Polyphenols, although not classified as nutrients, provide health benefits beyond the mere maintenance of normal health in humans and animals alike. Traditionally, much of the focus in polyphenol research has been their antioxidant property. Of late, polyphenols are receiving greater interest for their potential gut-health promoting effects. The gut microbiota modifies the ingested polyphenols to produce 'microbial derivatives' that are postulated to mediate beneficial effects in the host. Microbial modifications convert the large variety of polyphenols from the diet to fewer end-products. Polyphenol-derived intermediate- and end-products can affect the intestinal ecology as significant constituents are not fully absorbed and are metabolized in the liver and excreted back into the gut through the biliary secretions. Some of these accumulated metabolites may exert prebiotic-like effects on the gut microflora, leading to stimulation of bacterial growth, and in the process, promoting certain probiotic bacteria. The unabsorbed dietary phenolics and their metabolites exert antimicrobial or bacteriostatic activities by selectively inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, while at the same time stimulating the growth of commensal bacteria. This, in turn, leads to an altered microbiota composition in the gut lumen. Eventually, health benefits to the host come directly from the action of the polyphenolic compounds and metabolites on the tissue and organ systems, and indirectly through the positive impact of microbial fermentation. This review thus aims to discuss the benefits of polyphenols from varied sources with a focus on their gut metabolism and the ensuing health promoting effects.

BACKGROUND:This in vitro study aimed to compare the hindgut fermentability and digestibility of four different sources of polyphenols, namely orange (Citrus sinensis) peel (ORP), pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel (PMP), Indian blackberry (Syzygium cumini) pulp (IBP), and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) tuber (JAT), and their influence on the viability of a canine-origin probiotic, Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23. RESULTS:An in vitro gas production test carried out using the four substrates for a period of 72 h with dog faecal inoculum indicated that the total gas production, dry matter, and organic matter digestibility were significantly (P < 0.001) higher with JAT, whereas they were lowest for PMP. Short-chain fatty acids production was significantly higher (P < 0.001) with ORP and JAT, with the least values recorded for PMP. The ammonia-nitrogen production was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with JAT than with ORP, IBP, and PMP, and a lower (P < 0.001) pH was evident with ORP, JAT, and IBP than with PMP. Viability of L. johnsonii CPN23 was tested in the presence of the polyphenol-rich extract from each of the four sources at varying doses (50, 500, 1000, 2500, and 5000 μg mL-1 ). PMP extract showed the highest inhibitory effect on the probiotic bacteria's growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P < 0.001). ORP and IBP extracts were stimulatory at the optimum dosage, whereas JAT reduced probiotic activity significantly at all doses tested. CONCLUSION:Overall, the results indicate a higher hindgut fermentability of JAT, ORP, and IBP, suggesting their potential beneficial effects for gut health application. An interaction study between polyphenol extract and L. johnsonii CPN23 showed a stimulatory effect of polyphenolic extracts from ORP and IBP on probiotic growth at optimal dosage. Consistent with the fermentation study findings, PMP extract reduced the growth of L. johnsonii CPN23 irrespective of the doses tested. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Background: Perforative peritonitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in India. Perforation of the intestines results in the potential for bacterial contamination resulting in peritonitis.Methods: A total of 65 patients (January 2018 to Dec 2018) who presented with features of perforative peritonitis admitted to various surgical units of PES institute of medical sciences, Kuppam were included in this study. The following study was conducted to analyze bacteriology of peritoneal fluid, to assess antibiotic sensitivity pattern, to assess its impact on morbidity, mortality pattern in these cases.Results: Males outnumbered females with a ratio of 4.9:1. The most common site of perforation was pre-pyloric part of stomach (35.3%), followed by an appendix (33.8%). Peritoneal fluid was negative for culture (21.5%) in the majority of cases. Culture was positive for E. coli in 27.6% of cases and Klebsiella in 18.4% of cases, respectively. Majority of the isolated strains were sensitive to cephalosporins, quinolones, aminoglycosides. Most common postoperative complications were wound infection, respiratory complications, death.Conclusions: Studies have shown that delay in management and treatment will affect the prognosis. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is initiated and changed accordingly with peritoneal fluid culture sensitivity reports. This may reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, morbidity, and mortality.

Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease in dogs, caused by obligate intracellular pathogens, Anaplasma platys and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Anaplasmosis is characterized by a variety of clinical symptoms including pyrexia as well as non-symptomatic thrombocytopenia. Advances in molecular techniques have enabled physicians and diagnosticians to use polymerase chain reaction for identification of theses pathogens in dogs. A total of 80 samples collected from the veterinary clinics in Bengaluru were considered for the study for screening Anaplasma platys and Anaplasma phagocytophilum by polymerase chain reaction. Seventeen out of eighty samples were positive for A. platys. Co-infection of A. platys with Babesia gibsoni and Ehrlichia canis was also reported in this study. Anaplasma platys positive samples were confirmed by sequencing and submitted to GenBank. No samples were found positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the current study.

Background: Urolithiasis is one of the most common afflictions of genito-urinary tract affecting almost 5-15% of the world population. Nearly 50% of patients affected will have recurrence within 5 years, making it a lifetime disease. This study was undertaken to know the clinical epidemiology and to evaluate different management modalities with immediate postoperative outcomes of ureteric calculi.Methods: This was a descriptive prospective observational study done at PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam for a period of 2 years. A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined and followed. Initial assessment, basic investigations with specific investigations for ureteric calculi confirmation were done. Relevant operative procedure was done and patients were managed post operatively.Results: The most common age group affected was between 31-50 years with male predominance in our study. Pain abdomen was the presenting complaints seen in all the patients. Lower 1/3rd of ureter was the commonly involved site. URSL (ureteroscopic lithotripsy) was the choice of treatment for ureteric and vesico-ureteric junction calculi and PCNL/PBPCNL (percutaneous nephrolithostomy/push back percutaneous nephrolithostomy) was the treatment of choice for calculi at pelvi-ureteric junction and upper 1/3rd of ureter with size >1 cm. The success rate of the surgical procedures done in our study was 80-100%.Conclusions: Increasing prevalence of calculi in younger age group and in female population may be due to westernization, modern lifestyle and change in dietary habits. Having the knowledge of newer techniques will help surgeons to individualise the treatment which will improve success rate and reduce morbidity.

The present study was conducted to optimize oral doses of fat- and water-soluble vitamins in cattle using in vitro gas production model and to ascertain their effects on dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility, and rumen microbial protein (RMBP) synthesis. Doses optimized using the in vitro model were 3.66, 6.78, 16.3, 41.1, 3.87, 0.323, 4.12, and 0.055 mg/kg DMI, respectively, for thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and B12 and 500 IU/kg DMI for vitamin K. Thirty-two adult, nonproducing Deoni cows (375 ± 13.4 kg body weight, BW) were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 8) and fed a basal diet (CON) or diets supplemented with in vitro optimized doses of water-soluble (WS), fat-soluble (FS), or both (WSFS) vitamins. The DMI values in WS and WSFS were higher than that of FS (92.6 and 96.17 vs. 82.85 g/kg BW0.75; P = 0.048) but comparable to CON (90.34 g/kg BW0.75). The purine derivative creatinine index was significantly higher in the WSFS group compared to CON (270.3 vs. 224.6; P = 0.035). Oral supplementation of optimized doses of vitamins as derived from in vitro trials improved DMI and RMBP production in Deoni cows.

A study was conducted to observe the effect of oral supplementation of optimized doses of vitamins on the somatic cell count (SCC), haematology and milk production in Deoni cows.Thirty-two Deoni cows (second parity) in their peak lactation (four weeks post-calving) were randomly divided into four groups (n=8) based on milk production (3.17±0.18kg/day) and fed with a basal diet (CON) and/or supplemented with optimized doses of water-soluble (WS), fat-soluble (FS) vitamins, or both (WSFS).Oral dose of vitamins were optimized using in vitro gas production model and reported earlier.No significant influence of oral vitamin supplementation was observed on the milk yield, composition and haematology.However, the SCC reduced significantly (P<0.05) with supplementation, with highest reduction in the WS group.The SCC values after the trial were higher compared to that before trial only in CON.The results underlined the influence of oral vitamin supplementation on the SCC and thereby udder health.

