We conducted afield study at a Swedish business school to investigate gender homophily in referrer behavior. In the study, 453 participants were asked to refer another student at the school for a real job. We find that both men and women mainly refer candidates of their own gender: 71% of female participants referred a female candidate, and 75% of male participants referred a male candidate. The gender composition of close friendship networks appears to be an important driver of this pattern. Randomizing participants across two job advertisements, we find suggestive evidence that the degree of gender homophily in job referrals is stronger when the job is more consistent with stereotypes associated with the participant's own gender.

AbstractFor two decades Copenhagen was a cultural powerhouse in European Enlightenment due to the so-called German Circle in Copenhagen (1750–1770) initiated by King Frederik V. and J. H. E. Bernstorff. The article examines the description of the German Circle in Danish literary history through three major phases: from early Enlightenment through the 19thCentury and up until today’s European and global histories. The historiographic survey shows a decreasing interest in representing this cultural and intellectual group as a centre of a European transfer between English, Scandinavian and German literature. Instead, attention is paid to Klopstock and Johannes Ewald as key figures in the transition to a modern poetry. In general, Danish literary histories display a fear of German cultural colonization and anxieties about the status of Danish as a minor language. In current historiography, the German Circle seems to have disappeared and might be at the brink of fading into cultural oblivion.

For two decades Copenhagen was a cultural powerhouse in European Enlightenment due to the so-called German Circle in Copenhagen (1750-1770) initiated by King Frederik V. and J. H. E. Bernstorff. The article examines the description of the German Circle in Danish literary history through three major phases: from early Enlightenment through the 19th Century and up until today's European and global histories. The historiographic survey shows a decreasing interest in representing this cultural and intellectual group as a centre of a European transfer between English, Scandinavian and German literature. Instead, attention is paid to Klopstock and Johannes Ewald as key figures in the transition to a modern poetry. In general, Danish literary histories display a fear of German cultural colonization and anxieties about the status of Danish as a minor language. In current historiography, the German Circle seems to have disappeared and might be at the brink of fading into cultural oblivion.

Anna Lena Sandberg’s chapter examines two authors who can be seen as ‘border crossing’ figures, situated between national literatures, cultures, and languages. Both Friederike Brun and Jens Baggesen lived and wrote in Copenhagen, which was the multicultural and plurilingual capital of the composite Danish-Norwegian-German state (The Kingdom of Denmark) and both were pioneers of European travel writing. Sandberg documents and discusses the cultural-historical processes involved in the marginalization and subsequent canonization of these two writers, who resist easy categorization within any single national tradition, and considers in closing what their careers can contribute to more recent models of ‘global’ literary history.

To advance knowledge about evolution of practices within a software organisation, we offer a retrospective reflection based on several years of research into a software unit at Ericsson AB. Covering 16 years of evolution, we developed multiple publications from a continuously expanding repository of software technology implementation data. While these publications report from specific junctures of software practice evolution at the unit, our retrospective reflection allows us to consider the impacts of the unit's investments into two technology paradigms over the sixteen-year period: first into CMM-RUP with a focus on discipline and structured practices and years later into Agile-Lean with a focus on flexibility and responsive practices. Hence, we adopt retrospective reflection to investigate how imprints from the two paradigms, despite considerable timespan between the related technology implementations, eventually complemented each other in the unit's software practices. Because one paradigm focuses on discipline and structured practices and the other on flexibility and responsive practices, our retrospective reflections consider how the two paradigms together impacted the software unit's ambidextrous capability. As a result, we advance the idea that as software organisations over time invest in complementary technology paradigms they leave important technology traces with sustainable impacts on their software practices.

This article endeavors to underpin complexity understanding by scrutinizing how developers experience code complexity and how certain code characteristics impact complexity. The results provide a distinction between essential and accidental code characteristics and help in evaluating the influence of these characteristics on complexity increase.

Images of half-dressed women are ubiquitous in advertising and popular culture. Yet little is known about the potential impacts of such images on economic decision making. We randomize 648 participants of both genders to advertising images including either women in bikini or underwear, fully dressed women, or no women, and examine the effects on risk taking, willingness to compete and math performance in a lab experiment. We find no treatment effects on any outcome measure for women. For men, our results indicate that men take more risk after having been exposed to images of half-dressed women compared to no women.

