Lentil is a globally important pulse crop and a major dietary source of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). However, genotype × environment interaction (G × E) often leads to inconsistent micronutrient expression across environments, limiting genetic gain and the development of stable, nutrient-dense cultivars. Twenty-five lentil genotypes, including three check varieties, were evaluated across seven environments using a randomised block design with three replications. Grain Fe and Zn concentrations were quantified using ICP–MS. Analysis of variance, AMMI, GGE biplot, and ASV (AMMI stability value) analyses were employed to assess G × E interaction, genotype stability, and adaptability. The AMMI model revealed that IPCA1 and IPCA2 were highly significant (P < 0.001), together explaining 85.7

Pigeon pea is an important leguminous crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its protein-rich seeds and soil-enriching properties. The present investigation was conducted in an augmented block design during Kharif 2020 at the Research Farm of Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India. The experimental material consisted of 73 genotypes of pigeon pea, including three checks, NDA-1, Bahar and Pant Arhar-291 to examine genetic diversity among these genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic variation for most of the traits among the genotypes, suggesting that the variation may be exploited through selection for the development of a variety with high-yield genetic potential. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five distinct, non-overlapping clusters. Cluster I contained the highest number of genotypes (25), followed by Cluster III (19), Cluster II (14), Cluster V (9) and Cluster IV (6). Clusters II and IV had the greatest inter-cluster distance, which indicated that crossing genotypes between these clusters would result in highquality recombinants. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted five components that contributed 67.89 % variance to the total variation among the tested genotypes. The genotypes which showed the highest genetic diversity can be used as a parent in a hybridization program. Early flowering was observed with the genotypes IPA-10W-8-1 (74.09 days), IPA-12W-16 (78.09 days) and genotypes IPA-12W-3 (202.37 g), IPAB10-13 (199.70 g), IPA-17W-218 (195.72 g), IPA-12W-38 (192.80 g), Local-4 (191.83 g), IPA-10W-5-8 (190.83 g) had the highest seed yield per plant. These germplasm lines can be used as potential parents for the development of high-yielding and early maturing cultivars.

Background: Enzyme stimulates metabolic and digestive processes leading to increased feed intake and improved nutrient availability in animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and production performance in lactating Murrah Buffaloes during winter season. Methods: Twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected for the study from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (UP). All the selected animals were randomly allocated into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of body weight, lactation length and milk yield. The daily nutrient requirements of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN were provided as per the feeding standards of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (2013). Total Mixed Ration for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of available winter season green fodder e.g. oat and wheat straw available at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @ 240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU and Cellulase @ 240000 IU). Result: From the present study, it was observed that the average milk yield (5.34 litre/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, but the difference was non-significant. The average milk fat percent was recorded as 7.52, 7.58. 7.60 and 7.65 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. Although the results of T4 group animals were comparatively higher in all major milk constituents the differences were found to be statistically non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) and CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW) were almost similar in all treatment groups. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented groups. The digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, NDF and ADF were higher (P less than 0.05) in buffaloes of T4 over control (T1) group. So, it was concluded from the above study that the milk production and milk composition could be improved with the combine use of Xylanase and Cellulase enzyme in murrah buffaloes due to improved CP and fibre digestibility.

A total of 140 feed samples, 120 fodder samples, 105 water samples, 58 milk samples, 51 blood samples and 29 soil samples were collected randomly from all the 12 blocks of Meerut districts in western Uttar Pradesh. After processing, the samples were analysed for different macro and micro elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) instrument (instrument nameMY2015CQ05 of Agilent Technologies). Among the feeds, wheat bran was found deficient in copper by 15%. Both copper andzinc content in Mustard oil cake was found marginal. Copper was deficient in bajra fodder, berseem fodder and jowar fodder by 7.5%, 30% and 29.3%, respectively. Sugarcane top, bajra fodder, berseem fodder and jowar fodder were found deficient in zinc by 7.3%, 14.67%, 5% and 2%, respectively. Copper and zinc were also found deficient in blood sample by 15.38% and 1.25%,respectively whereas animal milk samples were deficient in copper by 66.67%. It was found that most of the feed, fodders, blood, milk and soil samples were found deficient in copper and zinc content. Macro minerals were not found deficient.