Background: Liver abscess is a cavity resulting from suppuration following invasion and multiplication of microorganisms. In tropical countries like India, pyogenic and amoebic liver abscesses are common clinical problems and an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Approach in management has changed with advances in radiological interventions. Image guided percutaneous drainage is nowadays increasingly used as treatment modality with high success rate. This study was undertaken to know the efficacy of various modalities of treatment (conservative and minimally invasive).Methods: This was a descriptive prospective observational study done at PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam for a period of 2 years. A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined and followed. Initial assessment, basic investigations with specific investigations (Ultrasonography-USG) were done. Relevant treatment modality was given and patients were followed up for a period of 1 month.Results: A total of 72 patients were included in this study. Majority of the patients were between the age groups of 31 to 50 years with male predominance. The most common presenting symptoms were fever and pain abdomen. Success rate was 83.3% with Percutaneous needle aspiration (PNA) and 90% with Percutaneous (pigtail) catheter drainage (PCD).Conclusions: Image guided modalities of treatment (PNA and PCD) have decreased the need for surgical procedures which are associated with higher rate of morbidity and mortality. These procedures have also decreased the complications of liver abscess like rupture, sepsis and are also cost-effective.

B vitamin supplementation in ruminants is ignored conventionally following an earlier observation that they are synthesized in adequate quantities in the rumen by rumen microbes. Recent researchers reported that major cellulolytic organisms in the rumen had specific requirements for certain B vitamins. Apart from the requirements of the rumen microbes, high producing cattle also require a higher amount of vitamins to maintain their productivity and health. Sub-clinical vitamin deficiencies often go unnoticed due to the lack of proper clinical symptoms. The present review aimed at providing an update on B vitamin nutrition to cattle.

Livestock and especially ruminants accounts for up to one-third of the emitted methane worldwide (IPCC, 2007). Methane (CH4) from agriculture arises primarily from enteric fermentation. Therefore, ruminants are responsible for enteric emissions of CH4 during the normal digestive process. Among ruminants, cattle are the major contributor to greenhouse effect through CH4 emission followed by sheep and goats (Charmley et al., 2008). Fermentation CH4 is the sum of enteric CH4 and manure CH4 (Mihina et al., 2012). Enteric fermentation is a large source of methane, which has a global warming potential 28 times as strong as that of CO2 on a 100-year time horizon (Stocker et al., 2013). It has been proven to be the second most anthropogenic greenhouse gas (Turner et al., 2016) that accounts for a significant energy loss to the ruminants i.e. about 2-15% of feed energy (Hess et al., 2004). It accounts for 1737 % of anthropogenic CH4 (Sejian et al., 2011) from ruminants and its emission depends on several factors like animal species, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 07 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Micro minerals are those which are required in minute amount (<100mg/Kg DM) for optimum health and reproductive performance of animals. Various minerals (copper, selenium, manganese, iodine, zinc, and chromium) can influence reproductive performance of animals. It has been suggested that deficiency of micronutrients alter reproductive performance of animals by reducing the activity of rumen microflora, reduction in enzyme activity affecting energy and protein metabolism, synthesis of hormones, antioxidants function and the integrity of rapidly dividing cells within the reproductive system. Most of the feeds and fodder available in India are deficient in one or more micro elements so there is need of supplementation of micro minerals in the ration of farm animals either in the form of mineral mixture or based on the status of soil, feed and fodder of particular region as an area specific mineral mixture.

Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic that has been used extensively for treating methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated infections. However, the prevalence of resistance to mupirocin is being increasingly found due to its irrational and widespread use. Retapamulin: a pleuromutilin antibacterial agent is an effective topical antibiotic against these resistant strains. This study was carried out to determine the rates of resistance to mupirocin in MRSA isolates in our patient population, and to estimate the association of such resistance and resistance to other classes of antimicrobial agents in order to consider the effect of the use of mupirocin on the selection of antimicrobial resistant strains. This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at VIMS & RC, Bengaluru. 200 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were recovered from various clinical specimens from out patients and in patients admitted into various wards and intensive care units. Isolation and identification of isolates S. aureus isolated from clinical specimens were identified according to the standard laboratory operating procedures. Antimicrobial sensitivity was determined by the Vitek 2 K automated system. All tests and quality assurance procedures were performed and interpreted according to the standards set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). For fusidic acid and retapamulin The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria was used. For the macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B (MLSB) phenotype (inducible clindamycin resistance encoded by the plasmid-borne gene, erm) was determined by the disc approximation test, clindamycin was reported to be resistant. Mupirocin resistance testing was done by disc diffusion with disc concentration of 5μg and 200μg. Among the 200 Staphylococcus aureus isolates 108 (54%) were MRSA, highest percentage of MRSA strains were from blood isolates (62%), followed by aspirated fluids and pus (59 % and 56 % respectively). Of the 108 MRSA strains, 26 (24%) were mupirocin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MupRSA). Mupirocin resistance was not detected in methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. High-level mupirocin resistance was observed in 11% and low-level resistance in 13% of the 108 isolates. Higher prevalence of high level mupirocin resistance was from blood isolates followed by pus (45% and 36.3% respectively), low level mupirocin resistance was maximum seen in the isolates from respiratory secretions (46%). MupRSA was more frequently isolated from ICUs and surgical wards. The mupirocin resistant MRSA strains exhibited resistance to other class of antibiotics also: ampicillin (90%), ciprofloxacin (88%), erythromycin (86%), co trimoxazole (73%). However fusidic acid, vancomycin and linezolid showed sensitivity of 99%, 96% and 96% respectively. All the strains were sensitive to retapamulin. Increase in mupirocin resistance among MRSA isolates is a matter of concern. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are important to address excessive or inappropriate antimicrobial usage. Alternative agents to mupirocin should be considered to counteract the clinical failure of decolonization regimens and to prevent the selection of multiple resistant strains.

Ruminants accounts for up to one-third of the emitted methane worldwide. Over the decade, various methods have been developed with the purpose of measuring and estimating methane emissions from ruminants. These methods have advantages and disadvantages- none of them is perfect: Some are expensive, some cheaper; some suitable for grazing animals, some for housed ruminants; some can handle many animals, some only few. This all will ultimately affect our results and their interpretation. It is therefore, important to know the potential and limitations of each method. In this review, commonly used methods for measuring methane emission have been discussed along with their pros and cons. In addition, this review compares different estimation approaches that are commonly used.

A study was conducted to assess the effect of zinc nanoparticles on plane of nutrition and weight of vital organs in guinea pigs. The treatments, groups (T1, control (inorganic zinc; ZnSO4); T2, organic Zn (Zn methionine), commercial zinc nanoparticle (T3), two zinc nanoparticles prepared in our laboratory (T4, T5) were formed with six guinea pigs in each group (289±3.5 g body weight) in a completely randomized design. They were each supplemented with 20 mg Zn per kg feed on dry matter basis for 90 days experimental period. The results showed that supplementation of 20 ppm Zn nanoparticles had no beneficial effect on plane of nutrition and weights of vital organs were also comparable in all the treatment groups.

As we know from the previous studies that the bioavailability minerals from its inorganic sources is quite low so these minerals are added 20-30 fold higher than the normal requirement of animals which can lead to excess excretion of these minerals in the stool the stool resulting in environmental pollution Furthermore, it may affect the balance of other minerals. So, alternative like organic sources of minerals are studied which are having much higher bioavailability than inorganic sources of minerals however, organic sources of minerals are much costlier than traditional inorganic sources. Recently, it has been demonstrated that material at nano meter dimension exhibit novel properties different from its normal sized particles. such as, greater specific surface area, higher surface activity, high catalytic efficiency and stronger adsorbing ability which due to the advantage of size effect and high surface reactivity, nanoparticles are already use in pharmaceutical applications to increase the bioavailability of drugs and targeting therapeutic agents to particular organs. However, so far, very little information is available on the suitability and efficacy of nanoparticles of minerals in the diet of the animals.

