Avian coccidiosis remains one of the most important parasitic diseases of poultry worldwide. Resistance to conventional anticoccidials and limitations of vaccination programs have stimulated the search for natural alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of bioactive terpenoids and phenolics. They possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities that may disrupt Eimeria infection and enhance host resilience. This study aimed to quantify the efficacy of essential oil-based interventions, including individual oils, essential oil blends, and essential oil-containing multicomponent formulations, in poultry experimentally challenged with Eimeria spp. through a meta-analysis conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. For this, literature searches across major databases identified experimental trials. Eighteen eligible studies were included, reporting outcomes on BWG, feed intake, FCR, mortality, fecal oocyst counts, and serum total protein. EO supplementation was associated with a small, statistically non-significant increase in body weight gain (MD +8.08 g, 95% CI –0.08 to 16.24) and a modest improvement in feed conversion ratio (MD –0.13, 95% CI –0.24 to –0.01). Mortality was reduced (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.89), and oocyst shedding decreased (MD –18.99, 95% CI –37.91 to –0.08). No consistent effects were observed for feed intake or serum total protein. Overall, essential oils may offer anticoccidial benefits, particularly for feed efficiency, mortality, and oocyst shedding, although their effect on body weight gain remains uncertain.

The apicomplexan parasites are globally considered as the major cause of numerous infectious diseases in humans and animals. Apicomplexan parasites include Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria and Babesia. The rise in the drug resistance have made the traditional control measures, such as chemotherapy and vector management, inadequate against them. These are the intracellular infectious agent and possess complex life cycles, antigenic variability, and immune evasion abilities. These different abilities hinder the development of vaccines against them. Hence, there is urgent need for development of effective vaccines by novel measures. However, notable progress has been made in past years due to the advancements in immunology, molecular biology, and biotechnology. Different types of vaccines including subunit vaccines have been developed and have demonstrated favorable efficiency. In the meantime, live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) continue to provide protection in animals. Apart from that, there are different innovations like CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing that have enabled the creation of genetically attenuated strains for T. gondii and Eimeria. These attenuated strains are used for the development of vaccines. Furthermore, mRNA vaccine technology, which was successfully utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic, is now being used against parasitic infections. It is now offering fast and rapid development along with vigorous cellular immunity. The use of nanoparticles and novel adjuvants such as TLR agonists and saponins has improved the stability and effectiveness of vaccines. Approaches like mucosal delivery, especially for enteric parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Eimeria, is achieving attention for their ability to provide the localized protection. In spite of these advancements some challenges still persist. Antigenic diversity, short-lived immunity, regulatory barriers, and limited funding need to be addressed. Some of the emerging technologies including systems vaccinology, reverse vaccinology, and vectored delivery platforms, are paving the way for more targeted and effective vaccination. There is need for concerted effort incorporating multidisciplinary research, One Health integration, and scalable manufacturing methodologies for effective translation of these scientific innovations into solutions. By harnessing these emerging technologies within a One Health framework, the next generation of vaccines has the potential to transform the management of apicomplexan diseases worldwide.

Background:Cattle and buffaloes can contract cysticercosis, an infection of the muscles brought on by Taenia saginata larvae. Despite having a global spread, cysticercosis is more prevalent in impoverished nations due to impaired hygiene standards. It has been discovered that Taenia saginata cysticercosis routine visual diagnosis is not very effective, especially in mild infections. Therefore, a more trustworthy in vivo test might be used as an alternative in slaughterhouses and epidemiological studies. Biochemical assays are possibly utilized as an alternative to detect cysticercosis inside a topical environment. Aim:Investigating serum biochemical alterations in cattle with cysticercosis was the goal of the current research. As a further method of diagnosis, it was also determined how Cysticercus bovis affected pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology. Methods:Blood samples from 42 slaughtered cattle (21 healthy and 21 sick animals) were taken from Assiut abattoir. Using an ELISA and spectrophotometer, respectively, their serum's pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical profile were evaluated. These cattle were chosen between March 2023 and February 2024. Results:A percentage of 4.6% of the 455 cattle examined after being slaughtered had T. saginata cysticerci infections. All values in the serum biochemistry were considerably different (p < 0.01), whereas the majority of biochemical parameters increased significantly (p < 0.01) in infected animals. In contrast, there was a substantial (p < 0.01) decline in HDL-c, SOD, CAT, and GSH. On the other hand, procytokine inflammatory indices for both TNF-α and IL-1β indicated a substantial increase (p < 0.01) in infected cattle. Additionally, the histological results revealed significant alterations in the tissues of infected livestock. Conclusion:This has been inferred cysticercosis possesses negative impacts on cattle's plasma biochemical profiles, indicating the field applicability of biochemical measures in outbreaks of bovine cysticercosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokine indices and histological changes could be included as further indicators of T. saginata cysticercosis in cattle.

