The exploration of purely aliphatic optoelectronic macromolecules with elevated conductivity, emission efficacy, redox capacity, and solubility in aqueous media should extend the application prospects of optoelectronic polymers. Here, initially, four purely aliphatic (synthetic) electroactive luminescent polymers (ELPs), followed by four semisynthetic electroactive luminescent inclusion polymers (ELIPs), and finally, three metal ion-inclusion polymer (semisynthetic) networks (M(II/IV)-MIPN, M = Ni(II)/ Zn(II)/ Zr(IV)) are strategically designed and synthesized. For the first time, alike aromatic/ conjugated polymers, aliphatic luminescent polymers imparting conductivities in the range of 355.6-137.7 mS cm-1 are explored. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies confirm the origination of cyclic aliphatic N-(5-methacryloyl-1,5-oxazocan-2-ylidene)-N-methylmethanaminium (MAOYMEMM) ion comprising an oxazocane ring during the synthesis of ELPs, ELIPs, Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN. In ELP3/ ELIP3 (optimum composition), Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN, spontaneous charge-/ electronic-transport from the electron rich oxyanion of -C(-O-)=N+(CH3)3 in N,N-dimethylacrylamide to the electronically deficient carbonyl carbon in MAOYMEMM endows optical and electrical properties. In ELIP3/ Ni(II)-MIPN, beta-cyclodextrin-/ Ni(II)-associated 333.71/ 242.44% enhancement in charge transfer efficacy is indicated from dual-state UV-vis and luminescence spectroscopies. Here, impedance measurements and cyclic voltammetric analyses of M(II/IV)-MIPN-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) (GCE|Zn(II)-MIPN and GCE|Zr(IV)-MIPN) confirm the highest conductivity and oxidizing ability of Zn(II)-MIPN and Zr(IV)-MIPN, respectively. Finally, optoelectronic Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN showing the maximum open circuit potential (1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl), 242.44% enhancement of CT, and ultrahigh conductivity (355.6 mS cm-1) are employed as efficient cyclic voltammetric (limit of detection (LOD) = 3.77 mu M), luminometric (LOD = 3.64 nM), and impedimetric (LOD = 5.62 mu M) glucose sensors, respectively. The significant efficiencies of multimethod sensing performed with Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN are indicated by high selectivity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, and appreciably low LODs.

The strategic and systematic synthesis of aggregation-induced energy transfer (AIET)-active dual-state emitting semisynthetic polymeric materials having promising conductivity and suitability in heavy and transition metal ion (HTMI) sensing is indeed a challenging task especially involving purely aliphatic moieties. In this work, initially, synthetic aliphatic macromolecular luminogens (AMLs) are synthesized and optimized through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)/Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses based on the optimized incorporation of atypical heteroatomic fluorophores (AHFs), i.e., -CONH-, -CON<, and -COOH, of constituent isopropylacrylamide, methylpropanoic acid, methylidenebutanedioic acid comonomers, and in situ anchored tertiary amidic 3-(N-isopropylmethacrylamido)-2-methylpropanoic acid. The efficacy of supramolecular interaction-driven emission in optimized AML4 is further augmented by the encapsulation of starch and pectin in semisynthetic starch-grafted-AML (SAML) and pectin-grafted-AML (PAML) through the enrichment of AHFs. Among SAMLs/PAMLs, the optimization of AHFs and natural polymers (starch/pectin) through various spectroscopic techniques and I/I 0 measurements emerges excellent dual-state (solid and solution) emissions and conductivity in SAML3/PAML4. The AIET-assisted dual-light emissions are envisaged by absorption spectra, time-correlated single photon count (TCSPC) studies, and bandgap calculations of SAML3-/PAML4-aggregate and SAML3/PAML4. The AIET-prompted emission in SAML3-/PAML4-aggregate is further attested through concentration-dependent emission and aggregation-enhanced emission studies, solvent polarity effects, quantum yield calculations, and scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs. The grafting-associated conductivity increment in SAML3/PAML4 is substantiated by I-V and impedance spectroscopy. The dual-emission phenomena in SAML3/PAML4 enable rapid, selective, and sensitive detections (in ppb levels) of Cu(II)/Cr(III) and Hg(II)/Fe(III) at different wavelengths by SAML3/SAML3-aggregate and PAML4/PAML4-aggregate, respectively. The strong coordination of the HTMIs with AHFs of SAML3/PAML4 and SAML3-/PAML4-aggregate are confirmed by absorption, emission, NMR, FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies; TG analyses; dynamic light scattering measurements; and TCSPC studies.

