INTRODUCTION:In endodontics, despite careful instrumentation and antimicrobial irrigation, root canals still harbor cultivable microorganisms. Such cases require intra canal medicament that eliminates the microbial inhabitants from the canals. Recent trend advocates the use of herbal extracts due to easy availability, cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, and lack of microbial resistance. Hence, in the present study, Neem, Tulsi, and Guduchi extracts were used as intracanal medicaments.AIM:This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of Neem, Tulsi, Guduchi extracts, and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis, when used as intracanal medicaments.MATERIALS AND METHODS:One hundred and twenty-five extracted human teeth, inoculated with E. faecalis, were divided into four experimental groups and a control group (n = 25 in each group). The experimental groups were treated with chlorhexidine, Neem, Tulsi, and Guduchi extracts and their antibacterial property was evaluated by estimating microbial counting (CFU/ml).RESULTS:The reduction in bacterial count for chlorhexidine, Neem, Tulsi, and Guduchi groups was 60.76%, 51.98%, 37.73%, and 34.93%, respectively. Statistically significant difference in reduction of bacterial count was observed in all the groups, when compared with the control group.CONCLUSION:Among all the herbal extracts, Neem was found to be the most potent medicament followed by Tulsi and Guduchi. However, chlorhexidine was found to be at epic.

Introduction: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) still is a common health care problem in developing countries like India with its potential for serious local damage and complications. Knowledge of causative microorganisms and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is essential so that early and effective therapeutic measures can be initiated for better patient outcome. Aim: The study was carried out to determine the clinicomicrobiological spectrum of CSOM from this geographical area and to evaluate the susceptibility pattern of aerobic bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: The prospective study was carried out for a period of one year from December 2013 to November 2014 in Chhatrapati Shivaji Subharti Hospital, a Tertiary Care Hospital in Meerut city. A total of 113 ear discharge was collected from clinically suspected cases of CSOM. The discharge was cultured on blood agar and Mac Conkey’s agar plates for isolation of bacterial pathogen and Sabourauds Dextrose Agar (SDA) slants for isolation of fungal pathogens. Identification of the bacterial and fungal isolates was done using standard bacteriological and mycological methods respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates was performed by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method as per the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Further, detection of Metallo Beta Lactamase (MBL) production, Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Extended Spectrum Beta –Lactamase (ESBL) production was carried out by phenotypic methods. Result: A total of 73.45% cases were culture positive. Pure bacterial pathogen was isolated from 67.46 % followed by pure fungal pathogen 22.89% and mixed pathogen (bacteria and fungus) from 9.63% of cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant bacterial pathogen and Aspergillus spp. and Candida species were the predominant fungal pathogens isolated. Overall the rate of MBL producers, MRSA and ESBL producers were 18.18%, 52.94% and 62.5% respectively. Conclusion: High level of resistance was observed in cases of CSOM from our hospital. Therefore, knowledge of the causative microorganisms and its susceptibility pattern is required and this data may contribute to an effective management of cases of CSOM.

Across the world, there is a continuation of the impressive growth of retail e-commerce.Since the e-commerce sector in country like India is rapidly growing, changes can be seen over a year.Many players from country as well as international economy have been attracted towards e-commerce business.In the year 2015, estimated size of retail e-commerce sales in the world is 994.5 US$ billions while same in country like India is only 22 US$ billions which reveals lesser contribution even having second largest populated economy in the world.In order to enhance the e-commerce market in the country, it is necessary to involve people from different sections of society.One of them is rural India especially farmers who transacts for millions of transactions in agricultural sector.Therefore, it is very imperative to study the factors influencing adoption of ecommerce practices by farmers in India.E-commerce jaints like Alibaba.com,Amazone, Flipkart, Snapdeal and other local players have started many practices which are useful and beneficial to Indian farmers.In this study, data was collected from 310 farmers of Mehsana and Banaskantha districts of north region of Gujarat State.Data was analyzed using multiple regression technique of data analysis.The results of the study revealed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, self efficacy, trust and technical skill and resources highly influence attitude of farmers for adoption of e-commerce practices which in turn affect intension of farmers towards adoption of e-commerce practices.Among all, technical skill and available resources to farmers is prime concern to adoption.

