Background: The nursing professional work environment is known to have a lot of job stress factors (stressors),that has continuously caused devastating health hazards and lack of job satisfaction among nurses (Leatt and Schneck, 2014). Understanding the impact of job stress on nurses’ job satisfaction will help managements, hospital policy makers and nurse administrators develop appropriate strategies and programmes that would improve nurse’s health and job satisfaction. Purpose: The study was carried out to determine the impact of job stress on nurses’ job satisfaction in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Methods: A self-developed questionnaire was administered to 115 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Results: of the 115 respondents 107 (93.04%) were females. 66 (57.39%) were between ages 20-39 years. 86 (74.78%) were married; 68 (59.13%) respondents had diploma, while 47 (40.87%) had BNsc, 13 (11.30%) had Bsc in other disciplines or Post graduate qualification. 29 (25.22%) respondents were NO11, 23 (20%) were SNO, 19 (16.52%). Chi square (x2) analysis revealed significant relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among nurses (P<0.05). Work hazards, work load and conflicting multiple role demands emerged as stressful factors that contributed significantly to nurses’ job satisfaction. Conclusion: Work place policies that promote nurses autonomy, good nursing leadership and supervision, Implementation of WHO nurse -patient ratio of (1:4) can facilitate stress free work environment for nurses, and translate to positive health for nurses decrease lack of job satisfaction, increase nurses productivity, efficiency and quality of care.

Context: Maternal mortality is still a major problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Majority of these deaths are however preventable. Objectives: To assess the impact of the prevention of maternal mortality (PMM) programme carried out in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital in 1994. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of maternal mortality records in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital during the pre-intervention years (1992-1994) and the post-intervention years (1995-1997). Results: There were 10,887 deliveries and 116 maternal deaths giving a maternal mortality ratio of 1,070 per 100,000 deliveries. The main causes of death were obstetric haemorrhage (25%), septic abortion (12.1%) and ruptured uterus (10.3%). These interventions were assessed as effective based on at least a 50% reduction in the case fatality rate (CFR) and were effective for obstetric haemorrhage (81.9% reduction in CFR, OR = 5.5), obstructed labour(80.5% reduction in CFR, OR =5.6), ruptured uterus (74.8% reduction in CFR, OR = 4) and eclampsia (54.2% reduction in CFR, OR = 2.2). Conclusion: Access to prompt and affordable emergency obstetric care by all pregnant women will result in a reduction in our high maternal mortality rates.

All the patients who had vaginal breech delivery at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar over a 10 year period were reviewed. The aim was to determine the incidence of breech delivery and evaluate the perinatal outcome following vaginal breech delivery. Relavant information was obtained from the case notes of patients who had vaginal breech delivery. The incidence of singleton breech delivery during the study period was 1.41% and 69.34% of these had vaginal breech delivery. The perinatal mortality rate was 158/1000 births. Majority of vaginal breech deliveries occurred in multiparous women (56.8%) and at term (61.1%). The perinatal outcome was worse in babies who weighed above 3.5kg (50.0%), in those born to multiparous women (57.4%) and in those delivered by senior registrars (50.0%). There is need for the involvement of consultant obstetricians in the antenatal evaluation of all patients with breech presentation. Monitoring during labour and conduct of delivery must be by an obstetrician experienced in the art of vaginal breech delivery. Vaginal breech delivery should become part of every labour ward fire drill and appropriate training sessions should be organized for all obstetric residents. Key Words: Perinatal outcome, vaginal breech delivery, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Mary Slessor Journal of Medicine Vol.4(1) 2004: 81-85

The rising caesarean section rate is becoming a cause for concern among many obstetricians all over the world more so in developing countries where there is strong aversion to caesarean section. A five year study was conducted between 1998 to 2002 to evaluate incidence of caesarean section in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital and factors that influence the rising trend in caesarean section rate in our environment and also to find out the case fatality rate associated with this surgical operation. Caesarean section accounted for 19.8% of the total deliveries while spontaneous vaginal delivery accounted for 75.6%. Other modes of deliveries included assisted breech delivery (2.8%), vacuum (1.5%), forceps – (0.5%), destructive operations (0.14%). The caesarean section rate increased progressively from 17.9% in 1998 to 21.9% in 2002. Emergency caesarean sections (80.0%) were more frequently performed than elective cases (20.0%). Majority of the patients (82.9%) were booked while only 17.1% were unbooked. The commonest indication for emergency caesarean section was obstructed labour due to cephalopelvic disproportion (25%), followed closely by fetal distress (13.9%). The case fatality from caesarean section was calculated as 1.29%. It is obvious that there is increase in the caesarean section rate in our environment, which is in line with what is happening in the developed countries where the operation is more liberally used. In consonance with finding in other Teaching Hospitals, caesarean section appears to be on the increase in Nigeria. Although it has been suggested that increased rates of caesarean section would reduce the unusually high perinatal mortality in this area, this has not been subjected to objective scientific analysis. Keywords : caesarean section, cephalopelvic disproportion, obstructed labour Mary Slessor Journal of Medicine Vol. 5(1), 2005: 41-45

