Le ruissellement agricole dépend de l’utilisation des sols et de sa localisation au sein d’un bassin versant, l’utilisation des sols étant elle-même dépendante du contexte socio-économique. En prenant le cas du Pays de Caux, nous avons exploré les conséquences de futurs changements de contexte sur ce phénomène à travers l’évaluation environnementale de scénarios prospectifs à l’échelle du bassin versant. Cette démarche implique la spatialisation de scénarios narratifs. Lors de cette étape nous avons effectué des choix qui ont des conséquences sur les volumes ruisselés à l’exutoire du bassin versant dont les décideurs publics doivent avoir connaissance dans une optique d’aide à la décision publique.

Le ruissellement agricole depend de l’utilisation des sols et de sa localisation au sein d’un bassin versant, l’utilisation des sols etant elle-meme dependante du contexte socio-economique. En prenant le cas du Pays de Caux, nous avons explore les consequences de futurs changements de contexte sur ce phenomene a travers l’evaluation environnementale de scenarios prospectifs a l’echelle du bassin versant. Cette demarche implique la spatialisation de scenarios narratifs. Lors de cette etape nous avons effectue des choix qui ont des consequences sur les volumes ruisseles a l’exutoire du bassin versant dont les decideurs publics doivent avoir connaissance dans une optique d’aide a la decision publique.

Neonatal hemochromatosis is a heterogeneous disorder of iron metabolism characterized by hepatic failure and marked iron accumulation in liver and extrahepatic tissues. Autosomal recessive transmission is found in most cases. Neonatal hemochromatosis shares cellular features with the adult disease but is clinically and genetically distinct, the causal gene(s) being presently unknown. We report on a newborn from consanguineous parents who presented with multiple congenital anomalies and neonatal hemochromatosis. The syndrome consisted of intra-uterine growth retardation, intestinal atresia, gallbladder aplasia and diabetes mellitus, and fitted with the diagnosis of Martinez-Frias syndrome, a very rare autosomal recessive phenotype, the gene of which remains to be identified. We suggest that neonatal hemochromatosis may be part of the Martinez-Frias syndrome. Molecular analyses in this and other reported patients with the Martinez-Frias syndrome should shed light on gut development and iron metabolism.

CONTEXT:Insulinoma is the most common functioning endocrine tumor of the pancreas responsible for fasting hypoglycemia resulting from autonomous insulin hypersecretion. Most insulinomas are small and difficult to localize with conventional imaging. We successfully localized a small insulinoma in our patient using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging before surgery.CASE REPORT:We report the case of a female patient with a clinical suspicion of insulinoma. A preoperative MR with diffusion-weighted imaging was performed and localized a small nodule in the pancreatic tail. Treatment consisted of surgical enucleation. Histologic examination identified a neuroendocrine tumor compatible with an insulinoma.CONCLUSION:Diffusion-weighted imaging can be useful in detecting and localizing small insulinomas, especially for those with no hypervascular pattern.

Le projet AcTerre fait suite au projet Diget-Cob finance dans le cadre de RDT1. Comme Diget-Cob, AcTerre traite du developpement d’outils et de methodes pour limiter la production de ruissellement erosif a l’exutoire des territoires agricoles. L’approche se veut pluridisciplinaire avec une implication forte des acteurs locaux (bureaux d’etudes et chambre d’agriculture). Toutefois, la ou Diget-Cob se concentrait sur les echelles parcelle-exploitation agricole-petit bassin versant agricole, Acterre vise a traiter d’echelons superieurs : grand bassin versant gere par un syndicat de bassin versant mais aussi echelon departemental. Par ailleurs, on ne cherche plus uniquement a caracteriser l’existant mais a rendre compte des evolutions temporelles que ce soit dans le cadre du suivi d’une politique locale (tableau de bord de l’environnement) ou dans celui d’une demarche prospective (evolution possible des assolements et les consequences sur l’alea ruissellement). A noter que l’approche prospective, dans une logique de developpement durable, a aussi pour but d’assurer une meilleure coordination entre les strategies departementales liees a la production agricole et leurs consequences sur le ruissellement erosif.

This paper aims to analyse results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmer knowledge and understanding of soil and compared it with the scientists’ or technical experts’ perspective. Qualitative methods were used to examine the nature of knowledge held by farmers and scientists. Different, but complementary, theoretical approaches were employed in the three studies to explain the results. The results show that farmers do possess considerable knowledge about soil although often they have a broad and intuitive working knowledge drawn from experience rather than a detailed understanding. This ‘broad’ knowledge contrasts with the ‘deep’ more focused knowledge held scientists. The results also reveal that farmers and scientist have different conceptions of soil, they use different words and language to describe the same features. These quite different outlooks influence their perception of soil fundamentally and lead to different perspectives and approaches. This has to be taken into account when developing implementation methods.

