This investigation aimed to assess the hypoglycemic and antioxidant characteristics of extracts derived from Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), a plant widely recognised for its customary ethnomedical application in northeastern India. An assessment of the in vitro hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) roots and leaf extracts produced in ethanol, methanol and water was performed by introducing alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay, glucose adsorption, glucose diffusion method, glucose uptake potential of yeast cells, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide activity, ferric reducing power radical scavenging activity. By eliminating free radicals at levels of roughly 69- 70% (DPPH), 70-89% (H2O2) and 64-80% (FRAP), Brahmi extracts produced favourable results linked to their antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract ofBM leaves and shoots exhibited considerably higher radical scavenging activity in comparison to the corresponding extract of roots. Although the in vitro glucose diffusion retardation, glucose uptake capacity and glucose adsorption suggested that Brahmi may have therapeutic value, more research is necessary to identify the pertinent bioactive chemicals to validate their pharmacological qualities in vivo.

Camellia sinensis (CS) and Withania somnifera (WS) are well-known to have antioxidant and anti-ageing effects. However, information on their synergistic antioxidant effect is still not known. In this study, we have compared the % cell viability of oxidative stress induced 3T3-L1 cell lines after treatment with CS, WS alone and in combination. The methanolic extracts of CS and WS were prepared by three cycles of maceration with 24 h duration each. The effect of CS and WS alone and in combination was determined under three different conditions viz. pre-treatment, co-treatment and post-treatment at 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs with the help of MTT assay. CS+WS were found to show synergistic effect under pre-treatment conditions with % cell viability of 95.39 ± 0.7% at an optimum concentration of WS+CS (4.87μg/ml+15.22μg/ml) after 72 hrs. The combination index was found to be less than 1 at 24 hrs (0.278), 48 hrs (0.172) and 72 hrs (0.126) for combination of CS+WS indicating a synergistic effect of plant combination.

Nutraceuticals have received tremendous interest in the treatment or prevention of multiple diseases in modern times. Chromenes (Benzopyran), phytochemicals that are polyphenolic secondary metabolites, are one of the privileged scaffolds that occur in various natural products as essential structural components and also have beneficial nutraceutical properties. Chromenes are more correctly referred to as ‘nutraceuticals' due to their variety of pharmacological activities in the mammalian body. A better understanding of their mechanisms and biological activities suggests their ability as therapeutic agents and also for predicting and monitoring food quality due to their significance in food organoleptic properties and human health. In this chapter, the discussion will be on the diverse therapeutic actions of chromenes as well as the probable mechanisms of action that are responsible for their therapeutic activity. The origins of these chromenes, their extraction from these sources, and their use as nutraceutical components in various food items will also be discussed. The pharmacological relevance of chromenes, which may be added to staple foods to create various nutraceutical products, will also be discussed. As shall be evident after reading this chapter, chromenes as pharmacological agents have a wide range of targets. As a result, medicinal chemistry and quantitative structure-activity relationships should be used to focus on their specific biological action when developing new congeners of chromenes to be used as drugs.

The paper highlights the synergistic potential of the novel combination of Camellia sinensis (Kangra green tea) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). One variable at a time approach was used to find antioxidant potential of C. sinensis and W. somnifera alone and in combination. Optimization of antioxidant potential was done by using different plant concentrations of C. sinensis and W. somnifera using a statistical approach of central composite design (CCD) of RSM (response surface methodology). Initial antioxidant activity during optimization of the solvent system was observed in methanol for C. sinensis with DPPH, superoxide radical scavenging assay and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (44.9 ± 0.62, 43.77 ± 0.10, 43.88 ± 0.10% scavenging) and for W. somnifera (40.22 ± 0.39, 43.29 ± 1.12, 41.88 ± 0.11% scavenging), respectively. Initially, IC50 has been calculated for C. sinensis (235.26 ± 0.012 μg/mL) and W. somnifera (256.39 ± 0.43 μg/mL) in methanol. Before statistical optimization, the maximum synergistic antioxidant potential of C. sinensis (200 μg/mL) and W. somnifera (150 μg/mL) with DPPH assay, superoxide radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay was found to be 56.57 ± 0.62, 56.99 ± 0.42, 55.44 ± 0.53% scavenging, respectively. IC50 value has been calculated for C. sinensis + W. somnifera (IC50 = 215.47 ± 0.06 μg/mL). Optimization of plant concentration using CCD of RSM resulted in enhancement of antioxidant potential of C. sinensis (200.5 μg/mL) and W. somnifera (200.5 μg/mL) was found to be 78.01 ± 0.01% scavenging when compared to the initial antioxidant potential, i.e., 56.57 ± 0.62% scavenging shows a 1.37-fold increase from initial antioxidant potential. Research unveils that using various combination of C. sinensis and W. somnifera enhance the antioxidant potential in vitro.

