Bell peppers, a globally significant crop, face infestations from various pests. In a study, bell peppers were treated with deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin at recommended and double the doses, repeated twice with a 10-day interval. The QuEChERS method underwent validation for linearity, matrix match, accuracy, and precision in bell pepper matrices for residue analysis. The limit of detection for the tested pesticides on bell peppers was 0.01 mg/L, with a quantification limit of 0.05 mg/L. Recovery studies showed a range of 94.80

The study was carried out to determine the dissipation kinetics, persistence, and dietary risk assessment of tetraniliprole. Three applications of tetraniliprole were given at 50.00 g a.i./hac (X) and 62.50 g a.i/hac (1.25X) on chilli and brinjal at the fruiting stage. The recoveries in all the matrices were within the acceptable range of 70%-120%. The initial residues of tetraniliprole on chilli fruits were 0.379 and 0.593 mu g/g and on brinjal fruits, the residues were 0.559 and 0.916 mu g/g at 50.00 and 62.50 g a.i./ha, respectively. In red chilli, chilli field soil, and brinjal field soil the residues were below the limit of quantitation. The tetraniliprole follows first-order dissipation kinetics with the half-life (RL50) 1.58 and 1.99 days in chilli and 1.42 and 1.79 days in brinjal at X and 1.25X doses. In chilli, 9.89 and 12.11 days whereas, in brinjal, 10.75 and 13.25 days were recommended for harvesting the crops after the last application of tetraniliprole at X and 1.25 X doses, respectively. The hazard quotient values in chilli and brinjal for both males and females were below 1 indicating that the use of tetraniliprole does not cause any health risk to the consumers.

Mancozeb residue estimation was done using second derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy by Shimadzu ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, and chlorpyrifos was estimated by QuEChERS technique using GC-FPD. The persistence for chlorpyrifos was carried out at two locations, and for mancozeb, persistence studies were carried out at four locations. Initial deposits of mancozeb on apple fruits ranged from 1.33 to 1.63 mg/kg at the recommended dose and from 2.55 to 3.26 mg/kg at double the recommended dose at all four locations. Chlorpyrifos residues in apple fruits had an initial deposit of 0.94–0.99 mg/kg at recommended dose and 1.75–1.92 mg/kg at double the recommended dose. Mancozeb residues in apple fruit were below the detection limit (BDL) after 20 days at recommended dose and after 25 days at double the recommended dose at two locations, while mancozeb residue at the other two locations and the residues of chlorpyrifos at all locations reached BDL after 15 and 20 days at recommended and double the recommended doses, respectively. Half-life of mancozeb varied from 3.07 to 4.02 days at recommended dose and from 3.30 to 4.32 days at double the recommended dose, whereas chlorpyrifos residues dissipated to half their initial concentration on 2.33–2.35 days at recommended dose and 2.89–2.90 days at double the recommended dose. The soil samples showed no presence of residues of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb at harvest. The risk assessment revealed that hazard quotient for the intake of mancozeb was in the range of 0.06–0.13

This research investigates the bioactive antioxidant potential of Tinospora cordifolia, a plant renowned for its medicinal properties in traditional systems of medicine. Employing a systematic approach, the study focuses on extracting and evaluating the antioxidant compounds present in Tinospora cordifolia through various analytical techniques. The research methodology involves the extraction of bioactive components using appropriate solvents, followed by the application of advanced analytical tools such as spectrophotometry. The study delves into the in vitro estimation of the antioxidant activity, providing insights into the efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in combating oxidative stress. The research aims to contribute valuable data to knowledge on natural antioxidants, emphasizing the potential therapeutic applications of Tinospora cordifolia in mitigating oxidative damage associated with various health conditions. The outcomes of this study hold significance for researchers, healthcare professionals and the pharmaceutical industry, offering a foundation for further exploration of Tinospora cordifolia as a rich source of bioactive components especially, antioxidants with potential applications in preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Isocycloseram is a new isoxazoline group pesticide with novel mode of action and very effective against various insect and mite species. The study was undertaken to determine the residual behavior of isocycloseram in/on tomato fruit and soil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification and limit of detection were workout to be 0.01 and 0.003μg/g, respectively for isocycloseram and the metabolites. The recovery of isocycloseram and metabolites were 94 to 105% in tomato matrix and in soil matrix recovery was 93 to 101% with < 20% relative standard deviation. After applications of 60 and 75g a.i./ha, the total initial residues of isocycloseram (including metabolites) on tomato fruits were 0.411 and 0.670µg/g that dissipated to half in 3.13 and 3.46 days at respective doses. The hazard quotient computed for the insecticide was below one thus indicating its safety for humans.