The design, synthesis, and optimization of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)-associated dual-emissive aliphatic conductive polymer is one of the very challenging tasks, and has not been reported to date. Herein, aliphatic fluorescent conducting polymers (FCPs) are synthesized by polymerizing N-(monomethylol)acrylamide (MMA), acrylic acid (AA), and in situ-generated 3-N-(monomethylolacrylamido)propanoic acid (NMMAPA). Of different FCPs, the maximum population of heteroatomic nontraditional luminophores, i.e., secondary amide (-CONH), imidol (-CN(OH)), tertiary amide (-CON), and carboxylic acid (-COOH), in FCP4 is supported by the spectroscopic analyses, thermal profiles, fluorescence enhancements, and computational calculations. Thus, further investigations are made on FCP4 to explore the photophysical properties, check the suitability in dual metal ion sensing, and study the proton conductivity. The ESIPT-associated dual light emissions at 436 nm (lambda(em1)) and 573/617 nm (lambda(em2)) originate from FCP4 (amide)/FCP4 (amide)-aggregate and FCP4 (imidol)/FCP4 (imidol)-aggregate, respectively, and are supported by concentration-dependent emissions, time-correlated single photon counting studies, solvent polarity effects, and computational measurements. Regarding this, the high fluorescence quantum yields of 0.68 and 0.18 at lambda(em1) and lambda(em2), respectively, confirmed the ESIPT-associated strong dual emissions of FCP4. The UV spectrum within 264-300 nm, FTIR peak at 2165 cm(-1), binding energies of -CN(OH)/-CN(OH) at 399.0/533.4 eV, and computational studies indicate the coexistence of FCP4 (amide)/FCP4 (amide)-aggregate and FCP4 (imidol)/FCP4 (imidol)-aggregate forms of FCP4. In FCP4, -CONH/-CN(OH)/-CON/-COOH/-CH2OH-associated dipolar and hydrogen-bonding interactions, n-pi* transitions, and N-branching-associated rigidity contribute to ESIPT-associated amide-imidol phototautomerism, aggregation-enhanced emissions, dual light emissions, metal ion sensing, and conductivity. The strong coordinations of Fe(III) and Cr(III) with FCP4 (amide) and FCP4 (imidol), respectively, are supported by spectroscopic, thermal, and computational studies. The strong quenching efficiencies of Fe(III) and Cr(III) are indicated by the very low limits of detection of 0.1142 and 0.0534 ppb, respectively. The I-V and ac impedance spectroscopy data of FCP4 having 0.28 cm thickness and 1.72 cm(2) area indicate high proton conductivities of 3.53 x 10(-5) and 3.22 x 10(-5) S cm(-1) at pH = 7.0 and 8.0, respectively.

The strategic utilization of hazardous particulate waste in eliminating environmental pollution is an important research hotspot. Herein, abundantly available hazardous solid collagenic waste of leather industry is converted into stable hybrid nanobiocomposite (HNP@SWDC) comprising magnetic hematite nanoparticles (HNP) and solid waste derived collagen (SWDC) via co-precipitation method. The structural, spectroscopic, surface, thermal, and magnetic properties; fluorescence quenching; dye selectivity; and adsorption are explored via microstructural analyzes of HNP@SWDC and dye adsorbed-HNP@SWDC using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, ultraviolet-visible, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron, and fluorescence spectroscopies; thermogravimetry; field-emission scanning electron microscopy; and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The intimate interaction of SWDC with HNP and elevated magnetic properties of HNP@SWDC are apprehended via amide-imidol tautomerism associated nonconventional hydrogen bondings, disappearance of goethite specific -OH def. in HNP@SWDC, and VSM. The as-fabricated reusable HNP@SWDC is employed for removing methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). Chemisorption of RhB/MB in HNP@SWDC via ionic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions alongside dimerization of dyes are realized by ultraviolet-visible, FTIR, and fluorescence studies; pseudosecond order fitting; and activation energies. The adsorption capacity = 46.98-56.14/22.89-27.57 mg g- 1 for RhB/MB is noted using 0.01 g HNP@SWDC within 5-20 ppm dyes and 288-318 K.