The study of cabbage diseases aims to mitigate their detrimental effects on crops, enhance food security, and advance agricultural research and development, rather than solely focusing on the diseases themselves. This paper uses the hybrid approach and data sizes and it was the Punjab area. This roach enhances the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks, a type of artificial intelligence model that involves a layer and a pooling layer. In this reform, various forms various recall, precision, support precision support age, and an average are used. The total accuracy achieved is t 2. The minimum accuracy in Class 6 is 0.94 and the maximum accuracy in Class 4 is 0.98. The macro average for precision is 85.98, recall is 86.47 and the F1-Score is 86.05 respectively. Micro Average for precision is 86.40, recall is 86.09 and F1-Score is 86.08 respectively. The Micro Average for precision, recall, and F1-Score is 86.09, 86.09, and 86.09 respectively. In this, is used 8 class. It is helpful for farmers because it saves money and time.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of diet supplementation of enzymes during hot weather conditions on milk production and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes. Twenty four Murrah buffaloes were distributed randomly into four equal groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with six buffaloes in each, on the basis of their body weight, lactation length and test day milk yield. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups, viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @800000 IU and Cellulase@240000 IU). The results revealed that the average milk yield (5.93 L/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, i.e. 5.47, 5.59 and 5.88 L/day in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively. Statistically the difference in milk yield was significantly higher in cellulase supplemented groups. The milk fat (%) was significantly higher in enzyme supplemented over control group. The results were shown an increment in all other major milk constituents in enzyme supplemented group in comparison to control group, while statistically the difference was found non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg body wt. and g/kg W0.75) remained static in all treatment groups while the CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly higher in cellulase supplemented buffaloes. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly higher in enzyme supplemented groups. Similarly the digestibility coefficient of CF, NDF and ADF were higher in buffaloes of T3 and T4 over control (T1) group. So, it is concluded from the present study that the milk production and milk composition improves in the combine use of xylanase and cellulase enzyme supplemented groups of buffaloes due to enhanced protein and energy intake and fibre digestibility.

The research trail was conducted on twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes, which were selected from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (U.P.). Selected lactating buffaloes were randomly divided into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of their body weight, lactation length and test day milk yield. The nutrient allowances of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN requirements were provided as per the feeding standards given by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. To meet out the daily nutrient requirement of trail animals, a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of wheat straw and available green fodder in winter season at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four dietary groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of xylanase @800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of cellulase @240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of xylanase and cellulase). It was revealed from the present study that average time spend on feeding and rumination was 307.11 and 512.09, 314.13 and 466.77, 318.39 and 439.24, 304.85 and 432.01 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. The results were shown that time spent on rumination was lesser in all enzymes supplemented buffaloes while the difference was statistically not significant. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in rectal temperature and respiration rate among enzyme supplemented and non-supplemented group of buffaloes during entire experimental period. It was concluded from the study that enzyme supplementation will help into reducing the energy spent on rumination during cold climatic conditions which may leads to more energy availability in milk production.

Seventy-three pigeon pea genotypes along with three checks were evaluated to assess genetic variability parameters, correlation and path coefficients among the yield and yield component traits. Analysis of variance showed significant difference for all the characters under study except number of seeds per pod and pod length. The maximum PCV and GCV were observed for days to maturity and days to 50% flowering while the minimum for number of seeds per pods. Heritability in broad sense was high for days to 50% flowering followed by biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant whereas high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering followed by days to maturity. Characters namely days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, showed positive significant correlation with seed yield both at phenotypic and genotypic level. Harvest index, days to maturity, 100-seed weight, number of primary branches per plant and pod length highest exerted positive direct effect on seed yield per plant.

Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (rDDGS) is a by-product of ethanol production which is used as alternative protein source in the poultry diet. Present investigation was conducted to assess the growth performance and production efficiency in Kuroiler chickens. Feeding trial was designed into four dietary groups, viz. T0 (Control, without rDDGS), T1 (7.5% rDDGS), T2 (15% rDDGS) and T3 (22.5% rDDGS) in different treatment groups along with basal corn soybean diet. Significant variations from 2nd to 8th weeks of age for body weight were found in all the dietary groups. Body weight gain differed significantly from 1st to 5th weeks among all the groups, however, overall (1-56d) body weight gain was found highest in T2 group (1640.29 g) followed by T1 (1572.52 g), T0 (1534.01 g) and T3 (1466.75 g). Feed intake showed significant variation from 2nd to 6th weeks of age. Maximum feed intake during entire length of trial was observed in the dietary group T2 and lowest in T3. Feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were not influenced significantly by feeding rDDGS. Hence, inclusion of rDDGS may be suggested as an alternate protein source and can replace soybean meal up to 15% without any detrimental effect on health and productivity.