A field experiment following good agricultural practices was laid out to study the dissipation of spirotetramat (90 g a.i. ha−1 and 180 g a.i. ha−1) and chlorpyrifos (400 g a.i. ha−1 and 800 g a.i. ha−1) on cabbage heads and soil. Samples were processed using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for residue estimation of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos, which were further detected using HPLC–PDA and GC-FPD respectively. The residues of spirotetramat on cabbage heads reached below detection limit (BDL) (< 0.05 mg kg−1) on 7th and 10th day and for chlorpyrifos, BDL (< 0.01 mg kg−1) was achieved on 10th and 15th day for X and 2X dose, respectively. On 20th day after second spray, residues in soil were found to be BDL for both the pesticides. Half-life of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos was found to be 3 and 2 days, respectively while a safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 9 days for spirotetramat and 10 days for chlorpyrifos is suggested on cabbage. The dietary risk assessment studies for various age groups of Indian population, ascertained safety of treated cabbage heads for consumption, as current study revealed that hazard quotient (HQ) < 1 and theoretical maximum dietary intake (TMDI) < maximum permissible intake (MPI) for both the pesticides at respective PHI.

Residue behaviour and dietary risk assessment of cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid in broccoli were carried out using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) technique coupled with LC-MS/MS. The QuEChERS technique was validated on parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, matrix effects, limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, retention time and ion ratio as per SANTE (Directorate General for Health and Food Safety) guidelines to attest to the specificity, accuracy and precision of the analytical method in estimating insecticide residues in and on broccoli heads and cropped soil. The LOQ of the method for all three insecticides was 0.01 mg/kg. The initial deposits of cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid reduced to half of its concentration in 1.873-2.354, 1.975-2.484 and 1.371-1.620 days, respectively. No residues were detected in broccoli-cropped soil at harvest time (30 days after last spray). The proposed maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 1.5, 0.5-0.9 and 2.0-3 mg/kg for cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid were calculated using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development MRL calculator. The acute and chronic dietary risk assessment of the tested insecticides identified no appreciable dietary risk to the Indian population from the consumption of broccoli heads. The findings of no dietary risk highlight the importance of informed pesticide usage in broccoli and the proposed MRL derived from this study offers crucial guidelines for the regulatory authorities, ensuring the safety of broccoli consumption.

Residue behavior and consumer risk assessment of combination of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid at recommended dose (X) and double the recommended dose (2X) on cucumber crop were studied during kharif season, 2019. The combination product was applied thrice as foliar sprays at 7 days interval with first application at fruit initiation stage. Residues of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid were detected using gas chromatography-electron capture detector and high pressure liquid chromatography, respectively, after the extraction and clean-up of samples with modified QuEChERS technique. The average initial deposits at X and 2X dose of betacyfluthrin were 0.69 and 1.41 mg kg −1 , which dissipated to half of its concentration in 1.51 and 1.73 days with a suggested safe waiting period of 5.73 and 8.34 days whereas, for imidacloprid, initial deposits were 0.84 and 1.56 mg kg −1 , which dissipated to half of its concentration in 1.29 and 1.51 days with a suggested safe waiting period of 5.24 and 7.49 days, respectively. Residues in soil samples collected at harvest were found to be below determination level for both components. Dietary risk assessment calculated as hazard quotient came out to be less than 1, thus establishing the safety of combination product of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid for consumers when used following good agricultural practices.

