Alzheimer's disease requires innovative therapeutic strategies that not only alleviate symptoms but also protect neurons. Donepezil hydrochloride, a cholinesterase inhibitor, and quercetin, a potent antioxidant, were co-formulated into a transethosomal gel to enhance brain delivery and therapeutic efficacy. To design and optimize a Quality by Design (QbD)-based transethosomal gel containing Donepezil hydrochloride and Quercetin, and to establish a stability-indicating, eco-compatible RP-HPLC method for their simultaneous estimation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 ODS column using an eco-friendly mobile phase of acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (45:55, pH 3.4). Detection was performed at 240 nm, the isoabsorptive wavelength for both drugs. Method validation followed ICH guidelines, and forced degradation studies (acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, photolytic) were conducted to achieve controlled degradation (5%-20%) while minimizing the use of hazardous solvents. The transethosomal gel was developed using QbD algorithms, optimizing critical parameters including particle size distribution (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug release profile. The optimized gel exhibited a vesicle size of 128.4 ± 2.1 nm, PDI of 0.135, zeta potential of +29.52 mV, and 89% and 85% entrapment efficiency of Quercetin and Donepezil HCl. Drug content exceeded 97% for both drugs, while cumulative drug release reached approximately 85%-95% over 10 h. The RP-HPLC method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.995), recovery (98-102%), precision (%RSD < 2%), accuracy, robustness, and an Eco-Scale score of 83.18, confirming excellent analytical greeness. Forced degradation studies confirmed its stability-indicating capability. The study successfully integrates QbD-driven formulation design with a validated eco-friendly RP-HPLC method, providing a robust platform for simultaneous drug delivery in Alzheimer's therapy. This work underscores the synergistic potential of advanced formulation strategies and sustainable analytical validation in translational pharmaceutical research.

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique that enhances separation capabilities and improves peak capacity in complex samples.This comprehensive review article provides an overview of the latest advancements in 2D-LC techniques, explores its wide-ranging applications, and discusses future perspectives.The review begins by outlining the fundamental principles of 2D-LC and the different approaches used to implement this technique, including heart-cutting, comprehensive, and online 2D-LC.It discusses the advantages and limitations of each approach, emphasizing their utility in specific analytical scenarios.A detailed analysis of the applications of 2D-LC follows, focusing on its use in pharmaceutical analysis, metabolomics, natural product analysis, and environmental analysis.The review highlights how 2D-LC enables the separation of complex mixtures, provides improved resolution for coeluting compounds, and enhances identification and quantification capabilities.Additionally, it explores the combination of 2D-LC with other analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry, further expanding its potential applications.Furthermore, the review discusses recent advancements in column technologies, stationary phases, and detection methods that have contributed to the improved performance of 2D-LC.It also examines the development of automated software tools and data analysis approaches tailored for 2D-LC data.Finally, the review concludes with an outlook on the future of 2D-LC.It highlights emerging trends such as the integration of 2D-LC with other separation techniques, advancements in hyphenated detection methods, and the potential for miniaturization and automation.The article emphasizes the growing importance of 2D-LC in addressing the analytical challenges of complex samples and its potential to shape the future of separation science.In summary, this comprehensive review article provides a detailed examination of the advancements, applications, and future perspectives of 2D-LC.It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, analysts, and scientists in the field of analytical chemistry, offering insights into the potential of 2D-LC for enhanced separations and improved analytical capabilities.

Cardiovascular diseases are managed through multi drug regimens. For better patient compliance and cost effectiveness, desired therapeutic efficacy is achieved through combination of more than two drugs in single dosage form. Nebivolol Hydrochloride is β1 receptor blocker and Pravastatin sodium exhibits its pharmacological action through inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. Both drugs are therapeutically compatible and can be administered in single dose formulation. A review of the literature found that there was no effective strategy for the selected drug combination. As a result, an attempt was made to establish a simple, efficient, sensitive, specific, and rapid method for simultaneously estimating Pravastatin sodium and Nebivolol hydrochloride in bulk drugs using RP-HPLC.Column C-18 (Shim-pack) 250 x 4.6 mm, particle size 5 m, mobile phase acetonitrile and water in the ratio 20:80 at 257 nm were found to be the optimal chromatographic conditions. Pravastatin sodium and Nebivolol hydrochloride had retention times of 2.092 and 3.623 minutes, respectively, with average percentage recovery of 99.38% and 99.54%, respectively.The proposed technique was found to be in accordance with the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH).

Chalcones and their derivatives have been an area of great interest for several researchers in recent years. Several number of research publications have been published and chalcones continue to show promising effect for novel drug investigations. Chalcone is an advantaged moiety with therapeutic importance as it comprises of receptive ketoethylenic moiety – CO–CH=CH– having a place with flavonoids. Chalcones (1, 3-Diphenyl-prop-2-en-1-one) consists of a three carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system and two or more aromatic rings and acts as precursors for the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants. The presence of a highly reactive α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system in chalcone and its derivatives is the justification for its pharmacological potencies. However, synthesis in laboratory of broad range of chalcones has also been reported. Chalcones show a wide range of pharmacological impacts like anthelmintic, antileishmanial, antifungal, antimalarial, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antiulcer, antimycobacterial, insecticidal, antigout, antihistaminic, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic etc. Chalcones can be synthesized through Claisen–Schmidt's condensation, Heck's reaction, Aldol condensation reaction, Suzuki's reaction, from cinnamic acid, Sonogashira Isomerization Coupling reaction, Microwave assisted synthesis etc. The purpose of the present review is to centralize the various and widely employed methods of synthesis of chalcone and their various derivatives and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

A rapid isocratic chromatographic procedure for the analysis of methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine sulfate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations was developed validated in the present study. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of Water: Acetonitrile: Tetrahydrofuran in the proportion of 50:40:10 and pH maintained to 3with perchloric acid. Retention time was found to be 3.0 and 3.7minutes for methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine sulfate respectively. The method was performing by using the C18 column, ODS Hypersil column with UV detection at 318nm, and flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The percentage of recovery for both drugs was found to be 99.99%. All validation parameters were within limits as per the ICH guidelines.

