Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been widely regarded as promising candidates for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries. However, their practical implementation is hindered by high crystallinity, poor mechanical robustness, and unstable interfacial reactions. In this study, we propose a synergistic organic–inorganic dual-additive strategy by simultaneously introducing dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles to reconstruct the ion-transport pathways and interfacial chemistry of PEO-based SPEs. The optimized PEO/DMMP10/AO10 electrolyte exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 1.04 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 60 °C. Structural and spectroscopic analyses revealed that the organic–inorganic additives effectively disrupt polymer chain packing and enhance segmental mobility through tailored molecular interactions. In addition, the synergistic effect of DMMP and Al₂O₃ imparts intrinsic flame-retardant characteristics, thereby enhancing the thermal safety of the electrolyte, while simultaneously providing outstanding mechanical flexibility with an elongation at break exceeding 2800%. The formation of a stable electrode–electrolyte interface ensured exceptional electrochemical stability, enabling uniform lithium plating/stripping for over 400 h in Li/Li symmetric cells and delivering a high capacity of 135 mAh g−1 with 80% retention after 650 cycles in LFP/Li cells. Notably, the implementation of a direct-casting strategy further extended the 84% retention threshold to 800 cycles (initial 129 mAh g−1), indicating that the resulting integrated interface ensures improved interfacial contact and structural robustness.

Initially, six aliphatic electroactive luminescent terpolymers (ELTPs) are synthesized through polymerization of methacrylic acid, 3-(methacryloylaminopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, and in situ attached 3-(N-(2-carboxypropyl)methacrylamido)-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride monomers. The optimized ELTP3-modified glassy carbon electrode (ELTP3-GCE) exhibits open-circuit potential (OCP) of 0.412 V. Thereafter, to enhance the opto-electronic performance, six dual-state emission electroactive luminescent nanohybrid terpolymers ELTP3-SNP1–6 are fabricated encapsulating different amounts of magnetic CoFe₂O₄-SiO₂/SO₃H nanoparticles in ELTP3 matrix. Spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations confirm ELTP3-SNP5 as the optimal nanohybrid displaying the highest subluminophore density/ OCP and confirming the involvement of metal centers/ polymer functionalities in the sensing and oxidation of NO₂⁻. The morphology, aggregation characteristics, metal-oxygen-/ hydrogen-bonding, dual-mode NO₂⁻ sensing and associated mechanisms, along with the electrocatalytic oxidation features of ELTP3-SNP5/ ELTP3-SNP5-GCE are elucidated using spectroscopic/ diffractometric/ dynamic light scattering/ microscopic characterizations and electrochemical measurements. Both solution phase and solid state emissions are demonstrated by excitation-dependent photoluminescence, red-shifted UV-absorption from ELTP3/ ELTP3-aggregate to ELTP3-SNP5/ ELTP3-SNP5-aggregate, solvent polarity effects, and lifetime measurements. The luminogenic NO₂⁻ sensing of ELTP3-SNP5/ ELTP3-SNP5-aggregate exhibits a detection limit of 13.38/ 18.78 nM. The voltammetric/ impedimetric sensing using ELTP3-SNP5-GCE achieves low detection limits down to 0.0773/ 0.2505 µM and high stability/ reproducibility in real water samples, highlighting its potential for sensitive environmental monitoring.

The rapid growth of electronic devices has intensified electromagnetic interference (EMI) pollution, demanding efficient shielding materials. In this work, high-loading graphene reinforced ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA) nanocomposites were fabricated via melt mixing and investigated for dielectric and EMI shielding applications. A significant novelty of this study lies in the incorporation of a high graphene concentration into a flexible EMA matrix, which has been rarely explored for dielectric and EMI shielding applications. The development of graphene-based conductive pathways reduced the electrical resistivity by nearly 11 orders of magnitude and increased the dielectric constant from 64.5 to 1011.18 at 16 wt% graphene. At this loading, the nanocomposite exhibited remarkable EMI shielding performance, achieving 37 dB in the 8-12 GHz range, dominated by absorption mechanisms. Enhanced shielding with increasing thickness further confirms their potential as flexible materials for next-generation electronic and EMI shielding applications.

