Arthropoda memiliki peran penting dalam fungsi ekologi. Laba-laba merupakansalah satu arthropoda yang umumnya menjadi predator di agroekosistem.Sebagaimana beberapa penelitian terdahulu, laba-laba diketahui sebagai penekanhama di lahan pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuikeanekaragaman dan karakteristik laba-laba di lahan jagung. Di setiap lokasi, labalabadikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode semi kuantitatif dan perangkapjebakan. Sebanyak 438 spesimen dewasa dikumpulkan dari 40 plot. Analisis surveiarthropoda laba-laba yang ditemukan di lahan jagung di Bogor menunjukkanadanya 67 spesies dari 53 genus dan 17 famili. Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan lebihbanyak pada fase generatif tanaman jagung dibandingkan dengan fase vegetatif.Keanekaragaman laba-laba dipengaruhi oleh umur tanaman dan vegetasi nontanaman.Oxyopidae, Lycosidae, dan Linyphiidae merupakan famili laba-labadengan kelimpahan tertinggi, selain itu Lycosidae dan Linyphidae adalah famililaba-laba yang memiliki kekayaan jenis laba-laba tertinggi di lahan jagung.

Kutu putih Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) merupakan salah satu hama yang paling dominan pada tanaman singkong (Manihot esculenta). Hama ini pertama kali terdeteksi di Indonesia pada tahun 2008. Parasitoid Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) merupakan agens hayati eksotik yang potensial mengendalikan kutu putih di banyak negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika penekanan populasi P. marginatus oleh musuh alami di lapang. Monitoring dilakukan dengan cara mengamati 50 tanaman contoh setiap bulannya. Peubah yang diamati meliputi insidensi serangan dan populasi kutu putih, persentase parasitasi dan hiperparasitasi serta populasi predator pada tiga kebun singkong selama 12 bulan berturut-turut. Insidensi serangan dan tingkat serangan kutu putih tertinggi masing-masing sebesar 26% dan 64% terjadi pada musim kemarau. Parasitoid A. papayae mampu menekan populasi P. marginatus antara 1-15 ekor per tanaman dengan tingkat parasitisasi 9-16%. Dinamika parasitisasi parasitoid bergantung pada kelimpahan kutu putih di lapangan. Hiperparasitoid yang ditemukan menyerang parasitoid tersebut adalah Chartocerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) dan Prochiloneurus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Hiperparasitisasi Chartocerus sp. pada A. papayae berkisar 0.87-1.05%, sedangkan hiperparasitisasi Prochiloneurus sp. pada A. papayae berkisar 0.47-1.35% per tanaman. Predator Plesiochrysa ramburi dan Cryptolaemus montrouzieri sangat rendah populasinya di lapangan sehingga tidak memberikan dampak yang nyata terhadap fluktuasi populasi kutu putih.

Rice stem borers (RSB) cause the same damage symptoms and occur through the season and time. During the off-season for rice, these stem borers are not well-known. The research aims to determine the effect of fallowing rice on the presence of rice stem borers and their parasitoids, the potential for RSB infestation, and their parasitoid on subsequent rice seedlings in nurseries at Karawang Regency, West Java. Several variables are observed, including the number of rice stem borer larvae on stubbles, egg masses, the percentage of parasitized eggs, and the number of adults of rice stem borer in nurseries. The results show that species of rice stem borer on the fallow rice are Scirpophaga incertulas and Sesamia inferens. The population of S. incertulas is significantly higher on long rice fallow. The height of the paddy stubble at the two locations is not very different. However, the infested stubble in the short fallow period is higher than those in the long fallow. Eggs of S. incertulas whose high percentage hatched and parasitized, are primarily found in nurseries of areas with long fallow. There are three species of parasitoids identified.

Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) is an endo-specific parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. The objective of the study was to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of parasitoids by estimating the parameters of functional response. A fertile female of A. lopezi was tested on the 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs of P. manihoti with six groups of densities (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mealybugs) in the laboratory. The estimation of the logistic regression analysis showed A. lopezi exhibited type II functional response on the 2nd or 3rd instar, both for parasitism and host-feeding. A random parasitoid equation model was used to fit the data. The search rate of A. lopezi (a) was 0.0332 and 0.0281 per hour on 2nd instar nymphs, 0.0565 and 0.0068 per hour on 3rd instar nymphs for parasitism and host-feeding, respectively. The estimated handling times (Th) on the 2nd instar were 1.9998 and 0.4557 h on the 2nd instar, and 1.205 and 4.1265 h on the 3rd instar mealybugs for parasitism and host -feeding, respectively. The parasitism of A. lopezi showed a significantly different in the 95% confidence interval for the parameter a and Th among 2nd-instar and 3rd-instar nymphs. Our study contributed to a better understanding insight of the host-parasitoid relationships and can be used for mass-rearing purposes than for A. lopezi mass-release programs under field conditions.

The most dominant mealybug species found on cassava is Phenacoccus manihoti. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi is a biological agent of P. manihoti in many countries. Monitoring the incidence and population of mealybug and the percentage of parasitization were done, as well as the population of ants and predator insects for 12 consecutive months. The highest incidence and attack rate of mealybugs were 26 and 64%, respectively, during the dry season. A. lopezi was able to suppress the population of P. manihoti between 2-17 individuals per plant with a parasitization rate varied from 12 to 46%. Our study showed that the parasitization rate of A. lopezi increased significantly with the increase in mealybug density. Predators P. ramburi and C. montrouzieri were found in low populations and have not had a significant impact on the mealybug population. Our study demonstrated the important role of natural enemies in suppressing the mealybug population on cassava

Islands offer exclusive prisms for an experimental investigation of biodiversity x ecosystem function interplay. Given that species in upper trophic layers, e.g., arthropod predators, experience a comparative disadvantage on small, isolated islands, such settings can help to clarify how predation features within biotic resistance equations. Here, we use observational and manipulative studies on a chain of nine Indonesian islands to quantify predator-mediated biotic resistance against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Across island settings, a diverse set of generalist lacewing, spider and ladybeetle predators aggregates on P. manihoti infested plants, attaining max. (field-level) abundance levels of 1.0, 8.0 and 3.2 individuals per plant, respectively. Though biotic resistance—as imperfectly defined by a predator/prey ratio index—exhibits no inter-island differences, P. manihoti population regulation is primarily provided through an introduced monophagous parasitoid. Meanwhile, resident predators, such as soil-dwelling ants, inflict apparent mortality rates up to 100% for various S. frugiperda life stages, which translates into a 13- to 800-fold lower S. frugiperda survivorship on small versus large islands. While biotic resistance against S. frugiperda is ubiquitous along the island chain, its magnitude differs between island contexts, seasons and ecological realms, i.e., plant canopy vs. soil surface. Hence, under our experimental context, generalist predators determine biotic resistance and exert important levels of mortality even in biodiversity-poor settings. Given the rapid pace of biodiversity loss and alien species accumulation globally, their active conservation in farmland settings (e.g., through pesticide phasedown) is pivotal to ensuring the overall resilience of production ecosystems.

Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an invasive pest that is very detrimental to cassava cultivation in Indonesia. Control efforts by utilizing natural enemies of the parasitoid have succeeded in overcoming the cassava mealybug in 25 countries such as in Africa and Thailand. The purpose of this study was to specifically evaluate the potential for parasitoid species associated with the mealybug P. manihoti by (1) determining the level of parasitization against mealybugs on various varieties of cassava, (2) determining parasitoid preference for P. manihoti instars, and (3) determining the type of parasitoid. This study was undertaken in the field to re-evaluate the kinds of parasitoids associated with cassava pests, and in the laboratory to assess the amount of parasitization, predilection, and functional response of parasitoids to P. manihoti population density. The findings revealed three of parasitoids linked with P. manihoti in the field: Anagyrus lopezi, Acerophagus sp., and Blepyrus sp. The parasitoid A. lopezi had the greatest parasitization rate in the field, which was 18.67 %. Furthermore, the parasitoids A. lopezi and Blepyrus sp. preferred 3rd instar nymphs, but Acerophagus sp. preferred 2nd instar nymphs. The parasitoid A. lopezi demonstrated a type-III functional response, while Acerophagus sp. and Blepyrus sp. demonstrated a type-II functional response. The handling capacity (Th) of A. lopezi is the shortest at 3.42 minutes. This work is a comprehensive study of the parasitoid A. lopezi's potential as a biological agent, highlighting how it effectively suppresses P. manihoti on various cassava varieties in Bali, providing an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and applicable control in tropical countries.