Background: Though rare in western countries the incidence of penile cancer in India is much higher and can represent 10-20% of malignant diseases in men ranging from 0.7-3 per 100,000. Important risk factors include phimosis, chronic inflammatory conditions, treatment with sporalene and ultraviolet A photo chemotherapy, smoking, sexual history and HPV DNA. Smegma as a carcinogen has been clearly excluded. In our country where incidence of inguinal nodes are high due to bare foot walking and infection, there must be balance between loosing patients from lack of follow-up and presenting later with inoperable inguinal nodes and the morbidity of a groin dissection.Methods: This is 5 year retrospective study of carcinoma penis from a single institute (2007-2012). 50 cases have been included in this study. 20 of the 50 cases had clinically significant nodes of which only 14 cases were fine needle aspiration cytology positive nodes and they had been addressed with an inguinal block dissection in the same sitting with the primary. In first 6 months 8 cases had positive nodes on follow-up and between 6 months to 2 years 10 patients developed node recurrence and underwent block dissection.Results: Median follow-up was 21.8 months. Among these 6 patients lost to follow up. All the follow up patients who underwent surgery on later date had one or more of these factors: High primary tumour grade, > pT2 status, lymphovascular invasion, pelvic lymph node involvement, extra nodal extension. Pelvic lymph node dissection was done in 4 patients. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given in 12 patients (37%) and chemotherapy in 4 patients (12%). Overall 5-year cancer specific survival was 61%. Men with extra nodal extension and pelvic lymph node involvement had significantly decreased 5-year cancer specific survival compared with men without it (42% vs. 80%). Complications of inguinal block dissections were flap necrosis, wound infection, seroma formation, lymphedema and deep vein thrombosis. Recognised adverse prognostic factors for survival in carcinoma penis were pathological T stage (>T2), differentiation grade (high grade > low grade), positive margin status, extra nodal extension, 4 or more unilateral metastatic inguinal nodes, bilateral versus unilateral metastatic involvement and pelvic lymph node involvement.Conclusions: In Indian population, cases with carcinoma penis are generally of higher T status on presentation. Lymph nodes were palpable in majority of cases but most were not pathologically positive. Prophylactic block dissections are not practical as it carries its own morbidity and complications. High incidence of pathologically positive nodes were seen in patients with high grade, T status and lymphovascular invasion.

Background: Phyllodes tumor of breast is characterized by its tendency to recur locally and occasionally to metastasize. Local recurrence and distant metastasis are occasional, but consistent. The aim of this study was to determine factors that would predict local recurrence and distant metastasis in this uncommon neoplasm. Materials and Methods: Data from 57 patients treated for phyllodes tumors from January 2004 to December 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Patient characteristics, pathologic variables and surgical procedures were investigated as predictors of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Results: The median age of the patients was 46 years. 24 patients were pre and 33 were post menopausal. Right breast was involved in 33 and left in 24 patients. Central quadrant was most commonly involved ( 24 patients). Simple mastectomy was done in 36 while 21 patients had wide local excision done. 6 cases were benign, 24 borderline and 27 of malignant histiotype. 18 patients completed adjuvant radiotherapy. Mean follow up was 10.3 months (1-48months). Local recurrence occurred in 9 cases while 6 cases had distant metastasis. The histiotype, cellular atypia, tumor necrosis, stromal overgrowth and mitotic count were predictive for both local recurrence and distant metastasis.Conclusion: The histiotype, cellular atypia, tumor necrosis, stromal overgrowth and mitotic count were the principal determinants of local recurrence and distant metastasis. The type of surgery and margin status were also important factors for local recurrence and distant metastasis respectively.