This paper aims to uncover trends in Arab educational research published in 11 Saudi peer-reviewed journals in 2021 and analyse them using a set of indicators. In the end, 354 research papers were counted and subjected to content analysis using the ‘Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Form’. The results show that Arab education research is scarce at the global scale and disconnected from the global research landscape. There is a large traditional approach that refers to a unified modularity that focuses on quantitative research, does not serve educational research, does not contribute to its development, and does not benefit from its results. These results will be useful for the international community in general and Arab graduate students in particular who study in international universities and for their supervisors. This benefit comes from knowing the negative aspects of Arab scientific research that the study reveals.

This study investigates job burnout among female primary school teachers in Saudi Arabia, a relatively under-researched area in the region. It employs a structured questionnaire focusing on three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, Human relations, and Diminished Personal Accomplishment. The findings highlight a significant prevalence of emotional exhaustion, the most acute form of burnout experienced by these teachers. This high level of emotional fatigue is attributed to the demanding nature of their profession, societal expectations of women, and ongoing changes in the education sector. While diminished personal accomplishment receives a moderate rating, indicating challenges, human relations are managed effectively, likely influenced by cultural and religious norms emphasising respectful interaction. The study also examines the impact of social status and student gender on burnout. It concludes that social status doesn’t significantly affect burnout levels, but there’s notable higher burnout among female teachers who solely teach boys. Additionally, burnout varies with teaching experience, potentially due to differences in workload. This research contributes to understanding job burnout in female primary school teachers, emphasising the need for supportive measures in education.

This study addresses the role of female school leaders in enhancing intellectual security within government-run middle schools in the Hafr Al-Batin region of Saudi Arabia from the perspective of female teachers. Utilizing a descriptive survey method, the research targeted 858 female teachers in the region, with a randomly selected sample of 248 participants. The results indicate a high level of awareness among teachers regarding the importance of intellectual security, emphasizing the crucial role of female school leaders in creating a supportive educational environment. The study identifies four basic dimensions of intellectual security: religious, respecting dialogue and accepting the other opinion, national identity and critical thinking. While national identity and religious values were given high priority, less emphasis was placed on dialogue and critical thinking, indicating areas for improvement. No significant differences were found in perceptions of intellectual security based on educational qualifications or years of experience, except in the proposals dimension, where more experienced teachers perceived its importance more acutely. The research highlights the necessity of continuous training and development programs for female school leaders and recommends integrating social media into the educational process, providing specialized training to manage intellectual aspects, and conducting workshops to enhance critical thinking skills. These findings underscore the pivotal role of educational leadership in promoting intellectual security and indicate the need for further research that includes diverse educational stages and environments. This study provides valuable insights for developing educational programs that address contemporary intellectual and security challenges in Arab and global educational contexts. It advocates for the principles of whole schooling by reinforcing social structures that reject extremism, promote citizenship, and foster a safe and supportive learning environment.

Hydatid cyst disease, caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is linked to endemic areas in the Levant region, such as Jordan. There is a scarcity of epidemiological data about this disease. Our goal was to pinpoint the particular genotypes accountable for sheep and goat infection in unexplored regions of Southern Jordan. Partial sequences of cytochrome C oxidase (Cox1, 450 bp) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (Nad2, 820 bp) of the E. granulosus from Jordan were analysed and compared with E. granulosus s.l. reference genomes, to infer the phylogeny of the species. This analysis demonstrated a significant degree of intraspecific similarity and identified the presence of E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1, G3). The G1 genotype was the most prevalent (Cox1, n = 17/17); (Nad2, n = 13/18). The study examined partial Cox1 sequences from different countries (Jordan, Lebanon, Iran, India) and regions (South America) to analyze the genetic architecture and phylogeography of the G1 genotype at regional and global levels. One primary haplotype (Hap_1) was present in the research locations. We hypothesized that a certain branch of G1, known as Hap_1, was prevalent among regions that were not geographically connected. Future research on the biology and distribution of E. granulosus s.s. will be enhanced by this information.

Objectives: Alveolar echinococcosis is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, a parasite of zoo¬notic significance with a wide range of intermediate and final hosts, and the parasite survives suc¬cessfully in diversified conditions. Plentiful studies have been done to study the genetic structure of the population of the parasite and the level of intimate kinship using mitochondrial (mt) DNA. The present study was conducted to investigate the population structure, genetic variation, and phylogenetic relationship of various isolates of E. multiocularis submitted to GenBank worldwide. Sequences of mt genes (mt-cytochrome c oxidase (cox1), mt-NADH dehydrogenase (nad1)) of E. multilocularis were analyzed to achieve the set goals. Materials and Methods: A total of 275 and 124 gene sequences of mt-cox1 and mt-nad1 belong¬ing to E. multilocularis, respectively, were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank. The retrieved sequences were subjected to alignment with respective reference sequences using MEGA software. The PopArt software was used to establish medi¬an-joining networks, while DnaSp was used to calculate neutrality and diversity indices. MrBayes software was used to investigate the phylogenetic association between haplotypes based on Bayesian phylogeny. Results: Approximately 13 and 20 distinctive haplotypes of nad1 and cox1 genes, respectively, were observed in the present study. In both of the mt genes, diversity indices indicated low haplo¬type (mt-cox1 = 0.140; mt-nad1 = 0.374) and nucleotide (mt-cox1 = 0.00111; mt-nad1 = 0.00287) diversities. The values of Tajima’s D and Fu Fs for a population of both of the genes under study were found to be negative. Conclusion: This study is a maiden attempt to provide insights into the population structure and genetic variation of E. multilocularis on a global scale. However, it is suggested that to better understand the population structure and genetic diversity of E. multilocularis, more geographical locations and amplifications of full-length gene sequences should be considered, which could be helpful in widening the insights into the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis.