Shigella flexneri is the most commonly isolated species in the developing world. Prompt and appropriate therapy is necessary in shortening the duration of clinical symptoms, as well as to prevent transmission of infection to close contacts. Emerging multidrug resistant strain of Shigella is a growing concern across the globe and in India. Herein we report a case of dysentery in a child caused by an extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing and multidrug resistant (MDR) S. flexeneri so as to alert the clinicians, microbiologists and epidemiologists regarding the emergence of resistance in Shigella spp. An outbreak of shigellosis by such resistant strains in overcrowded communities will be a tough challenge in the containment of the disease.

Periodontal disease is a chronic infection of the gums characterised by a loss of attachment between the tooth and bone, and bone loss. C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation is a part of the acute phase response to acute and chronic inflammation. Many epidemiological studies have shown that serum CRP levels were elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis. CRP levels increase to hundreds of μg/ml within hours following infection. It out-performs erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in terms of responsiveness and specificity for inflammation. While CRP elevation is suggestive of inflammation or infection in the appropriate clinical context, it can also occur with obesity and renal dysfunction. Conversely, a lack of CRP elevation in inflammation may be seen with hepatic failure, as well as during flares of conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus. [table/Fig-1]: Synthesis of C-reactive protein Kravitz et al.,[4] [table/Fig-2]: Acute phase response Panichi et al.,[7] Tushika Bansal et al., CRP and Periodontal Disease www.jcdr.net Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2014 Jul, Vol-8(7): ZE21-ZE24 22 presence of certain acute phase changes in an otherwise healthy individual can alert the physician to hidden diseases. The purpose of these responses is to restore homeostasis and to remove the cause of its disturbance. c REActIVE PRotEIn CRP was first reported by Tillett and Francis in 1930 and was named so because it was discovered as a substance in the serum of patients with acute inflammation that reacted with the C-(capsular) polysaccharide of Pnuemococcus [10]. It was initially thought that CRP might be a pathogenic secretion as it was elevated in people with a variety of illnesses including cancer however, discovery of hepatic synthesis demonstrated that it is a native protein [11,12]. It is normally present in ng/ml quantities but may increase dramatically to hundred of μg/ml within 72hrs following tissue injury. CRP is a trace protein in overtly normal, healthy individuals, the median value being 0.8 mg/l, with an interquartile range of 0.3 to 1.7 mg/l [9]. CRP plays a key role in the host’s defense against infection [13]. In the presence of calcium, CRP specifically binds to polysaccharides such as phosphocholine moieties present on the cell surface of many pathogenic microbes. Its binding activates the classical complement pathway and opsonises (prepares) ligands for phagocytosis. It also neutralises the pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor and down-regulates polymorphs [8]. MEthodS oF MEASuRIng cRP lEVElS CRP can be measured using immuno-turbidimetric or immunoelectrophoretic assays or latex slide agglutination method. The high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) assay uses labeled monoclonal or polyclonal anti-CRP antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an immune-fluorescent assay. Laser nephelometry can also be used to detect hs-CRP levels [9]. Applications of routine CRP level measurement. Can be done for i) Screening for organic disease, ii) Monitoring of extent and activity of disease: infection, inflammation, malignancy and necrosis. iii) Detection and management of recurrent infection. interpretation of Clinical serum CRP Measurements CRP is a non-specific marker and measurement of CRP alone cannot be diagnostic of any condition. Thus, its value needs to be correlated with clinical and laboratory findings. Clinically, CRP can be measured in serum in 2 ways i) routine CRP which measures level above 3mg/L in adults and ii) High sensitivity (hs-CRP) measuring range up to 3mg/L especially in neonatal medicine, screening as a prognostic marker in adults with respect to atherothrombotic disease and osteoarthritis [9]. PERIodontAl dISEASE And cRP PRotEIn Periodontitis is defined as the inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession or both [14]. This condition occurs in response to a predominantly gram-negative bacterial infection originating from dental plaque. However, the disease typically remains asymptomatic for decades and can be detected only by clinical examination with a periodontal probe or with intra-oral radiographs. It is only recently that researchers have begun to identify local and systemic inflammatory process that encourages a pathological response to an initial commensal microflora [15]. Increased levels of acutephase proteins have been noted with gingival inflammation and periodontitis, reflecting the locally stressed environment [1]. Since CRP is an acute-phase reactant