The pursuit of renewable clean energy resources has driven extensive research into the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) nowadays. Here, we have introduced a Ce-doped TiO2 electrocatalyst prepared via sol-gel method, demonstrating its capability as an excellent catalyst compared to the noble metal Pt for HER in an alkaline imidazole solution. Evaluating its electrochemical performance, we found that the GC-2at.%CeTiO2 catalyst surpassed the Pt electrode. The HER onset potential at GC-2at.%CeTiO2 is 0.20 V vs. RHE, which is a significant improvement over Pt (- 0.05 V). Impressively, it needed a considerably lower overpotential of 318 mV for reaching 5 mA cm- 2 current density, compared to Pt (631 mV). Electrokinetic parameters, for instance, Tafel slope, exchange current density (jk) and, turnover frequency (TOF) were calculated to be 121 mV dec-1, 1.148 mA cm- 2, and 0.015 s- 1, consecutively, that surpassed those of noble Pt electrode in this study (397 mV dec-1, 0.487 mA cm- 2, and 0.014 s-1 respectively). This improvement is credited to an increased electroactive surface area and a synergistic interaction linking the electronic state of the Ce and TiO2 matrix. DFT analysis revealed that the Ce3+ ion coordinated with the N-H group of imidazole, leading to elongation and weakening of the N-H bond. This structural modification facilitated the dissociation of the N-H bond, enabling the formation of hydrogen radicals and promoting efficient hydrogen evolution. Additionally, the catalyst demonstrated remarkable electrochemical stability under operating conditions. These findings provide valuable insight into the HER mechanism within an imidazole-mediated system and highlight the potential of Ce3+-imidazole interactions in advancing non-precious metal-based electrocatalysis.

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) offer high energy density by combining solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with lithium metal anodes. While poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes have been widely studied for their high compatibility with lithium metal, they suffer from low ionic conductivity and lithium dendrite growth. In this study, the ionic transport of PEO-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was enhanced by incorporating 20 wt% of ethylene di-p-toluenesulfonate (EDPTS). The dual-functional EDPTS acts as a molecular bridging agent between PEO chains, establishing a coordinated segmental network that simultaneously reinforces mechanical integrity and facilitates dynamic Li+ transport by effectively disrupting PEO crystallinity. Furthermore, at the lithium metal interface, tosylate anions (TsO- ) derived from EDPTS interact with LiTFSI to form a robust, inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that effectively suppresses dendrite growth. The PEO/EDPTS solid electrolyte enabled stable Li plating/stripping in symmetric cells at 0.2 mA cm- 2 for 600 h. In LFP/Li cells, it delivered a discharge capacity of 143.6 mAh g- 1 with 90.8% capacity retention at 1C over 500 cycles. This strategic bridging architecture provides a fundamental solution to the intrinsic trade-off between mechanical strength and ion mobility, while simultaneously ensuring superior dendrite suppression via stable SEI formation. These findings establish the EDPTS-modified SPE as a promising high-performance electrolyte for next-generation ASSLMBs.

While carbon-based materials are highly effective for antibiotic sequestration, the development of a mechanically robust adsorbents that preserve high surface reactivity under realistic conditions remains a significant challenge. Herein, bead-type composites were fabricated by immobilizing amino-functionalized activated carbon (FAC) within a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel via synergistic ionic crosslinking. These CMC/FAC beads were further engineered with in situ reduced silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), yielding a multifunctional CMC/FAC-Ag system for integrated adsorption and catalytic degradation. Structural analyses (FE-SEM, XRD, and XPS) confirmed the uniform dispersion of Ag and the preservation of crystallinity within the polymeric framework. The CMC/FAC beads achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 321.08 mg/g for tetracycline (TC), with kinetics fitting the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption dominance. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations revealed molecular-level insights, attributing TC binding to vigorous electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and orbital coupling. Furthermore, the CMC/FAC-Ag beads exhibited exceptional catalytic efficiency toward 4-nitrophenol, Congo red, and Methylene blue, yielding high apparent rate constants (Kapp) of 3.71 & times; 10(-1), 3.82 & times; 10(-1), and 2.15 & times; 10(-1)/min, respectively. Notably, the composites maintained over 70% efficiency across multiple cycles, suggesting effective retention of Ag species within the composite matrix and underscoring their stability, reusability, and potential scalability for sustainable wastewater remediation.