Residue studies were conducted in bell pepper crops (green and yellow bell pepper) to ensure the safe use of fenvalerate, profenofos, and novaluron (under open field and protected conditions) in randomized block design (RBD) following three applications at a 10-day interval over two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022. A robust analytical method was developed using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) for the determination of pesticide residues in bell pepper samples. The half-lives for fenvalerate were 2.47–2.87 and 2.50–3.03 days on bell pepper under open field conditions, whereas the corresponding values for bell pepper under protected conditions were 3.84–4.58 and 4.17–4.71 days, during 2021 and 2022, respectively. Profenofos displayed half-lives of 2.03–2.65 and 2.15–2.77 days in open field conditions and 3.05–3.89 and 3.16–3.78 days in protected conditions during 2021 and 2022, respectively. Similarly, novaluron had half-lives of 2.87–3.49 and 3.24–3.75 days under protected conditions in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) were calculated to be 0.6 mg/kg for fenvalerate, while for profenofos it was 0.7 mg/kg on bell pepper under open field conditions at double doses, at the proposed pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3 days. Likewise, for bell peppers grown under protected conditions, MRLs at the PHI of 3 days were determined to be 0.8 mg/kg for fenvalerate, 0.3 mg/kg for novaluron, and 1.5 mg/kg for profenofos. A dietary risk assessment study indicated that the percentage of acute hazard index (

The current study was undertaken to validate the analytical method to extract 29 agro-pesticides and quantify on LC/TQ with apple as a main matrix in reference to high quantity commodity to determine a laboratory's technical capacity of testing. Linearity, accuracy, limit of quantification, limit of detection, matrix-match, precision, method ruggedness and uncertainty were different parameters of the method validation. The calibration curve linearity was obtained from 0.005 to 0.5 μg mL-1 and determination coefficient R2 values were between 0.998–0.999. LOQ for all the pesticides were calculated at 0.01μg mL-1 and LOD 0.005-0.008 range and the recoveries are in accordance with SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines i.e. 70-120 per cent. Validation parameters like the matrix effect, reproducibility, and repeatability (inter and intra-day) within the acceptable range. An "estimate" of uncertainty represents a range of variations in observed results with a certain level of possibility. The lowest MU value of 0.00047 μg mL-1 for flubendiamide and hexythiazox and the highest was 0.00097 μg mL-1 for imidacloprid calculated. These findings show that the analytical method has been validated and can be used in normal practice by laboratories for pesticide residue study.

Traditional knowledge (TK), also known as indigenous knowledge (IK) or local knowledge (LK) generally refers to the matured long-standing traditions and practices of certain regional, indigenous, or local communities. India stands at number 1 in milk production as dairy master across the world. However, due to large number of animal population, distant/remote location, shortage of veterinary staff, some time, veterinary aids are not available to the farmers. In such instances, it is the traditional knowledge of the people which guides them to mitigate the sufferings of the animals. In this article, some of the ITKs are described based on oral communication with the people.

More than half of world's population is poor and possesses a substantial purchase potential. Still, it is not considered as a viable market and the purchase preferences of poor are largely ignored. As a result, the consumer behavior of poor is still unexplored on a number of aspects. Present research bridges the literature gap on consumer decision making style aspect. It explores the consumer decision making style – price consciousness, quality consciousness, brand consciousness, and brand loyalty – of 30 below poverty line (BPL) families of Delhi, India for five fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) – cooking oil, toothpaste, bathing soap, tea, and washing soap – and concludes that the poor are quality conscious, brand conscious, brand loyal, but not the price conscious consumers for the concerned FMCGs.

With the progress of the urbanization and industrialization, many types of water pollutants (such as pesticide, heavy metals, detergents, municipal wastes, domestic wastes and fertilizers) were generated. These pollutants were distributed into the environment by the different sources. These pollutants were distributed into the environment by the different sources. In this research paper, physicochemical characteristic of water samples from selected ponds in and around Patna, Bihar has been studied. The parameters observed were Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Calcium, Phosphate, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, Dissolved oxygen, Free CO2 and Nitrate. It can be concluded that the water parameters which were taken for the present study were above the pollution level of surface water which does not satisfy their requirement for the use of various purposes. In this investigation, a brief attempt has been made to study the extent of change in the quality of water in comparison to water quality standards of World Health Organization (WHO).

The study was carried out for a period of only two seasons (Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon) in a year. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Alkalinity, Total Solids (TS), Hardness, Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) & Most Probable Number (MPN) were evaluated at selected sites of River Ganga. The river is subjected to severe domestic and sewage pollution at two selected sites of Patna. At sampling site, I and II physicochemical parameters were not found to be within the safe limits of drinking water as World Health Organization WHO (1984). But at sampling site II chloride were found within the safe limits. At sites, I & II water sample was not found good quality showing that the River Ganga has moderately polluted. The present studies indicate that increase water pollution levels in the River Ganga present near urban environment due to discharge of various types of wastewater/ sewage/ effluents.