Background . According to literature data, errors in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors (GIST) are uncommon, accounting for approximately 6% of cases that results in treatment failure. Case report . Here, we describe a rare case of a 58-year-old female patient with extragastrointestinal stromal tumor (EGIST) in the evidence of testicular feminisation syndrome (TFS) – Morris syndrome. This hereditary pathology is associated with complete insensitivity of target organs to androgens and was described in 1953 by the American gynaecologist John Morris. The patient was referred to the cancer clinic, where she was wrongly diagnosed with uterine leiomyoma. Interdisciplinary approach, cancer alarm, active surgical tactics, additional immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular genetic studies (MGI) allowed verifcation of the true diagnosis. There are reported cases of EGIST of the bladder, prostate, retroperitoneum, mesentery, omentum, and posterior mediastinum. However, we were not able to fnd publications regarding the cases of EGIST originating from the vaginal wall. Combination of TFS and EGIST is a unique case in our clinical practice. Conclusion . The study of rare cases expands the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of malignancies. Patients with rare types of malignant tumors should be obligatorily examined and treated in specialized cancer clinics with involvement of certifed oncologists, surgeons, chemotherapists, geneticists.

Ovarian cancer of epithelial origin is the most common type of oncological process in this organ and is characterized by a high probability of fatal outcome. It is believed that this is due to insufficiently effective diagnosis of the prevalence and severity of this disease. This review presents data on the development of disease recurrence in a significant number of patients after cytoreductive surgery. According to some authors, the reason for the high risk of recurrence is the insufficient information content of the method of studying histological preparations of regional lymph nodes after staining with hematoxylin and eosin to detect small-sized metastases, including isolated tumor cells and micrometastases. To improve the accuracy of such diagnostics, it is recommended to supplement the study of multilevel sections of lymph nodes using routine staining with the use of immunohistochemistry and other methods using various antibodies to cytokeratins, along with other epithelial markers. The review provides an analysis of the opinions of various researchers on the prognostic significance of the detection of micrometastases in the lymph nodes, which can increase the effectiveness of therapy due to a more accurate assessment of the prevalence of the disease and correction of the tactics of treating patients with various oncological diseases.

The article reviewed literature data relating to the methods used for detection of single tumor cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood. Sensitivity of modern detection methods is analyzed. Despite advances in the development of molecular biology and cytology, until now there is no universal approach to the micrometastases identification, and existing methods optimization are recommended.

The review highlights current approaches to adoptive immunotherapy in patients with malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system. In spite of the obvious advances made by scientists of the world in treating malignant neoplasms, the existing treatment options remain insufficiently effective. To search for novel highly effective and safe treatments is an urgent problem of oncology. Adoptive immunotherapy is one of the priorities in this regard.

The study evaluatedfeasibility, safety and effectiveness of cell biotherapy based on allogenic LAK-cells in combination with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) used for sistem antitumor immunotherapy. The clinical study involved cancer patients with metastatic effusions resistant to systemic chemotherapy. The results showed that intra-cavity immunotherapy was highly effective and well tolerated in treatment of patients with malignant effusions.

Background. The early diagnosis of ovarian cancer (OC) is an important problem in modern gynecological oncology due to significant detection rates for late-stage tumors. Intensive screening of patients from high-risk groups that include OC predisposition gene mutation carriers is indicated.Subjects and methods. An unselected group of 202 patients with OC and two control groups of blood donors: 591 healthy females; 1197 persons (including 591 females, 606 males) were examined. Patients and healthy individuals who identified themselves as ethnic Russians and residents of the Russian Federation participated in the study. Whole peripheral blood samples were collected at the Clinical Subdivisions of the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center and at the Department of Transfusiology of the Acad. B.V. Petrovsky Russian Research Center of Surgery in 2012–2013. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. DNA was extracted using a Prep-GS-Genetics reagent kit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay was carried out by melting-curve analysis employing an BRCA SNP genotyping kit(BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations) and original oligonucleotides (CHEK2, NBN, and BLM gene mutations). Thirteen population-specific mutations, including 7 (185delAG, 4153delA, 5382insC, 3819delGTAAA, 3875delGTCT, 300T>G, and 2080delA) in the BRCA1 gene, 1 (6174delT) in the BRCA2 gene, 3 (1100delC, IVS2+1G>A, and 470T>C) in the CHEK2 gene, 1 (657delACAAA) in the NBN gene, and 1 (1642C>T) in the BLM gene, were genotyped. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using a DTprime real-time detection thermal cycler.Results and discussion. BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations were detected in 46 (22.8 %) patients with OC; the prevailing mutation in the BRCA1 gene was 5382insC (58.7 %). OC was diagnosed in 32.6 % of the patients aged 51 years or older. The rate of moderate-penetrance mutations (1100delC and IVS2+1G>A in the CHEK2 gene, 657del5 in the NBN gene, and 1642C>T in the BLM gene) was 0.5–1.0 % in the group of OC patients and 0–0.3 % in the control group of healthy women. The majority of these patients (5/6) were diagnosed with OC at age less than 50 years. The CHEK2 mutation, 470T>C, was more frequently encountered in the control group (6.6 %) than in the OC patient group (5.0 %). High rate of the CHEK2 mutation, IVS2+1G>A, was first shown for OC patients in the Russian Federation, the odds ratio was 11.9 (95 % confidence interval, 9.5–14.3; p = 0.056). It was preliminarily concluded that it played an important role in the development of OC in the Russian population; our findings should be verified in further investigations. The difference in the rate of mutations, such as 1100delC, IVS2+1G>A and 470T>C in the CHEK2 gene, 657del5 in the NBN gene, 1642C>T in the BLM gene, were insignificant in the patient and control groups, which may be related to the low population rate of these genetic markers and, in case of the CHEK2 mutation, 470T>C, may be linked to its low penetrance. By taking into account the fact that numerous studies have proven the clinical significance of all examined moderate-penetrance mutations whose prevalence in the Russian population has been confirmed by the authors of this paper, the inclusion of the mutations in a diagnostic panel to detect hereditary predisposition to OC is substantiated. The associated risks are higher for the rare mutations leading to the formation of truncated nonfunctional proteins, which are 1100delC and IVS2+1G>A in the CHEK2 gene, 657del5 in the NBN gene, and 1642C>T in the BLM gene. The penetrance of the CHEK2 mutation, 470T>C, is lower, which should be kept in mind during medical genetic counselling.Conclusion. The total rate of mutations in the BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, NBN, and BLM genes in patients with OC was 30.7 %, which determines the expediency of molecular genetic screening in this category of patients.