In this study, tannic acid-functionalized Fe–aminoclay/polyvinyl alcohol (Fe–AC/PVA-TA) composite microgels were successfully fabricated utilizing a microfluidic approach. Functionalization with tannic acid provided an efficient and effective strategy to improve the adsorption performance of Fe–AC/PVA microgels by introducing abundant polyphenolic hydroxyl groups and increasing surface functionality. The Fe–AC/PVA-TA microgels exhibited experimental adsorption capacities (qe) at an initial concentration of 400 ppm for both organic cationic dyes, namely crystal violet (151.9mg/g) and methylene blue (138.6mg/g), as well as for inorganic heavy metal ions such as Pb(II) (112.7mg/g). Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, while equilibrium data were well fitted by the Sips isotherm model, suggesting the involvement of strong adsorbent–adsorbate interactions. The microgels also demonstrated good reusability under the tested regeneration conditions, maintaining over 88% adsorption efficiency after seven regeneration cycles. This dual functionality—the removal of both organic dye pollutants and inorganic heavy metal ions—underscores the potential of Fe–AC/PVA-TA microgels as an adsorbent platform for cationic pollutants and Pb(II). Furthermore, the incorporation of naturally derived tannic acid provides a sustainability-oriented functionalization strategy by introducing abundant polyphenolic binding sites into the microgel network. These results demonstrate the promise of Fe–AC/PVA-TA microgels as eco-friendly, reusable adsorbents for potential application in wastewater treatment.

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are considered ideal for next-generation lithium metal batteries due to their safety over flammable liquid electrolytes. However, practical deployment remains severely hindered by insufficient ambient ionic conductivity, limited electrochemical stability, and susceptibility to lithium dendrite growth. Herein, a synergistic dual-additive strategy is reported by incorporating dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and silica nanoparticles (SiO2) into a PEO matrix. DMMP serves as a plasticizer to disrupt PEO crystallinity, accelerating lithium-ion mobility while imparting flame-retardancy. Simultaneously, SiO2 facilitates salt dissociation through Lewis acid-base interactions and provides a physical barrier against dendrites. Consequently, the optimized SPE (PEO/DMMP/SiO2-2) delivers an outstanding ionic conductivity of 1.10 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature (7.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60 °C), with a high lithium transference number of 0.40. The system exhibits a wide electrochemical stability window exceeding 5.5 V. Li/Li symmetric cells achieve stable, lithium plating/stripping cycling for over 700 h. Furthermore, LiFePO4/Li full cells demonstrate exceptional stability, delivering a high discharge capacity of 149.3 mAh g−1 with 80.6% capacity retention after 400 cycles at a 1C rate and 60 °C. This dual-additive approach offers a scalable pathway toward high energy density and intrinsic safety in all-solid-state batteries.

Developing structurally stable, size-controlled, and high-capacity bio-based adsorbents remains important for the efficient removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater. Herein, we report a microfluidic strategy for fabricating covalently stabilized carboxymethyl cellulose/sodium alginate/graphene oxide (CMC/SA/GO: CGS) composite microgels using high-viscosity dual-polysaccharide precursor solutions followed by glutaraldehyde-mediated crosslinking. The novelty of this work lies in combining microfluidic droplet templating with covalent stabilization and GO reinforcement to produce uniform polysaccharide-based microgels with controlled diffusion length, accessible oxygen-rich binding sites, and improved structural integrity. Microfluidic processing generated spherical precursor droplets with an average diameter of approximately 200 μm, which transformed into dried microgels with a narrow size distribution centered at approximately 50 μm after crosslinking and drying. CGS microgels exhibited a porous internal morphology, a BET surface area of 25.86 m2/g, with an average pore diameter of 47.1 nm, supporting efficient dye transport and site accessibility. Batch adsorption experiments performed using 10 mg of adsorbent in 5 mL dye solution at pH 6 for 210 min demonstrated high adsorption capacities toward representative cationic dyes. At an initial dye concentration of 1000 mg/L, the adsorption capacities reached 477.0, 430.5, and 394.4 mg/g for crystal violet, methylene blue, and malachite green, respectively. The adsorption behavior was strongly pH-dependent and correlated with increasingly negative zeta potential of CGS, indicating that electrostatic attraction is the dominant adsorption mechanism. Overall, this study demonstrates that microfluidic engineering of covalently stabilized CMC/SA/GO microgels provides an effective route to uniform, porous, and high-performance bio-based adsorbents for cationic dye removal.