Here, intrinsically luminescent multifunctional n-butyl prop-2-enoate-co-butyl 3-(N-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enamido)propanoate-co-N-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enamide (NBP-co-BHMPP-co-HMP) luminogens with 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:20 mole ratios of NBP/HMP are synthesized via free radical polymerization, where the amidic BHMPP comonomer is anchored via N-C coupling of HMP and NBP. The optimum nonconventional fluorescent polymer (NCFP, NBP/HMP = 1:8) is suitable for sensitive detection, selective binding, and removal-reduction of Cu(II). The structures and light-emitting properties of NCFP, NCFP aggregates, Cu(II)-NCFP, and Cu(I)-NCFP; oxygen donor selective coordinations; and removal-reduction of paramagnetic Cu(II) are explored via spectroscopic, microscopic, density functional theory-reduced density gradient, rapid color change under visible light, chromaticity-1931 plots, and electrochemical measurements. The striking aggregation-enhanced green fluorescence is associated with extensive nonconventional and conventional hydrogen bondings in NCFP aggregates and through space electronic interactions involving NBP, HMP, and BHMPP moieties. Here, the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple is confirmed via shifting of E-pc from -1.08/+0.15 to +0.95/+0.16 V; E-pc and E-pa at +0.15 and -0.34/+0.41 V, respectively; green color of Cu(I)-NCFP under visible light; Fourier transform infrared and Cu 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies; and computational studies. The limit of detection, Stern-Volmer constant, redox potentials, and adsorption capacity of NCFP are 3.61 nM/0.229 ppb, 4.27 x 10(3) [M](-1), and +0.15/+0.41/-0.34 V, and 49.41 mg g(-1), respectively.

The development of intrinsically luminescent multifunctional macromolecules and understanding their fluorescence characteristics are highly desirable to broaden further the scope of nontraditional macromolecular luminogens. Here, two nontraditional macromolecular luminogens, such as 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethanol‐ co ‐2‐hydroxyethyl 3‐( N ‐(methylol)acrylamido)‐2‐methylpropanoate‐ co ‐ N ‐(methylol)‐2‐propenamide (MAE‐ co ‐HENMAMMP‐ co ‐NMPA, ML1 ) and 2‐methylenesuccinic acid‐ co ‐2‐(( N ‐(methylol)acrylamido)methyl)succinic acid‐ co ‐ N‐ (methylol)‐2‐propenamide (MSA‐ co ‐NMAMMSA‐ co ‐NMPA, ML2 ) are synthesized via in situ inclusions of N ‐(methylol)acrylamido‐ester and N ‐(methylol)acrylamido‐acid comonomers by the polymerization of two synthetic monomers. These luminogens are suitable for sensing alongside exclusion of paramagnetic ions, i.e., Cu(II) and Fe(III). The structures of ML1 and ML2 , in situ protruded HENMAMMP/NMAMMSA, and aggregation‐enhanced emissions (AEEs) are explored thoroughly. The through‐space electronic interactions from n/π of HENMAMMP + NMPA and NMAMMSA + MSA fragments to π* of HENMAMMP + MAE and NMAMMSA in ML1 and ML2 , respectively, and hydrogen bonding among > C O N − of HENMAMMP and − CON H − of NMPA in ML1 and − C O OH/ − COO H of MSA and − COO H / − CH 2 O H of NMAMMSA in ML2 collectively form clusteroluminogens, comprehended by reduced density gradient (RDG) calculations. The O‐donor selective coordinative interactions of paramagnetic Cu(II) and Fe(III) and substantial adsorption from aqueous solutions (concentrated) are analyzed through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra and density functional theory (DFT) studies of ML1 / ML2 and Cu(II)‐ ML1 /Fe(III)‐ ML2 .