Parasitoid A. lopezi dintroduksikan ke Indonesia pada 2014 untuk mengendalikan kutu putih asing invasif P. manihoti. A. lopezi berinteraksi dengan predator P. ramburi dan C. montrouzieri pada pertanaman singkong yang terserang kutu putih P. manihoti. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh interferensi kedua predator terhadap keefektifan A. lopezi pada P. manihoti. Percobaan dilakukan di dalam laboratorium dengan menggunakan cawan petri dan kurungan serangga. Nimfa kutu putih instar-3 dipaparkan pada kedua predator selama 24 jam. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap perilaku parasitoid dan tingkat pemangsaan predator. Kehadiran predator berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan masa kunjungan, masa penemuan inang, dan jumlah telur yang berhasil diletakkan oleh A. lopezi pada nimfa kutu putih. Kedua larva predator mampu memangsa kutu putih yang tidak terparasit dan yang terparasit umur 1-8 hari. Predator mampu mendikriminasi kutu putih yang terparasit umur 14 hari (mumi). Pemangsaan predator terjadi pada kutu putih yang terparasit umur 1-, 3-, dan 8- hari. Kombinasi parasitoid dengan kedua predator menunjukkan adanya interaksi antagonis. Kehadiran predator P. ramburi dan C. mountrouzieri menurunkan tingkat parasitisme A. lopezi pada P. manihoti.

Leaf miners, Liriomyza spp., have developed as a severe pest in recent years, reducing the production of several ornamental and crops in Indonesia. As a result, monitoring and control mechanisms have been proposed. This research aimed to investigate community structure and identify Liriomyza spp., which impacts crops and natural parasitoids in Bali Province. Leaf samples of vegetables, ornamental plants, and related species were collected in all regencies/cities of Bali Province in 2019 and 2020 and preserved in the laboratory for observation and counting of leaf miners and related parasitoids. The findings revealed that four Liriomyza spp. were detected in host plants, namely Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Liriomyza chinensis Kato (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Asteraceae species were the most common host plants attacked by leaf miners in the field. The same occurrence was discovered at both heights (high and lowlands). The dry season is the most crucial component in the abundance of Liriomyza spp. In addition, parasitoids of the type Opius cromatomiyae Belokobylskij and Wharton (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Hemiptarsenun varicornis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were identified in abundance in Asteraceae plants. Similarly, the parasitization rate of the two parasitoids was found to be high in plants of the Asteraceae and Brassicae families. This approach highlights the decision-making process for controlling Liriomyza spp. on diverse host plant families by developing ecologically beneficial and sustainable parasitoids.

Anagyrus lopezi is a specialist parasitoid was introduced to Indonesia in 2014 to control cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Plesiochrysa ramburi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri are generalist predator insects associated with the mealybug. Intraguild predation is a crucial competition in an insect community. The study objective was to investigate interference of both predators on healthy mealybug (unparasitized) or parasitized mealybug by A. lopezi (mealybug which containing parasitoid larvae 1-, 3-, 8-, and 14-day old). Experiments were carried out in a non-choice test (served only one unparasitized or parasitized mealybug of a specific parasitoid age) and choice test (unparasitized and parasitized mealybug of a specific parasitoid age together) in laboratory under controlled environmental conditions. Both of predators species able to fed on both unparasitized and parasitized mealybugs of three different age (1-, 3-, and 8- day-old), but both predators discriminated against mealybug were parasitized 14-day old (hardened mummies). Interaction between parasitoid of A. lopezi and both predators showed antagonistic interaction type. We recommended A. lopezi should be released in field at the beginning of the time when the population of the mealybug is still low and could be continued with the predators release when the mealybug population is high.