produced by the liver in response to diverse inflammatory stimuli, recent studies have shown that their levels are elevated in periodontal disease. However, not all studies have reported an association between destructive periodontal disease and CRP. These reports may possibly reflect differences in destructive periodontal disease severity or disease progression in different study populations. CRP value <10mg/L were considered normal, while acute bacterial infections have been reported in 80% to 85% of patients with CRP values >100mg/L [16]. Historically, CRP values >10 mg/l were regarded as diagnostic for a bacterial infection, while values <10 mg/l were neglected. This may be because CRP assays in the past were not very accurate and sensitive as in present and thus were less efficient in detecting the levels of CRP <10mg/l. So, these days’ high-sensitivity assays for CRP have come into widespread use, allowing laboratories to determine CRP levels in serum as low as 0.15 mg/l. Hage & Szalai [17] reported that CRP can bind phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine of disrupted bacterial and host cell membranes as well as chromatin, small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, laminin and fibronectin in the presence of calcium. CRP, when bound to these ligands can activate the complement cascade. CRP receptors also exist on macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils and thus bound CRP can target bacterial and damaged host cells for phagocytosis and help direct and amplify the subsequent local inflammatory response to infection, trauma and necrosis [Table/Fig-3]. In acute inflammation serum CRP levels exceed 100 mg/L, and the level decreases in chronic inflammation. In a very early study conducted by Boucher et al., [18], it was [table/Fig-3]: Host response of CRP Hage et al.,[17] apparent from the results that CRP appears in the serum of patients with some forms of inflammatory oral disease. The highest incidence of positive CRP tests and the strongest CRP test reactions were observed in patients with acute alveolar abscesses. This study was one of the earliest studies to determine a relationship between the levels of CRP and oral diseases. In the present days, the levels of CRP have been correlated with many systemic conditions. Recent evidence has indicated that patients with severe periodontitis have increased serum levels of CRP, when compared with unaffected control population [5]. But they fall short in indicating that periodontitis was the cause for the observed serum CRP levels as CRP levels fluctuate with various confounding factors like aging, high blood pressure, alcohol use, smoking, low levels of physical activity, chronic fatigue, coffee consumption having elevated triglycerides, insulin-resistance diabetes, taking estrogen, eating a high-protein diet, suffering from sleep disturbances and depression [19]. www.jcdr.net Tushika Bansal., CRP and Periodontal Disease Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2014 Jul, Vol-8(7): ZE21-ZE24 23 Various studies have proved a positive association between the presence of chronic periodontitis and high serum CRP levels [15, 2024] because it is biologically plausible that inflammatory mediators (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) are released under conditions of periodontitis and present the capacity to stimulate the hepatocytes to produce CRP. In the similar manner, it can be expected that, in the presence of chronic periodontitis, higher serum CRP levels would be found. ABL is not always related to current inflammation in the periodontium; however, it represents the degree of periodontal destruction directly. Radiographs underestimate bone loss compared to direct bone measurements, and panoramic radiography is slightly less accurate than bitewing radiography. Saito et al., [25] surveyed 179 Japanese men of the same age group. They observed that ABL around posterior teeth was associated with elevated level of CRP. In another study, Persson et al., [26] found the hs-CRP level to be above 10.0 mg/l in all the subjects in which evidence of significant alveolar bone loss was present indicating periodontitis. Thus, the level of CRP tends to increase with the periodontal destruction marked by ABL. The results of Salberz et al., [27] have confirmed that aggressive periodontitis is significantly related to elevated CRP levels as the generalised aggressive periodontitis (3.72 mg/l) group had significantly elevated levels of CRP compared to the localised aggressive periodontitis (2.57 mg/l) and non-periodontitis (1.54 mg/l) groups. Their result is consistent with the interpretation that the surface area or volume of the periodontal lesion is the most important determinant of serum CRP levels in aggressive periodontitis patients. The potential effect of smoking was illustrated by Fredriksson et al., who found a median CRP concentration of non-smoking patients with periodontitis of 2 mg/l (mean age 52 years), compared to a median of 0 mg/l for non-smoking matched controls and a median CRP of around 2 mg/l regardless of their periodontal status [22]. Also, Noack et al., related periodontal status in adults to circulating CRP allowing for smoking, age and obesity, and reported that there was a significant relationship between severity of periodontitis and circulating CRP [20]. Th