To address the challenge regarding nitrate pollution from agriculture and industry, we developed a novel integrated system featuring a bimetallic membrane electrode assembly (Pt|Nafion|Pt–Cu) coupled with a suspended Pd–Cu/activated carbon (AC) catalyst for the nitrate reduction reaction (NRR) in low-conductivity media. This design leverages a synergistic mechanism, combining electrochemical reduction and catalytic hydrogenation for enhanced efficiency. The system demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a high observed rate constant (kobs = 43.2 × 10−3 min−1) alongside superior product selectivity; notably low nitrite accumulation (15.8

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLBs) are promising for enhanced safety and higher energy density. However, polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrolytes suffer from high crystallinity, leading to low ionic conductivity and lithium dendrite growth. To address this, lithium silicate (LS) was synthesized by reacting silicic acid with lithium and incorporated into the PEO matrix. Silicic acid, due to its reactivity with lithium, was pre-reacted to form LS, which reduces the interaction between PEO and lithium ions. The LS additive decreases PEO crystallinity by intercalating between polymer chains and creates additional lithium-ion pathways. This structural modification enhances ionic conductivity and promotes uniform lithium deposition, mitigating dendrite formation. The optimized LS5 electrolyte, containing 5 wt% LS, achieves an ionic conductivity of 8.01 x 10-5 S/cm at room temperature. It maintains stable performance for 800 h during lithium plating and stripping at 0.2 mA/ cm2, without short circuits. In LiFePO4 (LFP)/Li cells, the LS5 electrolyte significantly suppresses lithium dendrite growth and supports stable cycling for 400 cycles at 1C and 1000 cycles at 0.5C.

A sequence of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) reinforced ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA/xGNP) nanocomposites with varying GNP loadings were successfully fabricated via melt mixing and systematically investigated for their mechanical, thermal, electrical, dielectric, wettability, hardness, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. Morphological and structural analysis using FESEM, XRD, and FTIR confirmed the efficient interaction of GNP with the EVA matrix. The overall performance of the nanocomposites was much improved by the addition of GNP. A maximum tensile strength improvement of 43% was achieved at 4 wt% GNP loading, while hardness increased by 8% at 16 wt% GNP loading. Thermal stability improved by approximately 10 °C with GNP incorporation. Electrical conductivity increased progressively with GNP loading, with percolation thresholds of 3.5 wt% and 3.8 wt% calculated by the power-law and Sigmoidal–Boltzmann models, respectively. At 16 wt% GNP loading, the composites exhibited superior dielectric behavior with a dielectric constant of 3968, along with increased AC and DC conductivity of 105 and 1010 S.cm−1, respectively. The contact angle increased by 30° at 12 wt% GNP loading, indicating enhanced hydrophobicity. Notably, at 16 wt% GNP in the 8–12 GHz, the maximum EMI shielding effectiveness of 29 dB was attained; composite thickness also had an impact on shielding performance. These results show that EVA/GNP nanocomposites have great potential for enhanced energy storage, radiation protection, and EMI shielding.

Battery technology is undergoing a transformative shift with the integration of 3D printing into solid-state electrolyte (SSE) design, enabling safer, more efficient, and sustainable next-generation energy storage solutions. This review examines recent advancements in 3D-printed SSEs, addressing critical failure mechanisms, performance challenges, and fundamental design principles. Traditional manufacturing methods often struggle to produce complex architectures; however, 3D printing offers exceptional precision, facilitating the fabrication of intricate structures that enhance interfacial compatibility with electrodes, improve thermal stability, and, most importantly, optimize ionic conductivity. This study explores monovalent cations (Na, K, and Li) and multicharged cations (Al3+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+), highlighting the broad potential of next-generation batteries. By leveraging 3D-printed designs that optimize geometric, chemical, and mechanical properties, key challenges in SSEs are addressed, including poor ionic conductivity and interfacial resistance in inorganic electrolytes, as well as low cation transference numbers and oxidative instability in polymer-based components. Future prospects involve the integration of 3D-printed metals with advanced cathodic chemistries, such as Ni-rich and Li-rich additives, while also exploring renewable organic alternatives—including sulfur, oxygen, and even carbon dioxide—as sustainable components in battery technologies. This review underscores the transformative role of 3D printing in advancing SSEs as frontrunners in clean, efficient, and high-performance energy storage systems.