To circumvent costly fluorescent labeling, five nonconventional, multifunctional, intrinsically fluorescent aliphatic terpolymers (1-5) have been synthesized by C-C/C-N-coupled, solution polymerization of two non-emissive monomers with protrusions of fluorophore monomers generated in situ. These scalable terpolymers were suitable for sensing and high-performance exclusion of Cu-II, logic function, and bioimaging. The structures of the terpolymers, in situ attachment of fluorescent monomers, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, bioimaging ability, and super adsorption were investigated by H-1 and C-13 NMR, EPR, FTIR, X-ray photoelectron, UV/Vis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, solid-state fluorescence, fluorescence imaging, and fluorescence lifetime measurements, as well as by isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. The geometries and electronic structures of the fluorophores and the absorption and emission properties of the terpolymers were examined by DFT, time-dependent DFT, and natural transition orbital analyses. For 1, 2, and 5, the limits of detection were determined to be 1.03x10(-7), 1.65x10(-7), and 1.77x10(-7) m, respectively, and the maximum adsorption capacities are 1575.21, 1433.70, and 1472.21 mg g(-1), respectively.

Intrinsically fluorescent biocompatible multifunctional multipurpose terpolymers, i.e., methyl methacrylate-co-methyl 3-(N-isopropylacrylamido)-2-methylpropanoate-co-N-isopropylacrylamide (MMA-co-MNIPAMP-co-NIPAm, 1) and methyl methacrylate-co-methyl 3-(N-hydroxymethylacrylamido)-2-methylpropanoate-co-N-hydroxymethylacrylamide (MMA-co-MNHMAMP-co-NHMAm, 2), were synthesized via in situ-attached acrylamido-ester monomers during polymerization of hydrophobic monomers in water medium. These nonconjugated fluorescent terpolymers presenting aggregation-enhanced emissions (AEEs) were suitable for Bi(III) sensors, Bi(III) removal, cell imaging, and security inks. The fluorescence properties, mechanisms of quenching, interactions of Bi(III) with 1 and 2, and Bi(III) adsorption were explored using theoretical analyses of 1, 2, Bi(III)-1, and Bi(III)-2. Considering the overall properties, 1 was more suitable for diverse prospective applications.

The intrinsically fluorescent highly hydrophilic multifunctional aliphatic terpolymer, maleic acid (MA)-co-2-(N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamido)succinic acid (NHASA)-co-N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide (NHMA), that is, 1, was designed and synthesized via C–C/N–C-coupled in situ allocation of a fluorophore monomer, that is, NHASA, composed of amido and carboxylic acid functionalities in the polymerization of two nonemissive MA and NHMA. The scalable and reusable intrinsically fluorescent biocompatible 1 was suitable for sensing and high-performance adsorptive exclusion of Fe(III), along with the imaging of Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. The structure of 1, in situ fluorophore monomer, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, cell-imaging ability, and superadsorption mechanism were studied via microstructural analyses using 1H/13C NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, solid-state fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence imaging, along with measuring kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters. The location, electronic structures, and geometries of the fluorophore and absorption and emission properties of 1 were investigated using density functional theory and natural transition orbital analyses. The limit of detection and the maximum adsorption capacity were 2.45 × 10–7 M and 542.81 mg g–1, respectively.

The present century has observed rapid techno-commercial advancement in the field of luminescent polymer light-emitting devices and displays. Level of efficiencies as well as performance parameters, such as luminance or brightness and lifetime, have been improved remarkably, and such developments are still in progress. Enhanced efficiency, performance, longevity, and stability of polymeric light emitting diodes (PLEDs) can be attained achieving the optimum balance between hole and electron mobility, leading to balanced charge injection and transport. Nature and wavelength of the emitted light from PLEDs can be altered by structural tuning of the polymer chains via blending, doping, and chemical treatment through incorporation of spacer and/or narrow/wide band-gap moieties. Moreover, the elevated efficiency, longevity, and diversity in terms of color emission can be achieved by suitable modification of the hole/electron transporting/blocking nature of the adjacent layers and/or constitution of electrodes. Therefore, in this particular chapter, special attention has been paid to elucidate the roles of different injecting or blocking layers and their respective modifications in alterations of the efficiency and longevity of PLEDs, as well as the diversified color emanating from emitting layer(s). Finally, some recent developments have been highlighted including quantum dot/pervoksite containing white light emitting PLED and PLEDs emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence or near infrared light.