Online consumer behaviour is an extensive and appealing area of study that can promote firms involved in marketing and selling the products online. Now days, consumers from non metro and tier II and tier III are also showing their interest in buying products. It is very essential to study that how consumers behave in online shopping which help out the retail organizations in targeting consumers and framing online marketing strategies. The purpose of this study is to examine consumers’ online shopping behaviour with a specific focus on the influence of shopping enjoyment, perceived risk and trust. Most of the past researches in this area have been conducted in the context of developed countries. However, examining consumers’ perceived Risk, shopping enjoyment and trust with online purchasing Indian context is very limited. The results of study of perceptions of 518 online consumers in Gujarat reveal that perceived risk online has an inverse relationship with consumers’ attitude and that attitude has a positive influence on intentions to continue purchasing online. On the other hand the shopping enjoyment and trust have a positive relationship with consumer’s attitude and that attitude has a positive influence on intentions to purchase online. In this study data is analyzed using AMOS 20 with the help of structural equation modeling. Keywords--Risk, Trust, Shopping Enjoyment, Online Shopping, Intention

Coronary artery anomalies are rare with an incidence of 0.3% to 1.0% in general population and are discovered incidentally. Many such anomalies may remain asymptomatic. Posteroinferior part of the muscular interventricular septum is normally supplied by posterior descending artery which may arise from right coronary artery (in right dominance or co-dominance pattern) or from left circumflex artery (in left dominance pattern). Supply of the posteroinferior septum by a hyperdominant left anterior descending artery continuing as posterior descending artery is extremely rare and sporadically reported in the literature. We present here a case of hyperdominant left anterior descending artery continuing as posterior descending in the presence of a diminutive right coronary artery. An anomalous branch arising from left anterior descending artery was supplying the left atrium. To the best of our knowledge no such anomalous left atrial branch from left anterior descending is described in the literature.

Introduction: Biofilm forming microorganisms are related to chronic and recurrent human infections as well as are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Various methods have been used in medical field for the detection of biofilm production which includes visual assessment by electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction, quantitative method like Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) method and two qualitative methods such as Tube Method (TM) and Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. Objectives: To detect the prevalence of biofilm formation in Staphylococci, to evaluate two different methods i.e. TM and CRA for the detection of biofilms and to see its relation with antimicrobial resistance. Materials and Method: The study was conducted at Department of Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital and Research Centre during the period June 2011 to June 2013. A total of 130 clinical isolates were subjected to biofilm detection methods. Standard microbiological procedure was done to identify the isolates. Biofilm detection was tested by TM and CRA. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was performed to do antibiotic susceptibility test of biofilm producing bacteria according to CLSI guidelines. Results: From the total of 130 clinical isolates, biofilm productions among Staphylococci were 59.23%. And the percentage of biofilm detection of Staphylococci isolates by Congo red method were 31.54% and by test tube method 50%. Hence, the TM method was considered to be superior to CRA. We have also observed higher antibiotic resistance in biofilm producing bacteria than non-biofilm producers. Conclusion: We can conclude from our study that the TM method is a more suitable and reliable method as compared to CRA and can be recommended as a general screening method in laboratories for detecting biofilm forming bacteria.