The review highlights current approaches to adoptive immunotherapy in patients with malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system.In spite of the obvious advances made by scientists of the world in treating malignant neoplasms, the existing treatment options remain insufficiently effective. To search for novel highly effective and safe treatments is an urgent problem of oncology. Adoptive immunotherapy is one of the priorities in this regard.

Intrapleural immunotherapy for metastatic pleurisies demonstrates a high efficiency in the treatment of patients with breast cancer (BC). This immunotherapy modality is regarded as one of the stages of complex treatment in patients with disseminated BC and allows its capabilities to be extended for their further management.

This review contains data on an aetiology, features of a clinical presentations and modern approaches in diagnostics and treatment of ovarian carcinosarcomas.

One hundred and one patients with disseminated ovarian cancer (OC) treated at Surgery Department Eight, Research Institute of Clinical Oncology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1998–2007 and continued to be followed up and treated till March 2012 were examined to make a clinical analysis of the course of the disease. Median follow-up was 32 months. The proportion of patients with Stages III–IV OC was 87 %. Optimal cytoreductive surgery was shown to be possible in 21 (20.8 %) patients dur- ing Stage 1 combination therapy and in 20 (19.8 %) patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT). The maximum survival rates (with a median of 87.7 months) were achieved in 21 patients who had undergone optimal surgery and had a tumor that is highly susceptible to CT with platinum derivatives. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve the diagnosis of the disease for increasing treatment results.

Malignant peritoneal effusions often arise in patients with of ovarian cancer. They are dangerous complication of cancer. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy isn’t always effective and causes side effects. Intraperitoneal interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 / lymphokine activated killers (LAK) biotherapy is characterised of high efficacy in ovarian cancer patients with malignant peritoneal effusions. The objective effect was 82,6 % аnd 72,0 % accordingly. These results suggest that intraperitoneal biotherapy allows to expand possibilities of malignant peritoneal effusions treat- ment in ovarian cancer patients.

The review describes the etiology and clinical features of ovarian sarcomas and current approaches applied to their diagnosis and treatment.

At present, there is no screening test for the early detecting of ovarian cancer, one of the most lethal form of gynaecological malignancy in the worldwide. In this study the new methodology for the search of tumor markers of ovarian cancer, involving profiling the low-molecular blood plasma proteomes, is developed, unified and approved. The given approach included three basic components: pre-preparation of samples, matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and bioinformatics software for mass spectral data processing. Opportunities and prospects of the developed approach for the detection of potential ovarian cancer markers were shown. For search of potential tumor markers, screening of 56 blood plasma samples from ovarian cancer patients and 36 benign ovarian neoplasia samples were carried out. As a result of the present research, peptides / polypeptides which can be used in future for detecting this pathology were found out.

The functional properties of serum albumin were examined in patients with ovarian cancer and benign ovarian tumors. The findings make it possible to recommend that the albumin conformation index should be determined for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and for evaluation of its treatment.

In the last decade, accumulated evidence in favor of that ovarian cancer is an immunogenic tumor. Immunotherapy is aimed at stimulating the innate and adaptive immunity, may cause an effective response in patients with ovarian cancer. Various approaches immunotherapy include cytokinetherapy, use of monoclonal antibodies and cell therapy.

Malignant peritoneal effusions often arise in patients with of ovarian cancer. They are dangerous complication of cancer. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy isn’t always effective and causes side effects. Intraperitoneal interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 / lymphokine activated killers (LAK) biotherapy is characterised of high efficacy in ovarian cancer patients with malignant peritoneal effusions. The objective effect was 82,6 % аnd 72,0 % accordingly. These results suggest that intraperitoneal biotherapy allows to expand possibilities of malignant peritoneal effusions treatment in ovarian cancer patients.

Malignant peritoneal effusions often arise in patients with ovarian cancer which is considered to be a dangerous complication of cancer. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy is uneffective in generally and causes side effects. Here we show that intraperitoneal IL-2/lymphokine activated killers and IL-2 biotherapy demonstrated the high efficacy in threatment of ovarian cancer patients with malignant peritoneal effusions. The objective effect was 82,6 % аnd 70,6 % accordingly. These results indicates that intraperitoneal biotherapy might be one of the stages of combined treatment of such group of patients The suggested type of biotherapy increases the survival and life quality of patients.