The nonconventional purely aliphatic scalable and reusable fluorescent guar gum (GRGM)-grafted-acrylic acid-co-3-(N-isopropylacrylamido)propanoic acid (NIPAPA)-co-N-isopropylacrylamide (GRGM-grafted-1, i.e., 2), was synthesized via grafting of the optimum amount of GRGM and N-H functionalized in situ protrusion of acrylamido-acid fluorophore-monomer, i.e., NIPAPA, in multi C-C/N-C/O-C coupled solution polymerization of two non-emissive monomers in water. The intrinsically fluorescent noncytotoxic 2 envisaged the excellent potentials in sensing and removal of Pb(II), security ink, logic function, and imaging of both cancer and normal cells. The emission intensities of 2 elevated in concentrated solutions and solid state because of concentration-enhanced emission and aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) characteristics of 2. Additionally, the emission efficiency of 2 elevated considerably with increasing GRGM contents and temperatures. The structure of 2, in situ attached fluorophore-monomer, AIEE, cell-imaging ability, and the superadsorption mechanism were studied employing 1H/13C NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence imaging, and fluorescence lifetime, along with measuring isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters. The location, geometries, and electronic-structures of fluorophore, along with absorption and emission properties, of 2 were explored via density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT, and natural transition orbital analyses. In solution, cyan light-emitting 2 envisaged an average 1.22 ns lifetime in CHCl3. The limit of detection and the maximum adsorption capacity were 2.94 × 10-7 M and 1100.25 mg g-1 at pH 7.0, 303 K, and 1000 ppm, respectively.

Biocompatible, nonconventional, multifunctional, purely aliphatic, light-emitting terpolymers, i.e., acrylonitrile-co-3-(N-isopropylacrylamido)-propanenitrile-co-N-isopropylacrylamide (AN-co-NIPAMPN-co-NIPA, 1) and acrylonitrile-co-3-(N-hydroxymethylacrylamido)propanenitrile-co-N-hydroxymethylacrylamide (AN-co-NHMAMPN-co-NHMA, 2), were designed and synthesized via N-H-functionalized C-C + N-C-coupled in situ protrusions/grafting of fluorophore monomers, i.e., NIPAMPN and NHMAMPN, by solution polymerization of two highly hydrophobic nonemissive monomers in water. These scalable and reusable 1 and 2 were suitable for high-performance three-in-one applications, such as Fe(III) sensors, imaging of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and human lung cancer (A549) cells, and security inks. The structures of 1 and 2, N-C-coupled in situ attachments/grafting of third fluorophore monomers, grafting events, and aggregation-enhanced emissions (AEEs), were analyzed by H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence imaging, and fluorescence lifetime. The geometries, electronic structures, and absorption/emission properties of 1 and 2 at optimized compositions were examined by density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT (TDDFT), and natural transition orbital (NTO) analyses. The limits of detection were 3.20 x 10(-7) and 1.37 x 10(-7) M for 1 and 2, respectively. The excellent biocompatibility of 1 and 2 was confirmed by >95% retention of MDCK and A549 cell morphologies.

This work reports the design and synthesis of two nonaromatic biocompatible macromolecular luminogens, i.e., 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 3-(N-(methylol)acrylamido)-2-methylpropanoate-co-N-(methylol)acrylamide/DMAEMA-co-DMAENMAMP-co-NMA (P1) and methacrylic acid-co-3-(N-(methylol)acrylamido)-2-methylpropanoic acid-co-N-(methylol)acrylamide/MEA-co-NMAMPA-co-NMA (P2), prepared through in situ anchored acrylamido-ester/DMAENMAMP and acrylamido-acid/NMAMPA third comonomers, respectively, in a facile polymerization of two non-luminous monomers in water medium to circumvent the drawbacks related to aggregation-caused quenching of aromatic luminogens. The structures of P1/P2, in situ anchored comonomers, fluorophores, N-branching associated n-π* interactions, and hydrogen bonding assisted aggregation-enhanced emissions are comprehended by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence imaging. P1 and P2 are appropriate for sensitive detections/exclusions of Fe(III)/Cu(II) and cell-imaging. The intrinsic fluorescence, on-off sensing, selective coordinations of Fe(III) and Cu(II) with fluorophores, emission quenching mechanisms, and removals of Fe(III) and Cu(II) are investigated by DFT/NTO analyses of P1/P2 and Fe(III)-P1 and Cu(II)-P2 complexes, XPS, and isotherms and kinetics parameters. The excellent biocompatibilities, comparable limit of detections, i.e., 1.70 × 10-7 and 1.59 × 10-7 [m], and higher adsorption capacities, i.e., 77.25 and 154.13 mg g-1 , at low ppm; 303 K; and pH = 7 compel P1/P2 to be acceptable for multipurpose applications.