INTRODUCTION In the recent years medical world is more focused on the increasing trend of nosocomial infection caused by non lactose fermenter gram negative bacteria. Among the non fermenters one of the most notorious and most frequently encountered pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas is ubiquitous in nature and renowned for its metabolic diversity. Stover et al had sequenced the complete 6.3 Mbp genome of P.aeruginosa.The large genome size & genomic complexity explains the adaptations permitting it to thrive in diverse environment. It is non fermentative and derives its energy from oxidation rather than fermentation of carbohydrates.It can utilize at least 80 organic compounds but can grow on minimal media with only acetate for carbon and ammonium sulphate for Nitrogen.It doesnot require any organic growth factors.

Introduction: Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Acinetobacter is a therapeutic challenege all over the world. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of MBL genes and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of carbapenem non-susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter. Material and Method: During a period of 12 months (November 2012 to October 2013) 94 isolates of carbapenem non susceptible Acinetobacter were collected from different clinical specimens. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Carbapenem non-susceptible isolates were further screened for production of MBL by DDST, CDT with Imipenem, Meropenem and EDTA,Etest and were then subjected to PCR for detection of MBL genes. Result: Among 94 Carbapenem (resistant to either or both Imipenem and Meropenem) non-susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter 25 (26.59%) were found to be MBL producers. Of 25 MBL-producing isolates, 24% carried the bla(IMP) gene and 76% carried the bla(VIM) gene. All MBL-producing isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion: Our study was intended to find out the prevalence of MBL in Acinetobacter (26.59% of total carbapenem resistant isolates). All the MBL producing isolates were resistant to almost all the group of drugs except Tigecycline(100% sensitivity).This indicate that generally MBL producing isolates carry multidrug resistant integrons. Hence,identification and AST of MBL producing Acinetobacter is essential for proper prophylaxis.

Context: Carbapenemase production is an important mechanism responsible for carbapenem resistance. Aims: Phenotypic detection and differentiation of types of carbapenemase in carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae is important for proper infection control and appropriate patient management. Settings and Design: We planned a study to determine the occurrence of Class A Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC type) and Class B Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL type) carbapenemase in hospital and community. Materials and Methods: Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species and simultaneously evaluate different phenotypic methods for detection of carbapenemases. Results: It was observed that 20.72% clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were resistant to carbapenem on screening of which, 14.64% were E. coli and 29.69% were Klebsiella spp. Using phenotypic confirmatory tests the occurrence of carbapenemase production was found to be 87.01% in E. coli and 91.51% in Klebsiella spp. using both modified Hodge test (MHT) and combined disk test (CDT) using imipenem-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Conclusions: Both MBL and KPC type carbapenemases were seen among clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. CDT is simple, rapid and technically less demanding procedure, which can be used in all clinical laboratories. Supplementing MHT with CDT is reliable phenotypic tests to identify the class A and class B carbapenemase producers.

To determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella species to the most commonly used antibiotics in mid and far western part of Nepal. Stool samples were collected from 458 patients who came from mid and far western region of Nepal, attending OPD & IPD Departments of Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal, between the periods of September 2011 to March 2013. Standard microbiological procedures were used for isolation and identification of Shigella species while the disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the recovered isolates. A total of 65 isolates were identified as Shigella species. Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei were accounted respectively for 43.07%, 27.69%, 21.53% and 7.69% of the total number of Shigella isolated. Resistances to nalidixic acid (95.38%), ampicillin (84.62%), co-trimoxazole (81.54%) and ciprofloxacin (46.15%) were observed. Greater number of isolates (38.46%) was recovered from those aged 1-10 years. This was statistically significant (P<0.05), compared to the other age groups. The study revealed the endemicity of shigellosis with Shigella flexneri as the predominant serogroup. Children were at a higher risk of severe shigellosis. The results also suggest that nalidixic acid, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin should not be used empirically as the first line drugs in the treatment of shigellosis. Periodic analysis of resistance patterns is necessary for the appropriate selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy.

