections. The applications of natural products in animal medicine are vast, and they are commonly used in both traditional and modern veterinary practices. Aloe vera is used topically to treat wounds and burns, while turmeric is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of arthritis. Other natural products such as chamomile, lavender, and valerian root are used to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation in animals. In addition to their therapeutic properties, natural products have a safety profile that is generally better than synthetic drugs. Unlike synthetic drugs, natural products are generally safe and have few to no adverse effects when used correctly. They also have a lower risk of developing resistance, which is a significant problem with many synthetic drugs. Conclusion: The use of natural products in animal medicine offers several advantages and benefits, including fewer adverse effects, less likelihood of drug resistance, and cost-effectiveness. The therapeutic properties of natural products can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, and their applications are likely to increase in the future. As such, natural products continue to be an important area of research in animal medicine. However, it is important to note that the use of natural products should be done with caution, and it is recommended to consult with a veterinary professional before administering any natural product to an animal.

Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent electrical activity in the brain's temporal lobe. It is a chronic disorder marked by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, resulting in uncontrolled excitability. Current antiepileptic drugs often have limited effectiveness and pose challenges in patient management. Literature surveys indicate that various species of Elaeocarpus have demonstrated antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiasthmatic, antihypertensive, and antidepressant properties. Since Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume) is traditionally used to treat epilepsy and other brain-related disorders, the present study aimed to validate this claim by evaluating the anti-epileptic activity of the ethanolic bark extract of E. angustifolius on picrotoxin-induced convulsive rats. The extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW was administered to rats for 14 days, followed by a single dose of picrotoxin (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) on the 14th day, with diazepam (12 mg/kg i.p.) used as a reference drug. Various oxidative parameters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), lactoperoxidase (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and nitrate were estimated at the end of the treatment period. In the picrotoxin-induced convulsion model, treatment with ethanolic bark extract at 400 mg/kg caused a significant (p <0.01) decrease in LPO levels and a significant (p <0.001) increase in GABA levels in epileptic rats. The results concluded that the extract at a 400 mg/kg dose showed the most significant effect on picrotoxin-induced convulsions in rats.