The nonconventional purely aliphatic intrinsically fluorescent multifunctional terpolymers, such as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid-co-2-(3-acrylamidopropylamido)-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid-co-acrylamide (AMPS-co-APMPS-co-AM, 1), acrylic acid-co-3-acrylamidopropanoic acid-co-acrylamide (AA-co-APA-co-AM, 2), and methacrylic acid-co-3-acrylamido-2-methyl propanoic acid-co-acrylamide (MAA-co-AMPA-co-AM, 3), were synthesized via N-H functionalized multi-C-C/N-C coupled in situ attachments of fluorophore monomers, that is, APMPS, APA, and AMPA, in solution polymerization of two non-fluorescent monomers. These terpolymers were suitable for selective Cr(III) sensors, high-performance exclusions of Cr(III), and fluorescence imaging of human osteosarcoma cancer cells. The structures of 1, 2, and 3, in situ attachments of fluorescent amino acid monomers, locations of fluorophores, aggregation-induced enhanced emissions, and the superadsorption mechanism were understood via microstructural analyses. The geometries, electronic structures, and the low-lying singlet-singlet absorption and emission of 1, 2, and 3 were explored using density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT, and natural transition orbital analyses. The ionic and variable interactions of 1, 2, and 3 with Cr(III) were envisaged via analyses of adsorbed microstructures, fitting of kinetics data to a pseudo-second-order model, and the measurements of activation energies. For 1/2/3, limit of detection values and adsorption capacities were 1.88 × 10-7/3.75 × 10-7/1.25 × 10-7 M and 1316.35/1431.40/1372.18 mg g-1, respectively, at pHi = 7.0, 303 K, and 1000 ppm. The better overall properties made 3 to be more suitable in sensing and cell imaging.

For sensitive detections and repetitive exclusions of excess Cu(II)/Fe(III) from hazardous effluents and high-contrast time dependent Madin-Darby canine kidney cell imaging by photobleaching resistant durable non-aromatic biodegradable biocompatible fluorogens, two non-conventional purely aliphatic macromolecular luminogens, i.e., butyl-2-propenoate-co-butyl 3-acrylamidopropanoate-co-prop-2-enamide (i.e., BP-co-BAP-co-PE, M1) and ethylene glycol methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol 3-acrylamido-2-methylpropanoate-co-prop-2-enamide (i.e., EGM-co-EGAMP-co-PE, M2), were prepared through the in situ anchoring of third acrylamido-ester comonomers during polymerization of two monomers and the optimization of ex situ added monomer ratios. Structures of as-synthesized nonconventional luminogens, in situ anchored BAP/ EGAMP, and aggregation-enhanced emissions/AEEs were understood by exploring microstructures through XPS, H-1/C-13 NMR, FTIR, UV-vis, TGA, DSC, HRTEM, DLS, fluorescence imaging, fluorescence lifetime, and network parameters. The emission properties, fluorescence quenching, and exclusions of Cu(II) and Fe(III) were investigated in organic solvents and pure water, inferred through computational studies of M1/M2 and Cu(II)-M1/Fe(III)-M2 complexes. Herein, the strong coordination of O/N donor(s), i.e., -CONH2, -CONH-, and -COOCH2-, with Cu(II) and O donors, i.e., -COOCH2- and -CONH-, with Fe(III) in Cu(II)-M1 and Fe(III)-M2 complexes, respectively, were examined through XPS, FTIR, TG, and SEM analyses of those complexes; pseudosecond order model fitting; and activation energies of adsorption. The limits of detection of M1 and M2 were 1.69 x 10(-7) and 1.88 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The adsorption capacity maxima of M1 and M2 under optimum conditions were 130.64 and 100.04 mg g(-1), respectively, within 5-50 ppm and at 303 K for 0.01 g M1/ M2.