We explore how team gender composition affects willingness to lead by randomly assigning participants in an experiment to male- or female-majority teams. Irrespective of team gender composition, men are substantially more willing than women to lead their team. The pooled sample, and women separately, are more willing to lead female- than male-majority teams. An analysis of mechanisms reveals that a large share of the negative effect of male-majority teams on women's leadership aspirations is accounted for by a negative effect on women's confidence, influence, and expected support from team members.

This paper investigates gendered trends in income inequality in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, posing questions such as: Is the income dispersion higher or lower among men than among women? H ...

Despite increased female educational attainment, labor markets remain vertically and horizontally segregated. In this study, we explore whether male dominated environments, in and of themselves, adversely affect women. We employ a laboratory experiment with a total of 580 participants of both genders, randomly assigning participants to either female majority teams (three women and one man) or male majority teams (three men and one woman). In line with our primary hypothesis, we find that women are significantly more reluctant to become the team leader in male majority teams than in female majority teams. Analyses of potential mechanisms show that women in male majority teams are also less confident, less influential, more swayed by the team discussion, and (accurately) believe that they will receive less support from their team members. These findings suggest that the absence of women in male dominated contexts may be a self-reinforcing process, whereby the women who end up in male majority environments find themselves less confident in their own ability and, thus, discouraged from taking on a leadership position.

I use data from the Olympic sport of dressage to explore in-group biases among judges. Dressage - the only international sport with subjective performance evaluations in which men and womencompete as equals - provides a rare opportunity to identify multiple in-group biases in the same naturally occurring setting. While, on average, judges are not biased in favour of either gender, they exhibit substantial biases in favour of (i) athletes of their own nationality, and (ii) athletes of the same nationality as the other judges in the competition. Heterogeneity across competitions suggests that biases increase as group identity becomes more salient.

Code complexity has been studied intensively over the past decades because it is a quintessential characterizer of code's internal quality. Previously, much emphasis has been put on creating code complexity measures and applying these measures in practical contexts. To date, most measures are created based on theoretical frameworks, which determine the expected properties that a code complexity measure should fulfil. Fulfilling the necessary properties, however, does not guarantee that the measure characterizes the code complexity that is experienced by software engineers. Subsequently, code complexity measures often turn out to provide rather superficial insights into code complexity. This paper supports the discipline of code complexity measurement by providing empirical insights into the code characteristics that trigger complexity, the use of code complexity measures in industry, and the influence of code complexity on maintenance time. Results of an online survey, conducted in seven companies and two universities with a total of 100 respondents, show that among several code characteristics, two substantially increase code complexity, which subsequently have a major influence on the maintenance time of code. Notably, existing code complexity measures are poorly used in industry.

Continuous and long-term collaboration between industry and academia is crucial to develop front-line research in context-dependent areas like software development where both practitioners and researchers are searched for data collection, analysis and results. Despite many mutual benefits, this collaboration is often challenging, not only due to different goals, but also because of different pace in providing the results. The software development industry has during the last decade aligned around and organized their development adopting agile methodologies. For the researchers, the agile methodologies are a topic for a research, rather than a means of performing the research itself. We can state a question, whether the agile methodologies can be a good common ground for enabling successful research collaboration between industry and academia? This paper reports on a longitudinal industry - academia research collaboration case, which has stepwise adapted SCRUM over a six-year period. The implementation of SCRUM and the collaboration successes and challenges are presented, and findings are discussed.

We investigate whether individuals are more prone to act selfishly if they can passively allow for an outcome to be implemented (omission) rather than having to make an active choice (commission). In most settings, active and passive choice alternatives differ in terms of factors such as the presence of a suggested option, costs of taking an action, and awareness. We isolate the omission effect from confounding factors in three experiments, and find no evidence that the distinction between active and passive choices has an independent effect on the propensity to implement selfish outcomes. This suggests that increased selfishness through omission, as observed in various economic choice situations, is driven by other factors than a preference for selfish omissions.