This study was designed to develop a chemically modified chitosan-based sustainable adsorption system for soluble metal pollutants. Here, chitosan hydrogel beads modified with sulphate-sulphuric acid presented a high adsorption capacity toward copper ions and higher reusability due to enhanced low pH tolerance. Though the adsorption process was independent of incubation temperature, it varied with the pH of solution. The equilibrium adsorption data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm, and one gram sulphate-sulphuric acid-modified chitosan hydrogel beads (SSmChHgBs) adsorbed 80.3 ± 0.5 mg copper(II) ions. Kinetic study revealed the completion of >98 % adsorption within the first 120 min. The experimental data ascertained the multistep rate-controlling processes. The initial sharp adsorption step was controlled mainly by the pseudo-second order model followed by a slow intraparticle diffusion-controlled step to reach the equilibrium. FTIR, XPS, and EDAX spectra revealed the binding of copper ions with amine and hydroxyl groups at C-3 position of the glucosamine unit of chitosan in a pendant fashion by displacing the sulphate-containing moiety of SSmChHgBs. EPR spectra and DFT study indicated the formation of 1:1 chitosan‑copper complex with square planner geometry. The desorption of copper from the loaded beads was achieved by lowering the pH of the solution to 1.0. The SSmChHgBs could be reused more than six times for the removal of Cu (II) from water without much loss of its efficacy.

The exploration of purely aliphatic optoelectronic macromolecules with elevated conductivity, emission efficacy, redox capacity, and solubility in aqueous media should extend the application prospects of optoelectronic polymers. Here, initially, four purely aliphatic (synthetic) electroactive luminescent polymers (ELPs), followed by four semisynthetic electroactive luminescent inclusion polymers (ELIPs), and finally, three metal ion-inclusion polymer (semisynthetic) networks (M(II/IV)-MIPN, M = Ni(II)/ Zn(II)/ Zr(IV)) are strategically designed and synthesized. For the first time, alike aromatic/ conjugated polymers, aliphatic luminescent polymers imparting conductivities in the range of 355.6-137.7 mS cm-1 are explored. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies confirm the origination of cyclic aliphatic N-(5-methacryloyl-1,5-oxazocan-2-ylidene)-N-methylmethanaminium (MAOYMEMM) ion comprising an oxazocane ring during the synthesis of ELPs, ELIPs, Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN. In ELP3/ ELIP3 (optimum composition), Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN, spontaneous charge-/ electronic-transport from the electron rich oxyanion of -C(-O-)=N+(CH3)3 in N,N-dimethylacrylamide to the electronically deficient carbonyl carbon in MAOYMEMM endows optical and electrical properties. In ELIP3/ Ni(II)-MIPN, beta-cyclodextrin-/ Ni(II)-associated 333.71/ 242.44% enhancement in charge transfer efficacy is indicated from dual-state UV-vis and luminescence spectroscopies. Here, impedance measurements and cyclic voltammetric analyses of M(II/IV)-MIPN-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) (GCE|Zn(II)-MIPN and GCE|Zr(IV)-MIPN) confirm the highest conductivity and oxidizing ability of Zn(II)-MIPN and Zr(IV)-MIPN, respectively. Finally, optoelectronic Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN showing the maximum open circuit potential (1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl), 242.44% enhancement of CT, and ultrahigh conductivity (355.6 mS cm-1) are employed as efficient cyclic voltammetric (limit of detection (LOD) = 3.77 mu M), luminometric (LOD = 3.64 nM), and impedimetric (LOD = 5.62 mu M) glucose sensors, respectively. The significant efficiencies of multimethod sensing performed with Zr(IV)-MIPN, Ni(II)-MIPN, and Zn(II)-MIPN are indicated by high selectivity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, and appreciably low LODs.

