AbstractThirteen dogs presented with aural haematoma were used in this study. All the patients were managed by the use of a laser-assisted leather punch technique under general anaesthesia. The CO2 laser was used to make 2 circular incisions on the concave surface of the ear. The haematoma was drained and the cavity was flushed. Multiple small focal tissue welding incisions were made to stimulate adhesion between the tissue layers. Postoperatively pressure bandaging along with standard care was observed. Haematoma was resolved in all the cases within a time period of 10-15 days without recurrence. The leather punch technique using CO2 laser resulted in quick (8-14 days) healing with minimal scarring and contracture of pinna.

The objective of this study was to standardize dosage of tiletamine-zolazepam in combination with xylazine and butorphanol for general anaesthesia in equines and to evaluate the anaesthetic effects by monitoring cardiopulmonary and hemato-biochemical changes. Twelve healthy equines undergoing short-duration surgical procedures were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups received pre-anaesthesia with butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg, IV) and xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, IV), followed by induction with tiletamine-zolazepam at doses of 1.1mg/kg (group I) and 1.25 mg/kg (group II), intravenously. Group I experienced satisfactory anaesthesia with adequate muscle relaxation and smooth recovery, while group II showed better muscle relaxation, analgesia and recovery quality. The anaesthesia duration was 30.83±2.84 min in group I and 32.83±3.32 min in group II, sufficient for short duration surgical procedures. Recovery times were 16.16±3.09 min and 22.83±3.87 min, respectively, with group II showing a longer but better-quality recovery.

Thoracic wall rupture is a rare but serious condition in ruminants which can occur becauseof trauma, leading to respiratory distress, subcutaneous emphysema and compromised thoracic integrity.The present communication describes the successful surgical management of thoracic rupture in a goat. The case was presented with a history of a wound on the right lateral thoracic region with the respiratory distress after returning of the animal from grazing. On clinical examination and radiography, it was diagnosed as a case of thoracic rupture with the presence of haemothrax. So, an immediate surgical repair of the thoracic rupture was done and a chest tube for intermittent thoracocentesis was placed to drain the blood from the pleural space postoperatively. The chest tube was taken out after 3 days and the sutures were removed after 14 days. The animal recovered uneventfully.

A study was conducted for the clinical evaluation of Tiletamine-zolazepam when used in combination with inj. atropine, inj. butorphanol and either xylazine or dexmedetomidine in 18 client owned dogs presented for ovariohysterectomy. They were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=9) and in group 2 (n=9). The drug regime for groups included inj. butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg and inj. atropine @ 0.04 mg/kg followed by inj. xylazine @ 1.0 mg/kg along with tiletamine-zolazepam @ 3.3 mg/kg in group 1 and dexmedetomidine @ 10 µg/kg along with tiletamine-zolazepam @ 4.5 mg/kg in group 2. Animals in both the groups showed smooth induction with adequate muscle relaxation and analgesia. Significant decrease in rectal temperature was noticed in both the groups, which improved during recovery. ECG parameters did not show significant difference from physiological values in majority of animals. Significant increase in heart rate was noticed after induction in both groups, which came back to normal resting values at the end of the study period. Non-invasive blood pressure showed non-significant increase in both the groups initially and later dropped lower than pre-anesthetic value. SpO2, EtCO2 and FiCO2 values remained within the normal range throughout the procedure. Significant decrease in respiration rate was noticed in both groups with no incidence of apnea. Haematological parameters reduced non-significantly at the end of the study period when compared with baseline value in both the groups. Biochemical parameters and electrolytes did not vary significantly throughout the study period except for glucose which showed a significant increase throughout the study in both the groups. Recovery period was longer in group 2. Vocalization with ataxia and head bobbing was noticed in some animals of group 1 and 2 which ended after recovery without any adverse consequences. The protocol used in the study provided safe and adequate anaesthesia for different surgical manipulations that can be performed under 60 min in dogs.