This review includes the variable physicochemical alterations in dyeing operations of collagenous matrices based on the several factors including the structural attributes, such as molecular weight, position and number of –SO3H, –NH2, –OH, and –Cl groups, tautomerism, number of chromophores, planarity, H-/J-aggregate, and number of benzene or naphthalene rings, of different classes of leather dyes used nowadays, along with the characteristics of the fibrous protein network, such as pore size, fiber density, and angle of weave, consisting of tropocollagen and other secondary structures, non-collagenous interfibrillar materials, and leather auxiliaries. Besides, the review encompasses the influences of various physical and/or chemical operation(s) in penetration, distribution, allocation, and fixation of dyes in collagenic matrices. Additionally, the roles of dyeing auxiliaries and different types of fixing agents in dispersion, distribution, and binding of dyes with fibrous protein have been thoroughly discussed. Notably, several factors relating to the probable allocations of the dyes in collagenic matrices have been highlighted, considering aggregating tendency, size, planarity, and dihedral space of individual dyes, along with macro, meso, and micro pores of tropocollagen. Importantly, the dyeing phenomena and associated physicochemical interactions among dyes and collagenic materials have been analyzed by the results derived from various interrelated characterization techniques.

For the fulfilment of increasing global demand and associated challenges related to the supply of clean-and-safe water, PV has been considered as one of the most attractive and promising areas in desalinating salty-water of varied salinities. In pervaporative desalination, the sustainability, endurance, and structural features of membrane, along with operating parameters, play the dominant roles and impart paramount impact in governing the overall PV efficiency. Indeed, polymeric- and organic-membranes suffer from several drawbacks, including inferior structural stability and durability, whereas the fabrication of purely inorganic membranes is complicated and costly. Therefore, recent development on the high-performance and cost-friendly PV membrane is mostly concentrated on synthesizing composite- and NCP-membranes possessing the advantages of both organic- and inorganic-membranes. This review reflects the insights into the physicochemical properties and fabrication approaches of different classes of PV membranes, especially composite- and NCP-membranes. The mass transport mechanisms interrelated to the specialized structural features have been discussed. Additionally, the performance potential and application prospects of these membranes in a wide spectrum of desalination and wastewater treatment have been elaborated. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives have been identified in developing and scaling up different high-performance membranes suitable for broader commercial applications.

For initiating a prosperous cost-friendly waste management of small-scale industries, cow buffing dust (CBD), one of the abundantly available semisynthetic collagenic solid wastes, has been used as a nonsulfur cross-linker of natural rubber (NR) for fabricating an NRCBD-biocomposite superadsorbent. The as-prepared reusable biocomposite bearing variegated collagenic and noncollagenic N-donors, along with the O-donors, has been reported for ligand-selective preferential superadsorption from waste water. Thus, a CBD and NR-based scalable biocomposite bearing optimum cross-linking, excellent physicochemical properties, and reusability has been developed via systematic optimization of the torque and reaction time for cost-friendly adsorptive exclusion of dyes, such as 2,8-dimethyl-3,7-diamino-phenazine (i.e., safranine, SF) and (7-amino-8-phenoxazin-3-ylidene)-diethylazanium dichlorozinc dichloride (i.e., brilliant cresyl blue), BCB, and Hg(II). The CBD-aided curing of NR has been achieved through the formation of a cross-linked chromane-ring originated via reaction between the methylol-phenol ring of phenol-formaldehyde resin and isoprene unit of NR. The partial disappearance of unsaturation in cured-NRCBD, relative variation of crystallinity, surface properties, elevated thermal stabilities, and ligand-selective superadsorption have been studied by advanced microstructural analyses of unadsorbed and/or adsorbed NRCBD using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible, and O 1s-/N 1s-/C 1s-/Hg 4f7/2,5/2-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and pHPZC. Response surface methodology-based optimization has been employed to attain the optimum potential of NRCBD, considering the interactive effects between pHi, temperature, and concentration of the dye. H-aggregate and time-dependent hypochromic effect has been observed during individual adsorption of dyes. Moreover, the prevalence of chemisorption via ionic interaction between NRCBD and SF, BCB, and Hg(II) has been realized by FTIR, fitting of kinetics data to the pseudosecond-order model, and measurement of activation energies. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Langmuir isotherms fit the best to BCB and SF/Hg(II), respectively. Thermodynamically spontaneous chemisorption have shown the maximum adsorption capacities of 303.61, 46.14, and 166.46 mg g-1 for SF, BCB, and Hg(II), respectively, at low initial concentration of Hg(II)/dyes = 40 ppm, 303 K, and adsorbent dose = 0.01 g.