Impact of intraoperative blood salvage autotransfusion (IBSA) on neoplastic recurrence. during liver transplantations for hepatocellular carcinoma (LT-HCC). Between January 1989 and February 2003, 16 patients received a LT-HCC without IBSA. This group was compared with 31 patients who received the same surgical procedure during the same period, but with IBSA. Data were prospectively collected. All patients had at least a 1-year postoperative follow up. Pairing was made according to the size of the largest nodule. The percentage of recurrence observed in the two groups was similar: 6.4% in the IBSA group vs. 6.3% in the group without IBSA. The median amount of transfused salvage blood was 1558 ml. The differences observed between the two groups concerned the Child score which was A in 58% patients of the IBSA group vs. 80% in the other group; the percentage of severe portal hypertension was 55% in the IBSA group vs. 31%; the median number of packed red blood cell units transfused intraoperatively was 7 in the IBSA group vs. 0, and the median number of frozen fresh plasma units transfused intraoperatively was 11 in the IBSA group vs. 4.5. It appears that IBSA, essentially used during the most haemorrhagic transplantations, could be used in the case of HCC because it does not modify the risk of neoplastic recurrence.

Many claims have been made about the advantages of conducting surveys on the web. However, some concerns have been raised about the quality of the information gathered through this medium. The purpose of this research was to compare the quality of qualitative information obtained using three datacollection methods, in the context of the development of a scale for the measurement of corporate image. First, a study was carried out to generate a list of items that could be used to describe all elements of the corporate image of three firms as perceived by consumers. Different lists of items were obtained from telephone, postal and web-based surveys. Next, a qualitative study was conducted to assess the predictive validity of the lists of items obtained from each data-collection method. The results showed that the quality of qualitative data obtained through a web-based survey was comparable to that of information obtained through telephone and postal surveys, for two of the three target firms.

Les agriculteurs développent des connaissances des processus techniques utiles pour l'action. Ce ne sont pas toujours les mêmes que celles des agronomes. Pour la conduite du pâturage des vaches laitières, nous avons mis en évidence des conceptions d'agriculteurs du Jura, à partir d'une méthode d'analyse de leurs discours et d'observations de leurs pratiques. Ces conceptions et ces pratiques sont confrontées à la façon dont les agronomes conçoivent le pâturage tournant. Les façons de concevoir les relations entre l'espace et le temps sont différentes dans les deux cas. Les agriculteurs enquêtés considèrent l'évolution de l'herbe dans des endroits différents à chaque moment ; pour les agronomes, les parcelles sont des espaces fixes pendant toute la saison, et l'herbe évolue au même endroit quand le temps s'écoule. La surface enjeu de la conduite du pâturage n'est pas la même pour ces deux groupes. Pour les agriculteurs, l'enjeu est la surface des pâtures en juillet, considérée comme une conséquence de ce qui s'est passé au printemps. Dans le pâturage tournant, c'est la surface au printemps, déterminée avant même la sortie des vaches, qui est l'enjeu de la conduite. L'auteur montre aussi que les indicateurs de conduite ne sont pas les mêmes dans les deux cas. Une discussion est réalisée sur les possibilités d'utilisation des connaissances sur les conceptions des agriculteurs par les agronomes, et sur les généralisations des résultats présentés.

Agricultural development programs often produce unexpected results. This can be attributed to the fact that the target-farmers already have their own knowledge and competencies which, in turn, determine their practices. In order to be adopted, an innovation has first to be discussed, and then appropriated by a local group of farmers in their system of knowledge and in their system of meaning; subsequently the innovation may be rejected or adopted by all the farmers concerned or by a sub-group of farmers with a given social position. The author of this paper suggests that knowledge of these local systems of farmers' knowledge is useful for agricultural research and development programs. It enables not only identification of the differences between researchers', development agents' and farmers' conceptions of technical processes, but also an understanding of the social meaning of the adoption of innovation. The importance attributed to farmers' forms of knowledge in different research and development approaches is analyzed, and a brief description is given of principles and methods that can be used to reveal different conceptions of technical processes by groups of farmers. Three examples are cited of the utilization of such knowledge in agricultural research or development programs to illustrate the proposals. Finally, the benefits to begained by agricultural scientists through an understanding of these conceptions are discussed.

Secondary lymphoedema of the leg can result in disruption of lymphatic vessels following lymph node surgery Evidence supports the use of complex decongestive physiotherapy (CDP) in such cases, despite the possibility of tumour recurrence due to this therapy in cancer patients. We present the case of a 52-year-old woman who developed in-transit metastases and systemic evaluable disease one month after starting CDP for secondary lymphoedema of the leg.

In Pays de Caux. runoff and erosion frequently generate damages. Ploughing up grassland is one of the causes of their increase. To apprehend this issue, the authors studied the conceptions of a group of farmers, farming the same catchment, through a socio-anthropological approach.According to this analysis, two types of farms are identified: the 'managers' looking at the profitability per hectare, and the 'livestock farmers', for whom the global income of farming is more important. The latter are severely depreciated, by the others and by themselves, and are generally not taken over. Nevertheless, their grasslands are more steady than the 'managers' ones, and their preservation is important to combat erosion.The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) does not suggest any measures supporting grassland of these 'small livestock farmers'. Local subsidies could not only support them economically but could also contribute to decrease their depreciation. This may be a way to manage the risk of soil erosion. However, the results are established at the catchment level and further enquiries are needed to extend them. It is possible to build a network of places in Europe, with the aim of thinking propositions at the CAP level. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.