Introduction: Shigellae play an important role in acute gastroenteritis. We report here the findings of Shigella species and relative risk of co-infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) among patients treated for acute gastroenteritis in the mid and far western region of Nepal. Materials and Methods: 507 patients with acute gastroenteritis who presented to the outpatients and inpatients departments of the Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital in Banke in Nepal between September 2011 to April 2013 were included in this study. Stool specimens were collected and processed for Shigella species and Escherichia coli (E. coli ), following standard bacteriological methods at the Central Laboratory of Microbiology. Results: One hundred seventy two isolates were identified as Shigella species (n=69, 40.1%) and E. coli (n=103, 59.9%). Among the Shigella isolated, S. flexneri , S. dysenteriae , S. boydii and S. sonnei accounted for 42.0%, 27.5%, 21.7% and 8.7% respectively. The majority was from children (1-10 years old) accounting for 42.0% (n=29), statistically significant ( p<0.05) compared to the other age groups. Of the E. coli isolates, 11 were EPEC, and seven patients also had Shigella species isolated in patients aged in the 1–10 years (28.6%), 11–20 years (42.9%) and 21-30 years (28.6%). Conclusions: The study revealed the endemicity of Shigellosis with S. flexneri being the predominant serogroup. Children were at a higher risk. The continuous analysis and periodic reporting of Shigella species is important in proper therapy of Shigellosis.

Periodontal disease is a chronic infection of the gums characterised by a loss of attachment between the tooth and bone, and bone loss. C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation is a part of the acute phase response to acute and chronic inflammation. Many epidemiological studies have shown that serum CRP levels were elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis. CRP levels increase to hundreds of μg/ml within hours following infection. It out-performs erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in terms of responsiveness and specificity for inflammation. While CRP elevation is suggestive of inflammation or infection in the appropriate clinical context, it can also occur with obesity and renal dysfunction. Conversely, a lack of CRP elevation in inflammation may be seen with hepatic failure, as well as during flares of conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Introduction: Urinary tract infections are one of the most prevalent infections both in the community and hospital settings. E.coli has emerged as the most common cause of community acquired urinary tract infections(CA-UTI).Study of its antibiotic resistance profile is pertinent for appropriate treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial pattern amongst E.coli isolates causing community acquired urinary tract infections at a tertiary care hospital in Meerut. Methodology: A total of 967 consecutive urine samples were cultured over a period of six months. E.coli was isolated using conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was done for ciprofloxacin, amikacin, ampicillin/sulbactam ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, co-trimoxazole, imipenem,meropenem. Result: Of the 116 positive urine samples, 71 showed growth of E.coli.Furthermore, 35.2% of E.coli were ESBL producers.Antibiotic susceptibility of E.coli showed that 85.9% were susceptible to amikacin, 18.3% to ampicillin, 30.9% to co-trimoxazole, 47.8% to ampicillin/sulbactam, 92.9% to nitrofurantoin, 32.39% to ciprofloxacin,74.6% to meropenem and 100% to imipenem.

Clinico- mycological correlation was carried out in 100 cases of dermatophytosis from Meerut city. Tinea corporis was the commonest clinical type followed by tinea cruris. The overall positivity rate was 51% by culture and 58% by direct microscopy. Trichophyton was the commonest genus isolated (86.3%). Trichophyton rubrum (26%) was the predominant species isolated followed by Trichophyton tonsurans (9%) Epidermophyton floccosum (6%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4%). Maximum numbers of patients were males in the third decade of life, belonging to the middle socio-economic group.

Indole negative Proteus species are invariably incorrectly identified as Proteus mirabilis, often missing out isolates of Proteus penneri. We report a case of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing and multidrug-resistant P. penneri isolated from pus from pressure sore of a patient of road traffic accident. Correct and rapid isolation and identification of such resistant pathogen are important as they are significant nosocomial threat.