Background: No published data on two-dimensional echocardiographic quantitation of left ventricular size and function in Indian mongrel dogs is reported till date. Methods: Reference intervals for linear and area measurements of left ventricle size and function was generated in fifty healthy mongrel dogs (25 males, 25 females; mean age=1.59±0.13 yr; mean body weight=16.66±0.73 kg) using two-dimensional echocardiography. Dogs deemed healthy after thorough clinico-physiological, hematological, radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation were included in study.Relationship between two-dimensional linear and area measurements of left ventricle and body weight and, between same measurements obtained from different tomographic planes was studied using linear regression analysis. Result: Linear left ventricular measurements, left ventricular internal and external area, mitral valve orifice area showed significant (P less than 0.001) positive correlation with body weight while fractional shortening and ejection fraction showed significant (P less than 0.001) weak negative correlation with body weight. Left ventricular internal length in diastole, interventricular septum thickness and left ventricular internal dimension in systole and left ventricular free wall thickness in diastole were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in male dogs while mitral valve orifice area was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in female dogs. All linear measurements of left ventricular size obtained from different tomographic planes displayed significant (P less than 0.001) correlation with each other.

Supracondylar femur fracture in twelve dogs were managed using rush pinning technique. Post-operative radiographs displayed good anatomical alignment and reduction of fracture fragments without any pin migration. All the eight dogs showed normal gait without any limp on last reappraisal day. Rush pinning yielded good clinical outcomes in the management of supracondylar femur fractures with minimum complications.

The echo-biometrical evaluation of normal eye was done in 20 Gaddi goats with the help of ultrasonography at Gaddi goat unit, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Trans-corneal and trans-palpebral ultrasound scanning of the normal eye was done in standing position without any sedation or regional nerve block. Xylocaine ointment (5%) was used to desensitize the cornea and 2% lignocaine jelly was applied directly on the cornea to serve as a conductive medium for ultrasound waves in trans-corneal technique. B-mode ultrasound scan of the eyes was done in both the transverse and sagittal planes. Corneal thickness varied from 0.03 to 0.07 cm, aqueous chamber depth from 0.12 to 0.31 cm, lens thickness from 0.78 to 0.96 cm, lens diameter from 0.92 to 1.36 cm, vitreous chamber depth from 0.90 to 1.08 cm, eyeball diameter from 1.90 to 2.66 cm and eyeball length from 1.90 to 2.12 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between the echo-biometric parameters of the left and right eye in the present study.

Background: Caudal vena cava generally travels from the abdominal cavity to the right atrium and visible on lateral thoracic radiograph. Dilation of Caudal vena cava is generally considered as an abnormality for diagnosis of right-side heart failure. Normal range of ratio of caudal vena cava to associated structures can help in differentiating normal dogs from abnormal dogs. The present study was aimed to find such ratio in normal dogs and their clinical relevance. Methods: The present study was conducted on 19 healthy dogs of either sex belonging to different age-groups presented to the Department. They were anaesthetized and subjected to thoracic radiography in standard positions. The width of caudal vena cava (CVC), the descending aorta (AO), right fourth thoracic rib (R4) and the length of thoracic vertebrae (VL) were measured in left lateral (LeL) radiographic views to calculate ratios like CVC/AO, CVC/VL, CVC/R4, AO/VL, AO/R4. Result: The results revealed a wider range of some of such ratios than those reported so far by other workers for healthy dogs. Moreover, a wide variation in shape of CVC and size of R4 was noticed in individuals. It is concluded that the existing range of such ratio needs to be modified for better clinical relevance and overall such ratios do not represent a sensitive diagnostic modality.