Atovaquone and Mefloquine hydrochloride are well known anti-malarial drugs. Literature survey reveals that there was no method available for the selected drug combination. In this way, here an endeavour has been made to develop simple, precise, fast method for simultaneous estimation of atovaquone and mefloquine hydrochloride in bulk drug by using RP-HPLC method. The method was carried out by using gradient HPLC on C18 column using Shimadzu prominence LC 20 AD and mobile phase comprised of Methanol:ACN:Water in the ratio of 85:7.5:7.5 (pH 2.9 was adjusted with OPA). The method was performed with 10µl injection volume. The UV detection was done at 231nm.The retention times of atovaquone and mefloquine hydrochloride were 7.6 and 2.6 min respectively. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The validation parameters were linearity, accuracy, precision (inter-day, intra-day and repeatability) and robustness etc. Linearity was in the range of 80-120µg/ml for atovaquone and 40-60µg/ml for mefloquine hydrochloride. The percent recoveries of both drugs were 99.99-100% and 92.05-99.09%. This method is suitable for the routine analysis of atovaquone and mefloquine hydrochloride in bulk drugs either individually or in mixture

Malaria in recent years becomes a major health hitch globally due to the surfacing of multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum parasite. In recent times, artemisinin (ART)-based drugs and combination therapies become the drugs of preference for the treatment and prophylaxis of resistant P. falciparum malaria. Endoperoxide compounds natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic signifying a massive number of antimalarial agents which possess a wide structural miscellany with needed antimalarial effectiveness against resistant P. falciparum malaria. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system deficient the lactone ring which constitutes the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold which is believed to be the key pharmacophoric moiety and is principally responsible for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. This becomes the main reason for the research related to endoperoxide particularly 1,2,4-trioxane-, 1,2,4-trioxolane- and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane-based scaffolds gaining the noteworthy interest in recent years for developing antimalarial drugs against resistant malaria. In this paper, a comprehensive endeavour has been made to review the development of different endoperoxide antimalarial agents and structural diversity of endoperoxide molecules derived from 1,2,4-trioxane- based structural scaffolds. Keywords: Endoperoxide; 1,2,4-trioxane; pharmacophores; artemisinin; antimalarial.

Drugs used in the treatment of malaria that is caused by various plasmosium species i.e. P. falciparum, P. vivax are most irresistible disease throughout the world. The different medications are utilized in the treatment of malaria incorporated the Aryl aminoalcohol mixes: Quinine, Quinidine, Chloroquine, Mefloquine; Antifolate compound: Pyrimethamine, Proguanil, Chlorproguanil, Trimethoprim and Atovaquone. Atovaquone is most effective drug utilized in the treatment of malaria. It must be given in single or in mixture with different antimalarials. An enormous number of methodologies including High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV–Visible spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) are utilized for the determination of atovaquone. Various analytical methods are used for the analysis of pharmaceutical products and these methods were validated according to ICH guidelines (Q1A R2). Thus, this technique can be safely used for the standard quality control analysis of atovaquone.

The purpose of the research is to establish a fast, accurate, precise, and low-cost UV-Visible spectrophotometry method for the quantitative simultaneous estimation of mefloquine hydrochloride and artemether in bulk drug. The UV-Visible method employed was a simultaneous equation method. Ethanol was used as a solvent and therefore the absorption maxima (λ max) was found to be 229 nm and 209 nm for mefloquine hydrochloride and artemether. The linearity ranges of both drugs were 1-6 μg/mL and 100 – 350 μg/mL with a regression coefficient r2 ≥ 0.998 respectively. The method was validated for different parameters according to International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2B guidelines. The average recovery for mefloquine hydrochloride was found to be 100 per cent and artemether 99.3 per cent. The method was also found precise and robust with a per cent relative standard deviation of less than 2. All the parameters result obtained within the limits. Therefore, the proposed method for the accurate quantitation of mefloquine hydrochloride and artemether in the bulk drug was successfully implemented.

Introduction: A medication error is defined As ‘a failure with the treatment program, which may leads to, or maybe offers ones potential to help lead to, harm for the patient’. The purpose of this study is to assess the oral medication administration errors done by intensive care unit nurses and to evaluate the effectiveness of safe drug administration programme. Methodology: In this experimental study, 600 oral medication administration events in medical ICU of MMIMS and R Hospital, Mullana, Ambala were observed. Event based sampling technique was used to collect the sample. The data was collected by using checklist for assessing the oral medication administration practices and occurrence of medication errors. Reliability of the observational checklist was determined by using inter rater reliability test and it was 0.86. Data analyzes were performed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. SPSS-17 software was used and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Result: During oral administration in morning shift, mean of post implementation – I practice scores (20.00) was higher than post-implementation practice score-II (19.56). In evening shift, mean of post implementation – I practice scores(20.98) was higher than post-implementation-II practice scores (20.74) and In night shift, mean of post-implementation-II practice scores (21.50) was higher than post implementation – I practice scores (21.30). Discussion: The result shows that there was improvement in medication administration practices after implementation of event based teaching programme which was calculated at 0.05 level of significance. So, the concluded that the Event Based Teaching Programme was effective to improve the practices of oral medication administration by staff nurses and reduces the occurrence of medication error.