Abstract. Lia M, Rauf A, Hindayana D. 2021. Comparisons of the composition of spider assemblages in three vegetation habitats in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 244-255. Vegetation structures are known to influence the microclimate and consequently the invertebrate assemblages. This study, therefore, aims to compare the species composition of assemblages of ground- and foliage-dwelling spiders in three vegetation habitats: undisturbed urban forest, oil palm plantation, and cornfield, in Bogor, West Java. To ensure a thorough representation of all spider guilds, spiders were collected using pitfall traps, sweep net, and through a direct search on ground and vegetation from January to July 2016. A total of 2299 individual spiders, representing 28 families and 207 species/morphospecies were collected. The spider species richness, abundance, and diversity were higher in the forest and oil palm plantation, compared to the cornfield. Furthermore, the dominant guild in the forest habitat was orb weavers, while the oil palm and corn habitats were dominated by ground runners. The non-metric multidimensional scaling exhibited that the composition of spider assemblages varied among the three vegetation habitats, with spider assemblages in forest habitat associated with higher RH, while the corn habitat was correlated with high light intensity and air temperature. The indicator species analysis revealed that Tetragnathidae has high potential as indicators of the dense, complex vegetation structure of the forest, while Lycosidae is indicators of the more open vegetation of oil palm plantation and cornfield habitats.

Abstract. Supartha IW, Susila IW, Sumiartha IK, Rauf A, Cruz LBDC, Yudha IKW, Utama IWEK, Wiradana PA. 2021. Preference, population development, and molecular characteristics of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on shallot cultivars: A field trial scale. Biodiversitas 23: 783-792. The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous insect that is the main pest and is responsible for the decline in shallot production in Indonesia. This study aims to (i) analyze preferences; (ii) colonization time; (iii) population development; (iv) attack of armyworms according to plant phenology in the shallot cultivars; and (v) identification species of armyworms. The research was conducted in Bangli Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. The research design used was a randomized block design with the treatment of five shallot cultivars and five replications. Molecular analysis of armyworm larvae was carried out using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method using forward Lep_F1 and reverse Lep_R1 primers at the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Our results indicate that the period of adult pest infestation has been seen since the emergence of plants, namely 7 days after planting (dap). The colonization period begins at 21 (dap), when plants and larvae begin to grow. The development of the egg and larva population was seen when the plants totaled 21 (dap) (for eggs) and 28 dap (for larvae). The most preferred shallot cultivars are "Bali Karet" and "Bima Brebes". Armyworm larvae, including S. exigua, were identified as related to the same group as isolate larvae from China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, and Japan. These findings indicated that S. exigua preferred the two cultivars of shallots in the fields and emerged at 21 dap. This shows that insect management activities must be carried out systematically both when the shallots plants are young, pre- and post-harvest. Control with natural enemies can also be done for further research.

One of the canters for cassava cultivation in Bogor Regency is Sukaraja District.Farmers in this area have been growing cassava several decades ago.This survey aims to determine the characteristics of cassava farmers, cultivation methods, knowledge and attitudes and perceptions of farmers with the arrival of a new invasive pest mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matt-Ferr.Surveys were conducted during September until November 2017, by interviewing 60 farmers distributed in three villages.Our studies revealed as much as 52% of respondents aged over 60 years, with the main occupation is farming.In term of level of education, about 83% of the farmers were graduates or have been in elementary school.Land area used for cassava cultivation generally (88%) were less than 0.50 ha.Most of the farmers (87%) were cultivator, with over 15 years experiences in cassava farming.Cassava varieties widely grown by farmers were Roti (90%), followed by Manggu (15%) and Jimbul (5%).The majority (97%) of farmers used goat manure, and the rest (3.3%) chicken manure.Manure was given when the plant 15-30 days.with a dosage of 11-15 ton/ha.Urea was given twice when the plant aged 3 and 7 months, with a dosage of 200-500 kg/ha.Weeding generally (68%) were conducted twice when the plant 4 and 8 months old.Harvest generally (92%) was carried out at 10-13 months.Farmers generally (87%) considered P. manihoti as the most important pests of cassava.The most farmers (82%) mentioned that the mealybug began attacking cassava since 2007.It seems that they equated P. manihoti with the papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) which also attacked cassava.Nearly half the respondents said that attacks by the cassava mealybug caused yield losses about 40-50%.Nevertheless, farmers generally do not perform control measures.