The research trail was conducted on twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes, which were selected from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (U.P.). Selected lactating buffaloes were randomly divided into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of their body weight, lactation length and test day milk yield. The nutrient allowances of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN requirements were provided as per the feeding standards given by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. To meet out the daily nutrient requirement of trail animals, a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of wheat straw and available green fodder in winter season at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four dietary groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of xylanase @800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of cellulase @240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of xylanase and cellulase). It was revealed from the present study that average time spend on feeding and rumination was 307.11 and 512.09, 314.13 and 466.77, 318.39 and 439.24, 304.85 and 432.01 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. The results were shown that time spent on rumination was lesser in all enzymes supplemented buffaloes while the difference was statistically not significant. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in rectal temperature and respiration rate among enzyme supplemented and non-supplemented group of buffaloes during entire experimental period. It was concluded from the study that enzyme supplementation will help into reducing the energy spent on rumination during cold climatic conditions which may leads to more energy availability in milk production.

In the present study, tibia fracture in dogs were repaired by using two different fixation techniques, open reduction internal fixation (ORIF, Group 1, n=11) and minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO, Group 2, n=8). Various factors such as age, bodyweight, fracture type, soft tissue trauma, severity, post-operative care and fixation technique governs fracture healing. Majority of the factors were kept similar other than fixation technique, for an unbiased comparison between the two treatment groups, i.e. ORIF and MIPO. The mean duration of surgery was significantly more in group 1 (ORIF, 107.7±6.61) whereas it was nearly half of the time in group 2 (MIPO, 31.8±4.12). No significant difference between the fracture gap, plate length, plate bridging ratio and plate span ratio was noticed in the two groups. The working length of plates applied in the MIPO group (45.7±2.4) was longer than in the ORIF group (23.2±4.96) and there was statistically significant difference in the screw density between both the groups. Fractured tibia was 4.8% shorter than contralateral limb in MIPO group whereas in ORIF group fractured limb was 3.2% shorter than the contralateral limb. The MIPO group showed an early ambulation, i.e. 5.24±0.63 days in comparison to ORIF group (11.60±2.8 days). The radiographic time to union (days) was shorter in group 2 (MIPO, 38.1±12.5) as compare to group 1 (ORIF, 76.2±10.34).

A mixed-breed mesocephalic male dog, weighing 25 kg, was presented with a medical history of nasal leeches (Dinobdella ferox) affecting both nostrils with the symptoms of laboured breathing, reverse sneezing, intermittent epistaxis and a reduced appetite. The dog underwent a standard clinical examination, haematological and biochemical assessments and radiographic studies to systematically diagnose any anomalies and evaluate its suitability for general anaesthesia. A Karl Storz video-otoscope featuring a 15 Fr instrument channel was used to conduct anterior rhinoscopy under general anaesthesia. The endoscope was introduced sequentially into each nostril to visualise the nasal cavities and pinpoint the presence of leeches therein. Grasping forceps, guided through the endoscope's integrated instrument channel, were used to extract the leeches from both nasal cavities within a brief timeframe (18 leeches in 16 min) and without encountering substantial challenges. Following the leech removal, a post-retrieval minor capillary bleeding within the nasal cavities, which was seen from both the nostrils, was controlled by flushing the nostrils with a 1:10,000 adrenaline tartrate solution.

The study was done with the objective to utilize supracutaneous bone plating as a mean of minimally invasive osteosynthesis for management of radius/ulna and tibia/fibula fractures in dogs. Nine cases of long bone fracture (2 radius/ulna and 7 tibia/fibula fracture) in dogs having body weight 8-20 kg and age 4 months to 2 years were repaired with supracutaneous bone plating (minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis) under general anaesthesia after a thorough physical, orthopaedic, neurological and radiographic examinations. Intra-operatively, 3.5 mm, locking head-limited contact-dynamic compression plate (LH-LC-DCP) was used in locking mode with insertion of two self-tapping locking head cortical screws of 3.5 mm (of varying length) in each proximal as well as distal fracture. The bone plate was applied on the medial surface of radius and tibia. Postoperative radiographs were taken to assess the status of fracture reduction and fixation which was good in all the cases. Regular follow-ups showed good fracture reduction as well as fixation with no changes in implant position. Loosening of screws was observed in single case with no other complication in any of the cases. All the implants were removed on or before 68th day after surgery under sedation. All the animals showed good weight bearing with near to normal limb function on final day of the reappraisal. The supracutaneous bone constructs provided good reduction and fixation at fracture site similar as external skeletal fixators not compromising on axial and torsional stiffness.