This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of inulin on growth performance, feed conversion and nutrient digestibility in Barbari goats fed high and low concentrate diet for a period of 90 days. Twenty four yearling female Barbari goats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=6) according to average body weight (18.24±1.16 kg). Treated animals in Group 1 were fed low concentrate diet (LCD; concentrate roughage ratio 40:60) and Group 2 (LCIN) with 2% inulin supplementation (% DM basis). Similarly, Group 3 was fed high concentrate diet (HCD; concentrate roughage ratio 60:40) and Group 4 (HCIN) with 2% inulinsupplementation. Results showed that average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were higher in inulin supplemented groups than the non-supplemented group. There was no increase in mean live body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) with inulin supplementation either in LCD or HCD treatment groups.The mean body condition score (BCS) was also similar in all groups. However, faecal score (FS) was superior in inulin supplemented group observed after 30 days of feeding trial. There was significant improvement in the digestibility coefficient of crude protein and DCP intake. It was concluded that inulin supplementation either in high concentrate and low concentrate diet of growing goats resulted in improvement in growth performance, faecal score and nutrient digestibility.

Millets, Cereals and grains, are essential for providing appropriate nutrients and have been shown to be beneficial effect for disorders of lifestyle. The society's knowledge of nutrition and health care research substantiates the potential of photochemicals, such as polyphenols and dietary fibers, on their health beneficial properties, so there is no need to search for newer sources of energy and other natural and nutritional material with the desired functional characteristics. It is a crucial staple food crop in India, especially for low-income families. Its value in terms of nutrition is widely known because to its high content of phenolic compounds (0.03%–3%), dietary fibre (18%), and calcium (0.38%).

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding different levels of rice dried distiller grains (rDDGS) on haemato-biochemical profile of Barbari goats. Twenty-four Barbari goats of 1-2 years of age were randomly divided into four groups (Control, T1, T2 and T3) having six animals in each group. Barbari goats in control group were fed with basal diet comprising of wheat straw, chaffed green maize fodder and compounded concentrate mixture in a ratio of 20:30:50. The animals in T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 10, 20 and 30% of rDDGS on dry matter basis, respectively for the period of 90 days. Results revealed no significant differences on blood profile except WBC (×103/µl), neutrophil (%) and lymphocytes (%) in the groups supplemented with rDDGS. Total protein was found highly significant in T2 group followed by T1 and T3 groups. Total immunoglobulin, catalase, TBARS and ALT in rDDGS supplemented groups were also found significantly different. It was concluded that rDDGS can be incorporated in Barbari goat ration up to level of 20% without having any detrimental effect on health of goats.

This review paper comprehensively examines the multifaceted effects of climate change on fruit crops, delving into physiological, phenological, and pest-related responses. Climate change, characterized by shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme events, presents profound challenges to fruit crop cultivation and production. By analyzing the interplay between climate variations and fruit crops' physiological processes, flowering patterns, and susceptibility to pests, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying these interactions. The study encompasses the influence of drought, rainfall, temperature fluctuations, and pest dynamics on various fruit crops, ranging from mangoes and apples to bananas, grapes, and more. The review underscores the urgency of developing adaptive strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on fruit crop production and quality.

An experiment on 160 day old chicks for eight weeks was conducted and were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=40, with four replicate of 10 birds per group). Feeding trial was designed into four dietary groups viz . T 0 (Control, without rDDGS), T 1 (7.5% rDDGS), T 2 (15% rDDGS) and T 3 (22.5% rDDGS) in different dietary groups along with basal corn soyabean diet. The study revealed that all the haemato-biochemical parameters were found to be non-significantly ( p> 0.05) influenced by feeding rDDGS except cholesterol which was found significantly ( p< 0.05) affected by varying levels of feeding rDDGS. Similarly, all the carcass traits were found to have non-significant ( p> 0.05) variations except gizzard which remained significantly ( p< 0.05) affected by feeding rDDGS. No significant ( p> 0.05) effect of feeding rDDGS was recorded for cut-up parts in Kuroiler chicken. Therefore, incorporation of rDDGS as alternative protein source can replaced soybean meal up to 15% in the diet of Kuroiler chicken without any effect on hematobiochemical and carcass traits.