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in Indonesia. One of the main problems in citrus production is mite infestation. Many mite species were reported attacking citrus around the world. This study was aimed to identify mites and describe the main characters of various species of mites on citrus in Java, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out at the location of citrus plantations and citrus plants in the yard of the house which was carried out purposively. In a large planting area, sampling was carried out on 10 citrus trees that showed symptoms of mite attack. The identification process is carried out by a mounting process to obtain specimens that can be observed under a compound microscope using PVA. Eight species of mites were collected from 8 various of citrus from 15 location. Six mites species were identified as phytophagous, i.e., Panonychus citri McGregor, Eotetranychus sp., Eutetranychus sp. (Family Tetranychidae), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Family Tenuipalpidae), Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski (Family Tarsonemidae), and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Family Eriophyidae). Meanwhile, the other two species, Amblyseius sp. (Family Phytoseiidae) and Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Family Cheyletidae) were predators. Unidentified mites were Family Tydeidae and Winterschmidtiidae. According to Regulation No. 31 of 2018, P. citri and Ph. oleivora are quarantine pest. T. bilobatus is firstly reported in Indonesia.

ABSTRAK Anastatus dasyni Ferr. adalah parasitoid telur kepik lada, Dasynuspiperis China. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji kesesuaian telur kepikkedelai Riptortus linearis dan Nezara viridula sebagai inang untukpembiakan massal parasitoid A. dasyni. Imago parasitoid A. dasyni yangberasal dari lapangan dipelihara secara terpisah pada telur dari kedua jeniskepik kedelai. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap biologi A. dasyni yangmeliputi masa perkembangan pradewasa dan berbagai parameter kehi-dupan imago betina. Selain itu, dilakukan analisis neraca hayati denganmenggabungkan data perkembangan dan sintasan pradewasa, masa hidupimago dan reproduksi, serta nisbah kelamin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa masa perkembangan larva dan pupa A dasyni pada telur N. viridulalebih singkat serta laju peneluran lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada telur R.linearis. Imago betina A. dasyni yang keluar dari telur N. viridula hanya1,81%, sedangkan dari telur R. linearis sebanyak 70,20%. Oleh karena itu,parameter neraca hayati hanya dapat dihitung dari parasitoid yangdipelihara pada telur R. linearis. Laju pertambahan intrinsik parasitoidadalah (r) 0,1870, masa generasi (T) 27,51 hari, reproduksi bersih (Ro)84,29, laju pertambahan terbatas (λ) 1,21, dan nilai reproduksi (RVx)402,51. Proporsi persebaran usia stabil (px) adalah 17,06% telur, 50,41%larva, 26,53% pupa, dan 6,02% imago. Telur kepik kedelai R. linearisdapat digunakan untuk pembiakan massal A. dasyni. Kata kunci : Anastatus dasyni, Dasynus piperis, Riptortus linearis,Nezara viridula, parasitoid, pembiakan massal ABSTRACT Suitability of soybean bug eggs for mass rearing ofAnastatus dasyni Ferr. (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), anegg parasitoid of pepper bug Anastatus dasyni Ferr. is an important egg parasitoid of pepper bug,Dasynus piperis China. Research was conducted with the objectives tostudy the suitability of eggs of soybean bugs Riptortus linearis and Nezaraviridula for mass rearing of A. dasyni. Adults of A. dasyni collected fromthe field were inoculated separately on eggs of two species of soybeanbugs. Biological parameters such as immature development and adultlongevity were observed daily. Lifetable parameters were calculated on thebasis of development and survival of immature, reproduction, and sexratio. Our studies revealed that parasitoid developing on Nezara viridulaeggs had shorter larval and pupal development and higher in ovipositionrate than those on Riptortus linearis eggs. However, parasitoids emergedfrom N. viridula eggs only 1.81% were females, while from R. lineariseggs were 70.20%. Therefore, lifetable parameters can only be generatedfrom parasitoid reared on R. linearis eggs. The intrinsic rate of increase (r)mean generation time (T) 0.1870, 27.51 days, 84.29, 1.21, and 402.51respectively net reproductive rate (Ro), finite rate of increase (λ), andreproductive value (RVx). The stable stage distribution (px) were 17,06%eggs, 50,41% larvae, 26,53% pupae, and 6,02% adults. Eggs of soybeanbug R. linearis can be used for mass rearing of parasitoid A. dasyni. Key words : Anastatus dasyni, Dasynus piperis, Riptortus linearis,Nezara viridula, parasitoid, mass rearing