The development of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for advancing sustainable hydrogen production. In this study, a polyaniline (PANI)-supported Pd–Au bimetallic film on pencil graphite (PGP), denoted as Pd–Au–PANI@PGP, was fabricated and evaluated for HER activity in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The catalyst was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), which confirmed the successful surface modification of PGP with Pd and Au, along with the polymeric network of PANI. The chemical composition and electronic structure were further examined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), revealing a high proportion of metallic Pd and Au species. Electrochemical performance was assessed via linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), Tafel analysis, electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), and turnover frequency (TOF) measurements. The Pd–Au–PANI@PGP electrode exhibited an exceptionally low overpotential of 31.6 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², comparable to the benchmark Pt–C@GC catalyst (19 mV). The enhanced activity is attributed to the synergistic effect of Pd and Au, which facilitates electron transfer and accelerates catalytic kinetics. Tafel slope analysis confirmed that the HER process is primarily governed by the Volmer step, with Pd–Au–PANI@PGP exhibiting the lowest slope (91.44 mV dec⁻¹), indicative of improved reaction kinetics. The high exchange current density (4.65 mA cm⁻²) and large ECSA (1.64 cm²) further validate its superior catalytic activity. Moreover, the TOF of Pd–Au–PANI@PGP (0.0971 s⁻¹) significantly surpasses that of other modified electrodes, confirming its excellent intrinsic activity. Long-term stability, evaluated by chronoamperometry, showed negligible current degradation over 6 h, underscoring the durability of the catalyst. Overall, these results demonstrate that Pd–Au–PANI@PGP is a highly promising HER electrocatalyst, offering outstanding activity, rapid reaction kinetics, and excellent stability, making it a viable candidate for future hydrogen production applications.

This research provides a constructive approach for developing high-performance polymer nanohybrids toward enhancing optoelectronic properties, fluorogenic viscosity sensing, and metal-free electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol to value-added organic(s). Herein, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and mildly oxidized RGO (MRGO) are strategically combined with fluorescent electroactive polymers (FEPs) to develop a promising sustainable metal-free electrocatalytic system suitable for amplifying opto-electrochemical properties, multiplatform sensing capacity, and electrocatalytic efficiency. The optimized polymeric counterpart (FEP2) promotes dual-state emission in the supramolecular network of RGO-/MRGO-incorporated fluorescent electroactive hybrid polymers (RFEHPs/MFEHPs) through physicochemically confined atypical electron-rich -C(═O)NH-/-C(═O)O-/-SO3H fluorophores of (hydroxyethyl)methacrylate and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-1-sulfonic acid monomers. The photophysical processes of the spectroscopically optimized RFEHP1 and MFEHP3 are well explored in the solid state and in solution in order to employ them in viscosity-dependent turn-on fluorogenic detection of mono-/di-/trihydric alcohol in aqueous medium. Again, redox-active O-containing functional groups of FEP2 and RGO/MRGO impart strong electroactivity and substantial electrical conductivity to RFEHPs/MFEHPs. Subsequently, electrochemically optimized RFEHP1 and MFEHP3 are applied to fabricate GCE-RFEHP1 and GCE-MFEHP3 electrodes having maximum open-circuit potentials (1.30 and 1.32 V vs Ag/AgCl) to deliver the glycerol electro-oxidation reaction (GLYOR) in water medium. In the GLYOR, peaks at 1.18 and 1.42 V vs Ag/AgCl for GCE-RFEHP1 indicated the formation of two-/three-carbon-containing glycolate/glycerate along with a significant amount of formate. However, the sole anodic response at 1.42 V vs Ag/AgCl for GCE-MFEHP3 signifies a higher-degree GLYOR producing formate as the major product. The formation of these GLYOR products is confirmed by NMR spectral analyses. Therefore, optoelectrochemically active RFEHP1 and MFEHP3 are implemented in selective and sensitive fluorogenic, voltammetric, and impedimetric sensing of glycerol with appreciably low detection limits. In addition to such multiplatform sensing, high stability and reproducibility of GCE-RFEHP1 and GCE-MFEHP3 electrodes pave way for efficient execution of the metal-free electrocatalytic GLYOR.