Herein, grafting of starch (STR) and in situ strategic inclusion of 2-(3-(acrylamido)propylamido)-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (APMPS) via solution polymerization of 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylamide (AM) have resulted in the synthesis of smart STR-grafted-AMPS-co-APMPS-co-AM (i.e., STR-g-TerPol) interpenetrating terpolymer (TerPol) network hydrogels. For fabricating the optimum hydrogel showing excellent physicochemical properties and recyclability, amounts of ingredients and temperature of synthesis have been optimized using multistage response surface methodology. STR-g-TerPol bearing the maximum swelling ability, along with the retention of network integrity, has been employed for individual and/or simultaneous removal(s) of metal ions (i.e., M(III)), such as Bi(III) and Sb(III), and dyes, such as tris(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)methylium chloride (i.e., crystal violet) and (7-amino-8-phenoxazin-3-ylidene)-diethylazanium dichlorozinc dichloride (i.e., brilliant cresyl blue). The in situ strategic protrusion of APMPS, grafting of STR into the TerPol matrix, variation of crystallinity, thermal stabilities, surface properties, mechanical properties, swellability, adsorption capacities (ACs), and ligand-selective superadsorption have been inferred via analyses of unadsorbed and/or adsorbed STR-g-TerPol using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H/13C NMR, UV-vis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, dynamic light scattering, and rheological analyses and measuring the lower critical solution temperature, % gel content, pH at point of zero charge (pHPZC), and network parameters, such as ρc and M c. The prevalence of covalent, ionic (I), and variegated interactions between STR-g-TerPol and M(III) has been understood through FTIR analyses, fitting of kinetics data to the pseudosecond-order model, and by the measurement of activation energies of adsorption. The formation of H-aggregate type dimers and hypochromic and hypsochromic shifts has been explained via UV-vis analyses during individual and/or simultaneous removal(s) of cationic dyes. Several isotherm models were fitted to the equilibrium experimental data, of which Langmuir and combined Langmuir-Freundlich models have been best fitted for individual Bi(III)/Sb(III) and simultaneous Sb(III) + Bi(III) removals, respectively. Thermodynamically spontaneous chemisorption processes have shown the maximum ACs of 1047.39/282.39 and 932.08/137.85 mg g-1 for Bi(III) and Sb(III), respectively, at 303 K, adsorbent dose = 0.01 g, and initial concentration of M(III) = 1000/30 ppm. The maximum ACs have been changed to 173.09 and 136.02 mg g-1 for Bi(III) and Sb(III), respectively, for binary Sb(III) + Bi(III) removals at 303 K, adsorbent dose = 0.01 g, and initial concentration of Bi(III)/Sb(III) at 30/5 and 5/30 ppm.

Herein, purely aliphatic intrinsically fluorescent terpolymers, i.e., 1 and 2, are synthesized through one‐pot solution polymerization via N–H functionalized and multi C–C/C–N coupled in situ protrusion of fluorescent monomers using two nonemissive monomers. These scalable terpolymers are suitable for highly selective Fe(III) sensing, high‐performance exclusion of Fe(III), logic function and the imaging of normal mammalian Madin–Darby canine kidney and human osteosarcoma cancer cell lines. The structures of terpolymers, in situ attachment of fluorescent monomers, clusteroluminescence, adsorption‐mechanism, and cell‐imaging abilities are understood via unadsorbed and/or adsorbed microstructural analyses using 1H/13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, fluorescence imaging, and fluorescence lifetime. The geometries, electronic structures, location of fluorophores, and singlet–singlet absorption and emission of terpolymers are examined using density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT. For the precise identification of fluorophores, transition from occupied natural transition orbitals (NTOs) to unoccupied NTOs is computed. For 1/2, limit of detection (LOD) values and adsorption capacities are 6.0 × 10−7/8.0 × 10−7 m and 147.82/120.56 mg g−1 at pHi = 7.0 and 303 K, respectively. The overall properties of 1 are more advantageous compared to 2 in sensing, cell imaging, and adsorptive exclusion of Fe(III).