Influence of host stage on oviposition, development, and sex ratio of Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced from Thailand into Indonesia in early 2014 to control the invasive cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Because of the need to produce large numbers of high-quality females, research was conducted in the laboratory to determine host stage preference for A. lopezi on different instars of P. manihoti. Individual female wasps were exposed to first, second, third instar nymphs, and pre-reproductive adult mealybugs. In the no-choice test, the frequency of parasitized hosts and the number of eggs laid per host was significantly higher in second and third instar nymphs as well as adult mealybugs compared to first instar nymphs. In the two-choice test, third instars nymphs and adult mealybugs were the most preferred host for oviposition. Immature development of parasitoids was faster and the ratio of female to male parasitoids was higher following oviposition in second and third instar nymphs and pre-reproductive adult hosts, compared to the first instar nymphs. Our findings indicate that the use of pre-reproductive adults as hosts in a mass-rearing program would be the most productive and fastest way to produce A. lopezi populations with a female-biased sex ratio. Field release of parasitoids should be conducted when the host’s third instar nymph is the most abundant because the period during which preferred and suitable host stages are available would be the longest.

ABSTRAK Kepik renda lada (KRL), Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) adalah salah satu hama pada pertanaman lada di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan berbagai parameter kehidupan dan demografi KRL pada dua varietas lada. Pengaruh varietas lada terhadap parameter kehidupan dan demografi KRL diteliti di rumah kasa dan pertanaman lada di Pulau Bangka, sejak Oktober 2003 hingga Februari 2004. Penelitian mencakup pengaruh varietas Chunuk dan LDL terhadap masa perkembangan telur dan nimfa, lama hidup imago jantan dan betina, serta keperidian. Selain itu juga diteliti pengaruh fase bunga, pucuk daun, dan buah muda terhadap lama hidup imago. Pengaruh varietas terhadap berbagai parameter demografi KRL dipelajari dengan memelihara kepik dari sejak telur hingga imago yang muncul meletakkan telur kembali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan varietas mempengaruhi berbagai parameter kehidupan KRL. Lama perkembangan nimfa 17,3 dan 13,0 hari, lama hidup imago jantan 10,2 dan 18,8 hari, lama hidup imago betina 13,6 dan 16,9 hari, keperidian 13,9 dan 24,5 butir, berturut-turut pada varietas Chunuk dan LDL. Imago KRL hidup lebih lama pada bunga fase-3 dibandingkan pada bunga fase-1 atau-2. Laju pertambahan intrinsik (r) 0,0741 dan 0,0827; laju reproduksi bersih (Ro) 6,98 dan 8,52, masa generasi (T) 26,21 dan 25,91; laju pertambahan terbatas (λ) 1,0769 dan 1,0862 berturut-turut pada varietas Chunuk dan LDL. Secara keseluruhan, varietas LDL lebih mendukung kehidupan dan perkembangan populasi D. hewetti. Jika tidak tersedia bunga lada KRL mampu bertahan hidup dengan mengisap pucuk daun dan buah muda. Lama hidup imago 12,1 hari dan 23,5 hari pada buah muda. Implikasi dari hasil penelitian ini adalah informasi dasar dalam penelitian untuk pengendalian KRL. Kata kunci: Lada, Piper nigrum L., hama, kepik renda lada, Diconocoris hewetti, parameter kehidupan, demografi, Propinsi Bangka Belitung ABSTRACT Life parameters and demographic of bug peper lace Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on two pepper varieties Pepper lace bug (PLB), Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is one of the insect pests attacking pepper in Indonesia. Research was conducted with the objective to compare various life history and demographic parameters of PLB on two pepper varieties. The effect of two pepper varieties on various life parameters and demographic of PLB was conducted in green house and farmer field on Bangka Island, since October 2003 to February 2004. The experiment covered the effect of LDL and Chunuk varieties on eggs and nymphal development, male and female adults longivity and fecundity. Besides the effect of development stage on inflorescence, shoots and young berries to adults longivity were observed. The effect of varieties to demographic parameters of PLB was studied by rearing the bugs since egg to adult laid eggs. The result revealed that difference variety was influenced life history and demographic parameters of PLB. Nymphal development time of PLB were 17.3 and 13.0 days, male adult longivity 10.2 and 18.8 days, female adult longivity 13.6 and 16.9 days, fecundity 13.9 and 24.5 eggs per female, respectively on Chunuk and LDL. The life history of PLB adult was longer on stage-3 inflorescences than stage-1 or stage-2. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) were 0.0741 and 0.0827, net reproductive rate (Ro) 6.98 and 8.52, mean generation time (T) 26.21 and 25.91 days, finite rate of increase (λ) 1.0769 and 1.0862 on Chunuk and LDL respectively.Generally, variety LDL was much better food source for the development of D. hewetti. If there were no inflorescences available, the PLB was able to survive by feeding on shoots or young berries. Adult longivity was 12.1 days on shoots and 23.5 days on young berries. The implication of this research is as the basic information in the next research for PLB control. Key words : Pepper, Piper nigrum L., pest, lace bug, Diconocoris hewetti, life parameters, demographic, Bangka Belitung Province

The Melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the important pests on vegetables and fruits of Cucurbitaceae family. This study aims to observe population dynamics of fruit fly in three kinds of fruits based on altitude and the phenology of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), angled luffa (Luffa acutangula) and cucumber (Cucumber sativus). The observation was carried out through a transect line method at every five meters. Fruit sampling was taken every week. Population dynamics of Z. cucurbitae was significantly affected by altitude (< 250 m asl midland) and phenological fruits. With elevation < 250 m asl, the vast majority of Z. cucurbitae population was found in angled luffa fruit (237 ± 45.51) and the least was in cucumber (35.76 ± 17.95). In contrast, in midland or elevation 250-417 m asl, the most populated insect of interest was found in bitter gourd (222 ± 89.15). Fruit with 17-18 days maturation (scale 3) was the most visited by insect.

Abstract. Wakhid, Rauf A, Krisanti M, Sumertajaya IM, Maryana N. 2020. Aquatic insect assemblages in four urban lakes of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3047-3056. Urban lakes represent important habitats for some freshwater organisms and support a high diversity of insect fauna. Study was conducted with the objectives to determine and compare aquatic insect assemblages in four urban lakes of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Insects were collected in the littoral zone using D-net at a certain interval along the perimeter of each lake. Sampling was carried out monthly during March, April, and May 2017. A total of 6,686 individuals representing 82 species/morphospecies, 28 families, and seven orders were recorded. Estimation of species richness by Chao1 suggested that sampling completeness for Situ Babakan, Situ Burung, Situ Gede, and Situ Tonjong were 88.71%, 75.86%, 82.17%, and 95.23%, respectively. Rarefaction curves indicated that more sampling would record a higher species richness. The least species richness and diversity of aquatic insect assemblages occurred in Situ Babakan characterized by high organic pollution due to fish farming. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that certain environmental factors were related to some species. Chironomus sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae), Micronecta ludibunda (Hemiptera: Micronectidae), and Anisops bouvieri (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) were associated with organically polluted water. Odonates such as Pseudagrion sp.1 (Coenagrionidae), Rhinocypha sp. (Chlorocyphidae), Acisoma panorpoides, Orthetrum sabina (Libellulidae), and Crocothemis servilia (Libellulidae) were associated with conditions of a high density of macrophytes. Our study provides baseline data for future monitoring and conservation management of these lakes.