This study was executed in the clinical setup to investigate the effects of Rocuronium and its reversal by Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate (Myopyrolate) combination in Propofol-Isoflurane anaesthetized dogs. Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was applied to 21 clinical cases. Out of which, 19 cases were of orthopaedic surgeries and 2 cases of ovariohysterectomy. After the animal had stabilized on the mixture of isoflurane and oxygen, the relaxation of muscle was induced using Rocuronium @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. Immediately IPPV was provided in volume control mode. Neuromuscular blockade was reversed using a single syringe combination drug having both Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate (Myopyrolate) @ 0.05 mg/kg b.wt and @ 0.01 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. Rocuronium caused the centering of the ocular globe gradually in less than 30 sec. During orthopaedic surgeries, the reduction of fractured ends became easy without much tissue trauma. In ovariohysterectomy surgeries, the appropriate level of abdominal muscle relaxation further helped in the easy exteriorization of the ovarian stump. The onset time for Rocuronium was 17.64±1.10 sec and its duration of action was 27.82±0.72 min. The use of Rocuronium along with IPPV caused minimal alteration of the physiological parameters with no clinical consequences and thus can be considered a complication-free anaesthetic protocol for interventions demanding muscle relaxation.

The study was conducted on 10 client-owned dogs of either sex presented for fixation of femoral diaphyseal fractures. After thorough clinical, orthopaedic and radiographic examinations, the patients were subjected to application of specially-designed anatomically contoured intramedullary interlocking nailing (ACIILN) for fixation of fractures. All the fractures were closed and involved mid (n=9) to slightly distal (n=1) diaphysis. The diameter of used ACIILN ranged from 5–7 mm and the length from 11–15 cm. All the ACIILN were applied in static fashion with at least 2 screws each in both proximal and distal fracture fragments. The duration of surgery for application of ACIILN ranged from 35–75 min. The technique was found to be moderately difficult with extent of tissue manipulation in the category of low to moderate. Pain and inflammation decreased gradually in all the cases in an anticipated manner.With gradual improvement in weight-bearing capability, the limb function was restored in all cases quiet fast in the postoperative period. More amount of the callus formed over medial and caudal surfaces indicating less amount of stability at these surfaces. Anatomically contoured intramedullary interlocking nailing technique provided clinically viable fracture fixation technique resulting into early limb function.

The study included 27 femoral fractures treated using the Admit pinning technique in 25 client-owned dogs presented to the department of veterinary surgery and radiology at TVCC CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP. The fractures types included wedge (10), oblique (9), transverse (4), complex (3) and spiral (1). The status of fracture reduction and fixation was found to be good to excellent. All the dogs had excellent clinical outcome, except three cases which had an axial collapse of fracture after an episode of post-operative trauma, and 2 senile cases which showed delayed union (more than 60 days). Admit pinning, when used in conjuncture with orthopaedic wiring, can resist axial, bending, tension and torsional forces acting on the bone up to the level of no major complications.

A non-descript male dog was presented with symptoms, such as chronic recurrent epistaxis, sneezing, and episodes of nasal leech infestation from the past 3 months. The dog was subjected to basic clinical examination, hemato-biochemistry test, and radiographic examination before rhinoscopy. Rhinoscopy was performed with Karl Storz's 5-mm video-otoscope under general anesthesia. Leech infestation in the nasal cavity was found to be the cause of the epistaxis under rhinoscopic examination. The endoscopic guided retrieval of the leech from both the nostrils was successfully done with help of grasping forceps without any major complication. The video-otoscope-guided retrieval of nasal leeches was quite convenient and also provide the exact localization of the nasal leech.