Composite solid electrolytes, which comprise the flexibility of polymers with mechanical stiffness of inorganic solid electrolytes, are appealing for solid-state battery applications. However, they face challenges in simultaneously suppressing Li dendrite growth from the anode while maintaining high oxidative stability under high voltage. Here, a straightforward and scalable method is proposed by separately incorporating propylene carbonate and lithium hydroxide into a garnet-based polymer membrane; the double-layer composite polymer electrolyte with multifunctional effects is then subsequently formed through mechanically pressing them together. Propylene carbonate enhances the electrolyte's stability against oxidation during high-voltage charging, contributing to improved battery's energy density. Meanwhile, the reaction between the lithium hydroxide and lithium salt adjusts the SEI components on the anode side by forming a LiF-rich SEI layer, which improves the battery's cycling stability. Benefiting from this ingenious design, the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2||Li cells demonstrate remarkable cycling performance for over 70 cycles, retaining 60.6% of their initial capacity at 0.1 C. Furthermore, the Li||Li symmetric cells achieved an outstanding plating and stripping reversibility of approximately 1500 h at 0.2 mA cm-2 with a small overpotential of 28 mV. This design is expected to facilitate the commercialization of electrolytes for high-voltage Li metal batteries.

Here, a series of electroactive polymer nanohybrids (EPNHs) is synthesized incorporating as-synthesized nitro graphene oxide (NGO) nanoparticles into the matrix of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). Spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses of both EPNHs and EPNHs-modified Pt electrodes (PE|EPNHs) confirm EPNH3 as the optimal composition exhibiting the highest NGO grafting, open-circuit potential (OCP) of 1.1749 V, and conductivity (2.83 mS cm(-1)). To further increase the OCP and conductivity, EPNH3 is modified with untanned collagenic waste (UCW) to prepare a new series of electroactive nano-bio-polymer hybrids (ENBPHs). Comprehensive spectroscopic, diffractometric, microscopic, and electrochemical analyses of ENBPHs/PE|ENBPHs confirm ENBPH3 as the optimal composition carrying the maximum amount of UCW, the highest OCP (1.1818 V), and significantly improved conductivity (65.12 mS cm(-1)). Then, cyclic voltammetric and impedimetric sensing experiments are carried out to evaluate the I- sensing performance of PE|ENBPH3 electrode in distilled, tap, and pond water. Spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements confirm electrooxidation of I- to I-3(-) and subsequently to I-2 through proton transfer from -N+O2H/ -COOH/ -OH group to I- and electron transfer from I- to >CN+. Impedance spectroscopic analysis confirms notable decrease in porous layer resistance because of the anion-pi* interaction between I- and NGO. The limits of detection are measured to be 5.89, 6.60, and 7.81 mu M (cyclic voltammetric titration) and 4.64, 4.72, and 4.85 mu M (impedimetric titration) in distilled, tap, pond water, respectively. The sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and interference studies confirm the suitability of ENBPH3 toward cyclic voltammetric and impedimetric sensing/ detection of I- in real aqueous solutions.

Lithium-air batteries (LABs) offer remarkable theoretical energy density but struggle with challenges like insulating Li2O2 discharge products, higher overpotentials, and unstable interfacial chemistries leading to shorter life cycles. In this study, hydroxy-TEMPO was incorporated as a redox mediator to enhance the reversibility of Li-O2 products. Incorporating hydroxy-TEMPO to a 1,2-dimethoxyethane electrolyte notably decreased overpotential to 1.03 V and increased areal capacity from 0.46 mAh cm- 2 (0 %) to 14.08 mAh cm- 2 (20 %), with maintained coulombic efficiency over 99 % for 400 cycles at 0.5 mAcm- 2. To mitigate parasitic reactions between Li and hydroxy-TEMPO, a protective layer, composed of PVDF-HFP, SiO2, and EC with LiPF6, was applied to Li-anode. SEM-EDX analysis revealed uniform elemental distribution and reduced incorporation of nitrogen contents from 8.96 wt% on bare Li to 5.20 wt% on coated Li, and sulfur contents from 14.72 wt% to 10.38 wt% after cycling, confirmed deceased decomposition of hydroxy-TEMPO and electrolyte while demonstrating its chemical stability for longer cycling. FTIR analysis exhibited lower intensities of vibrational bands for degradation products (C--O, CO32- ), revealing reduced electrolytic degradation and SEI thickness. XPS elemental survey demonstrated the retention of Si, P, and F species derived from protective layer, indicating reduced sulfonated and carbonaceous byproducts. All findings confirmed the synergistic role of hydroxy-TEMPO and protective layer in developing a compact, inorganic-rich SEI that enhances electrochemical stability of Li-anode, remarkably improves the cycling and efficiency, and enables stable performance under real-air conditions, thereby offering a promising approach for practical applications of LABs in energy storage systems.