Adrenal incidentaloma is an unsuspected and asymptomatic mass, usually detected by an imaging study performed for other purposes. The widespread use of diagnostic ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging has resulted in the frequent incidental discovery of asymptomatic adrenal mass. Adrenal incidentalomas represent a public health challenge because they are increasingly recognized in current medical practice. The majority of adrenal incidentalomas are benign, but careful evaluation of all patients is warranted to be certain that malignant tumours and functional adenomas are not missed. The article reviews the presentation, evaluation and management of adrenal incidentalomas.

The high prevalence of vitamin D defi ciency worldwide and the associated increased risk for different pathologies require re-evaluation of this problem and its signifi cance. The wide spectrum of the diseases associated with vitamin D defi ciency explains the high scientifi c interest and increasing number of clinical trials in this area, and the involvement of larger populations into studies.