Over the years there have been few articles written about urban design education. Two general trends emerge: first, an attempt to establish , a priori, the basic skills required by urban designers; and secondly, to make up for the limitations of architectural and planning orthodoxy. The article reverses this process, suggesting for consideration a structure of educational principles and a coalition of theoretical ideas from the author's laboratory, namely the Master's in Urban Development and Design programme at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney, Australia. This is done by analysing the experiences gained in four major international live projects (Bali, Cebu, Beirut and Hong Kong) abstracted from the portfolio of work carried out over the last 6 years. Leaning on ideas derived from George Soros's concept of 'reflexivity', and Foucault's ideas of 'the episteme' and its foundation in what he refers to as essential 'knowledges' which bear on the idea of genealogy and change in learning, certain basic precepts surface about urban design and urban design education through exposing the assumptions behind the learning process. In so doing, more traditional structures of learning founded on concepts of 'basic skills' and the trivial nature of urban design 'theory' are challenged in favour of a more contextual and reflexive conduit for urban design programmes based in urban social theory. In conclusion, the genealogical process linking key discourses in project-based learning is reified as fundamental to urban design education, particularly so because the embodiment of ideas in practice is not self-evident and the theoretical base of the discipline is weak. At the same time, the idea is advanced that a globally integrated content linked to a reflexive process is required across all of our learning in order to meet the challenges that lie ahead.

The following interview with Manuel Castells was conducted by Professor Alexander Cuthbert of the School of Town Planning, the Faculty of the Built Environment at the University of New South Wales. Professor Cuthbert is an Editorial adviser to the journal Polls, in which the interview first appeared.

This paper looks at the question of urban space in Hong Kong in terms of two simple ideas which have universal as well as local significance, The first addresses the question of surveillance and control over urban space, a strategy on the increase in cities in general, and in Hong Kong in particular, In doing so, fundamental values bearing on the right to the city and the idea of the public domain are called into question, I begin with a brief analysis of the general terrain, analysing the concept of social control within the system of commodity production called capitalism, relating this to the phenomenon of surveillance and its essential characteristics, The concept of the public domain is then interrogated in principle and in relation to Hong Kong's unique brand of politics, where the monopolistic nature of the local economy concentrates the production of social space in central areas into the hands of a few powerful corporations. Next, in order to investigate how such authority intersects with state legitimation, the economic, legal and administrative facets of development are analysed so that their spatial consequences may be revealed, Here the rapid extermination of a rich cultural use of space and its replacement by the Kleenex commodity spaces of the market can be seen, Ominously, the organization and design of these new spaces coincide with an increased capacity for surveillance in a multiplicity of different forms, Finally, several new developments are examined in order to demonstrate the nature of this control, I conclude with an agenda for the public realm which it is hoped will outlast the take over by the People's Republic of China in two years' time.

Oestrogen receptor (ER) status of 77 cases of screen‐detected breast cancer has been determined using cytological preparations. In 48% ER status was positive, which was the same proportion as that formed in a control group of age‐matched patients with symptomatic breast carcinoma. Since the screen‐detected group contained more low grade tumours, the percentage of ER‐positive cases would be expected to be higher. the reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. Ki67 score has been determined for 41 cases of screen‐detected cancer. Ki67 score showed a positive correlation with histological tumour grade and a negative correlation with ER status. However, there was no correlation with tumour size or lymph node status. the Ki67 scores in the screen‐detected cancers were essentially similar to those found in an age‐matched symptomatic group, but the very low scores were only found in the screened group.

Oestrogen receptor status has been determined by an immunocytochemical assay using fine-needle aspiration samples of primary breast cancers in elderly patients. In a prospective study 56 patients were treated with tamoxifen only. Satisfactory assays were achieved in 49 patients. Disease was controlled by tamoxifen in 32 of 35 (91%) patients with oestrogen receptor positive tumours, compared with only 1 (7%) of 14 who were receptor negative. Immunocytochemical assay on fine-needle aspiration samples is relatively non-invasive and simple to perform, it accurately predicts response to tamoxifen in elderly patients and can be used to select patients for tamoxifen only therapy.

Oestrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay (ER‐ICA) was used to determine oestrogen receptor (ER) content of cells in fine needle aspirate (FNA) specimens from 88 breast carcinomas. In 49 of these the radioligand binding assay for oestradiol was available for comparison. The predictive value of ER‐ICA staining for a positive radioligand binding assay (greater than 10 fmol/mg protein) was 95%. Although the predictive value of negative staining was only 66%, 34 out of 37 ER‐ICA negative tumours had radioligand binding assays below 60 fmol/mg protein. ER‐ICA staining showed a strong positive correlation with age of the patient, positivity being rare before the menopause. There was a weak inverse correlation with tumour grade but none with tumour size or lymph node status. The assessment of ER by immunocytochemistry using FNA cytology is a rapid technique, which may easily be repeated and provides a pre‐operative assessment of ER status. It allows confirmation that tumour cells are present in the sample and an assessment of tumour heterogeneity.

The infection apparatus of the mycoparasite Dimargaris cristalligena, parasitizing germinated sporangiospores and hyphae of Phascolomyces articulosus, comprises an appressorium, penetration peg and lobed haustorium. The haustorial neck, in which a septum may develop, becomes invested with an electron-opaque penetration jacket. Collar and papilla material, apparently derived from the host, develop during the infection process. Mycoparasitism by D. cristalligena is compared with that of Piptocephalis species on similar hosts.

Contrast-coding was investigated in amblyopic, fellow non-amblyopic and control eyes. Using a contrast-matching paradigm similar to Georgeson and Sullivan [J. Physiol. 252, 627-656 (1975)], amblyopic eyes were found to have a high frequency contrast-coding deficit not only at threshold but also at suprathreshold levels up to at least 0.45 contrast. The results do not support the claim of Hess and Bradley [Nature 287, 463-464 (1980)] and Hess, Bradley and Piotrowski [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B217, 309-330 (1983)] that amblyopes have normal or near-to-normal suprathreshold contrast-coding. By taking this contrast-coding deficit into account we demonstrate that previously reported poor phase discrimination [Lawden, Hess and Campbell, Vision Res. 22, 1005-1016 (1982); Pass and Levi, Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci. 23, 780-786 (1984)] in amblyopia may, in part, reflect a more basic deficit in contrast-coding across spatial frequencies. The possible involvement of contrast processing mechanisms in phase discrimination is discussed.

Ultrastructural evidence is presented for self-penetration by hyphae of the mycoparasiteDimargaris cristalligena. Plasmalemmal invagination occurs in a manner similar to that observed during penetration of a conventional host, and is accompanied by the synthesis of a penetration jacket. During self-penetration, however, there is little collar formation and the invading hypha fails to differentiate into a haustorial body.

The host range of Piptocephalis unispora within the Mortierellaceae is restricted to the Micromucor section.

This paper considers the behaviour of an epithelial structure in which the opposite faces of the tissue are able to actively transport sodium ions in the same direction, thus affecting a net transfer of sodium across the tissue. The short circuit current of an electrical equivalent circuit under steady-state and transient conditions is considered. This latter condition represents the behaviour of an epithelium when sodium is removed from the side from which it is transported. The behaviour of the electrical model is compared to that of actual epithelia under experimental conditions.

The pyrazine diuretic amiloride inhibits the Na+-dependent oxygen consumption and Na+ transport of isolated toad bladder. This effect has been shown to be dependent on Ca2+. The ways in which Ca2+ may affect the sensitivity to amiloride are suggested.

Uitrastructural evidence is presented for self-penetration by hyphae of the mycoparasite Dimargaris cristalligena. Plasmalemmal invagination occurs in a manner similar to that observed during penetration of a conventional host, and is accompanied by the synthesis of a penetration jacket. During self-penetration, however, there is little collar formation and the invading hypha fails to differentiate into a haustorial body.

Uitrastructural evidence is presented for self-penetration by hyphae of the mycoparasite Dimargaris cristalligena. Plasmalemmal invagination occurs in a manner similar to that observed during penetration of a conventional host, and is accompanied by the synthesis of a penetration jacket. During self-penetration, however, there is little collar formation and the invading hypha fails to differentiate into a haustorial body.