The response to the dilemma behind "why do we age" and "what are major causes of aging" is inexplicable and it is tantamount to answer the most complicated question, what is life? There is a plethora of theories as to why and how we age, but the very concept of aging-senescence-was up for debate until now. To understand aging altogether, there is a need to understand different theories of aging. In this review, we have described different theories of aging with the molecular mechanism and their link with evolution focuses on the mitochondrial theory, telomerase theory, genetic control theory, gene mutation theory, waste accumulation theory, caloric restriction theory, stem cell theory, and antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging. At present, researchers are giving considerable interest in identifying small, drug-like natural bioactive compounds, especially polyphenolic antioxidants, as exploratory challenging antiaging agents due to their ability to prevent or delay many aging-related pathogeneses through modulation of signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory responses, enhancing proteostasis, or mitochondrial biogenesis. This review aims to highlight historically significant several natural pharmacological leads which could help in delaying age-related disease that can also extend the lifespan by adopting multiple aging-related mechanistic theories.

In today’s scenario, the elderly population is suffering from dementia which is the main form of Alzheimer’s disease, and all over the world population is affected by this disease. Lifespan of this population can be increased by improvements in the medical field. Therefore, there is a vital requirement for the expansion of the medical field by devising new methods for diagnosing the disease early, advancement of novel medicines for managing the ailment, and invention of novel methods to deliver the drug at specific sites of the body. This chapter discusses various medicines based on nanoparticle systems, their mode of actions, efficacy of the nanoparticle drugs with their adverse reactions for managing Alzheimer’s disease.

The high prevalence of age-related diseases among the population explosion of senior citizens has gained significance in the pursuit of therapeutic agents capable of slowing the progression of degenerative disorders and preventing premature aging. Since our societies' rising longevity is correlated with an increase in morbidity, preserving health in old age has become the main objective for biomedicine. Natural antioxidants are increasingly used as healthy ingredients in the nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Some synthetic drugs used as health supplements are enzyme inhibitors mediating several disease processes. However, due to concerns regarding their toxicity and adverse effects, several newly discovered heterogeneous phenolic and biphenolic structures have sparked a search for novel, safe, and effective agents, especially from natural sources. Natural antioxidants are one of the most well-studied natural product groups due to the wide range of biological effects they have. This review summarizes current knowledge on the various antioxidants and their action against age-related diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, skin aging, eye degeneration, metabolic syndrome, and neuroinflammation. According to our study, a wide variety of antioxidants have been examined, and although some potential therapeutic molecules have been identified based on their antioxidant action, further in vivo studies and evaluation are needed before a possible therapeutic implementation as drug candidates.

In literature, several studies on nanotoxicity have been published which proved that nanoparticle entry inside the cell leads to many biochemical events, ultimately causing free radical generation, mitochondrial damage, cell injury, and cell death. Many in vivo and in vitro studies have proved that the use of nanoparticles in various fields requires prior safety and toxicology evaluation. In this study, the possible toxic effects of nanoparticles on different diseases are explored and various side effects of different types of nanoparticles have been reviewed. After doing a literature study, it has been found that nanoparticles affect elderly and susceptible population more as compared to young and adults.

Ornamental plants have been widely been used as a therapeutic source to cure majority of diseases, as they exhibit a potential of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Thuja occidentalis and Phyllanthus emblica exhibit the properties of treating diseases such as cancer, respiratory diseases and certain infections due to the presence of phytocompounds namely Tannins, Flavanoids, Saponin and other. To find out the antioxidant potential of both the plants collected from Chandigarh University botanical garden, the antioxidant potential was determined by calculating the IC50 value of the extracts of plants prepared in water with varying concentrations of each plant extract and also their synergistic potential as antioxidant was carried out using DPPH assay for free radical scavenging. Whereas for the antimicrobial assay, Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli were used where the antimicrobial potential of both the plants were observed by carrying out the Agar well diffusion method and the Microtitre plate dilution method to determine the effective dosage of both the plants by calculating the IC50 for both the plants as well as their blend. Both the plants exhibited the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties but on the comparison Phyllanthus emblica exhibited better therapeutic potential as compared to the Thuja occidentalis. Thus, the synergistic effect of both plants was observed which has not been reported earlier exhibited more effective potential than the plants alone and can be a better option for ailment of certain diseases and can be utilized as anti aging and anti cancerous drugs than the synthetically obtained drugs as well as source of recovering from diseases that can be Gastrointestinal such as diarrhea, and infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae including endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections and septic arthritis. Therefore, Phyllanthus and Thuja canact as better potential drug for the relieve and cure of such diseases.