Three hundred and seventeen pregnant women managed in the maternity section of the University of Teaching Hospital, Calabar as a result of motorcycle accidents were assessed to determine maternal and perinatal complications and outcome of such pregnancies. The incidence of 6.6% of all deliveries was established with a rising trend over the years of 3.3% in 2001 to 8.7% in 2003. Married (42.3%), civil servants (34.6%) and multiparous (59.6%) women were more prone to having accidents in pregnancy. Risk was increased among those who sat more than one as passengers (40.3%) or sideways (42.3%) and in the third trimester of pregnancy (40.4%). Even though majority had uneventful pregnancy (62.5%) and normal deliveries (59.6%) some had life threatening complications such as abruptio placentae , ruptured uterus and 21.1% were delivered by caesarean section. Pregnant women in the third trimester or in labour should be the only passenger on motorcycle and sit astride. Strict enforcement of traffic laws by the relevant authority ensuring that only those properly trained and licensed are allowed to operate commercial motorcycle transports. Pregnant women irrespective of gestational age and degree of trauma should report in the obstetric emergency unit for proper assessment to avoid overlooking life-threatening injuries. Keywords : motorcycle accidents, pregnancy complications Mary Slessor Journal of Medicine Vol. 5 (1), 2005: 46-50

Five hundred and sixty high school students from five secondary schools in Calabar, Nigeria were studied for antibiotic usage. Questionnaires where administered to determine the following parameters: Knowledge of antibiotics, types of infections for which antibiotics were taken, sources of prescription and procurement of antibiotics, antibiotic dosage and first part of call on taking ill. Analysis of responses using Chi Square showed that the most patronized sources of antibiotics where patent medicine dealers (36%) and friends/relations (32.5%). Procurement of antibiotics from these sources was significantly higher than procurement from hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies (P=0.05). Antibiotic usage by today's high school students portends gross misuse with consequent great public health threats in the future. There is need for urgent measures to stem the trend. Definite antibiotic policies must be established to prevent the great ease of procuring antibiotics without prescription from unqualified medical personnel. Key Words: Antibiotics, Misuse, Students [Mary Slessor Jnl of Medicine Vol.3(1) 2003: 72-74]

Women who booked for antenatal care at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar, but delivered outside orthodox health facilities were studied. The aims were to determine the pattern of maternal morbidity and mortality in them and to compare this with the pattern in women who booked and delivered at UCTH. One hundred and eighteen of the defaulters traced (35.1%) had complications compared with 34 (10.1%) of the control. Only 32.2% of these defaulters with complications presented in orthodox health facilities for treatment. The major complications in the study group were: perineal tear (19.0%); primary postpartum haemorrhage (12.5%); and puerperal sepsis (5.4%). These were significantly higher in the study group than in the controls (P<0.001). Maternal mortality ratio of 6.0 per 1000 live births was recorded in the study group, but there was no death in the control. Health education and public enlightenment campaigns emphasising universal antenatal care along with delivery in orthodox health facilities are strongly advocated.

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 70, Issue 3 p. 381-383 Brief communication Effects of community and health facility interventions on postpartum hemorrhage S.J Etuk, S.J Etuk Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorE.E.J Asuquo, E.E.J Asuquo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author S.J Etuk, S.J Etuk Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorE.E.J Asuquo, E.E.J Asuquo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 August 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00211-3Citations: 4 Corresponding author Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume70, Issue3September 2000Pages 381-383 RelatedInformation

During the study period (July 1988 to June 1993), 707 laparoscopies were performed in the maternity annex of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Fifty-eight (8.2%) were for pelvic pain. Some of the cases of pelvic pain were laparoscoped only after failure of other investigative procedures and medical treatment. In 45 (77.6%) definitive diagnoses were made and 37 of these became asymptomatic after definitive treatment following the laparoscopy. Of the 12 (20.69%) with no detectable abnormalities, four became asymptomatic with explanation and reassurance. All the patients with unruptured and the two with ruptured ectopic pregnancy were managed without the need for blood transfusion. Most of the diagnostic laparoscopies were performed on a day-case basis. A complication rate of 1.7% was recorded. A more liberal use of the procedure in the investigation of pelvic pain in women is advocated.

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 67, Issue 2 p. 103-105 Brief communication Maternal mortality from obstructed labor in south-eastern Nigeria: the role of spiritual churches E.J. Udoma, E.J. Udoma Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar, Calaber, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorE.E.J. Asuquo, E.E.J. Asuquo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar, Calaber, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorM.I. Ekott, M.I. Ekott Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar, Calaber, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author E.J. Udoma, E.J. Udoma Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar, Calaber, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorE.E.J. Asuquo, E.E.J. Asuquo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar, Calaber, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this authorM.I. Ekott, M.I. Ekott Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Calabar, Calaber, NigeriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 October 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(99)00098-3Citations: 7 Corresponding author Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume67, Issue2November 1999Pages 103-105 RelatedInformation

Objective: To establish the role played by spiritual churches in the observed increase rate of antenatal clinic default in Calabar, Nigeria.Design: Cross sectional comparative study.Setting: Calabar, an urban community, the capital of Cross River State in south-eastern part of Nigeria.Subjects: Women who booked for antenatal care in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital but delivered outside orthodox health facilities.Results: A total of 44.3%, of our antenatal clinic defaulters delivered in spiritual churches. Fear of spiritual attack by wicked people and prophetic warning in church (48.3%) and high hospital bills (26.8%) were the major reasons for this act. Perineal tear, primary postpartum haemorrhage and prolonged labour were associated more with delivery in church than hospital delivery or home delivery or delivery by TBAs (p<0.01), Birth asphyxia and birth trauma were also significantly higher in church than hospital and other unorthodox delivery centres (p<0.01), All the maternal deaths occurred in church and perinatal mortality was higher in church than other delivery facilities.Conclusion: The spiritual churches play a major role in the increasing rate of antenatal clinic default in Calabar, The pregnancy outcome in these spiritual churches is worse than when delivered in hospital, by TBAs or at home. Adequate health education; reduction in delivery fees in hospitals and general improvement in the socio-economic status of the populace may help reduce these high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in the spiritual churches.