Based on the importance of strategic planning and its impact on various administrative variables such as institutional excellence, the goal of this study is to explore the current status of these variables and the relationship of correlation and impact between them in one of the higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia. The study adopted a descriptive -analytical methodology and used a questionnaire as a data collection tool to ensure its validity and reliability. It was distributed to a random sample of 101 faculty members at Hafr Al-Batin University in Saudi Arabia. The study found that despite the moderate reality of both strategic planning and institutional excellence at the university, the results showed a strong positive relationship between these variables at a significance level of 0.01, three of the four dimensions of strategic planning had a significant impact on institutional excellence. The study provides a useful reference for higher education institutions regarding the current status of strategic planning and institutional excellence, as well as the relationship and impact between them. It also offers valuable data for decision -makers to improve the state of strategic planning in these institutions. The results can potentially help enhance strategic planning practices in Saudi universities and, on a broader scale, in other parts of the Middle East and the world.

Taenia multiceps is a neglected parasite having veterinary and public health importance. The predilection sites of the parasite larva ( Coenurus cerebralis) ) are brain (cerebral coenurosis) and subcutaneous (non-cerebral coenurosis). There is a dearth of data regarding molecular characterization of T . multiceps and even fewer population structure-based studies on T . multiceps. . The current study was conducted to provide epidemiological information regarding the global population structure of the parasite. The NCBI GenBank database was accessed to download the sequences of cox1 1 gene, which were further subjected to PopArt software to construct median-joining networks. The DnaSp software was used to compute neutrality and diversity indices. Host and region-wise indices of neutrality and diversity were also computed. There were 166 gene sequences found in the NCBI database. Followed by removal of short gene sequences, 143 were considered to perform bioinformatic analyses. A total of 30 haplotypes with 46 mutations and 23 parsimony informative sites were found. High diversity (Hd = 0.889, pi = 0.01186) and negative but statistically insignificant neutrality indices (Tajima's D =-1.57659, Fu's Fs =-10.552) were found. Region-wise results revealed highest haplotype diversities in isolates from KSA (Hd = 1.00) followed by Greece and Italy (Hd = 0.962), and China (Hd = 0.931). Host-wise data analysis showed an overall negative Tajima's D value and there exists highest haplotype diversity in cattle (Hd = 1.00) followed by dogs (Hd = 0.833), sheep (Hd = 0.795) and goats (Hd = 0.788). The findings of the study indicate that the population diversity of T . multiceps will increase worldwide as shown by high diversity and negative neutrality indices. The findings of the study significantly add-in to the existing bank of knowledge about population structure of T . multiceps. . We recommend conducting more studies employing different genetic markers to better comprehend the epidemiology of the parasite.

Based on the importance of faculty morale and its impact on various variables such as performance index, job satisfaction, and the teaching and learning environment, this study aimed to investigate the influence of academic leadership in enhancing the morale of faculty members at the University of Hafr Al-Batin in Saudi Arabia from their own perspective. The study also aimed to identify the obstacles hindering morale improvement and determine the most effective ways to enhance it. Additionally, the study examined the impact of two variables, namely academic rank, and gender, on the sample's responses. The descriptive -analytical method was used, employing a questionnaire composed of 39 items distributed across three dimensions: the impact of academic leaders in enhancing morale, obstacles to enhancing morale, and ways to enhance morale. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 272 faculty members at the university. The study concluded that the influence of academic leaders in enhancing faculty members' morale was moderate, while the obstacles to enhancing morale were perceived as high. The sample also agreed on the ways to enhance morale with a high. The study did not reveal statistically significant differences in the areas of study based on the variables of academic rank and gender. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on effective leadership practices in academia, suggesting avenues for further investigation and improvement in higher education institutions.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii and affecting all warm-blooded animals. The available data about the epidemiological situation of T. gondii in water buffaloes in Egypt are scarce. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in water buffaloes in three Egyptian governorates and to evaluate the associated risk factors for the infection. A total of 430 sera samples were examined using commercial Indirect ELISA Multi-species kit. The overall seroprevalence rate of T. gondii in examined water buffaloes was 7.4 %, and the highest rate (9.3 %) was found in Kafr ElSheikh governorate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that adult buffalo (OR = 7.10; 95 % CI: 0.87-57.68; P = 0.067) and small herds (OR = 8.42; 95 % CI: 1.07-66.02; P = 0.043) were more likely than young buffalo and large herds to become infected with T. gondii. Moreover, the risk of buffaloes contracting T. gondii infection was higher in winter and especially among animals contacted with cats. It is necessary to identify risk factors in order to determine what mitigation, control, and prevention strategies to implement in order to reduce, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in domestic animals, which will in turn reduce human infection with the disease.

Rodents are one of the most abundant and successful mammals on the planet. The rats harbor the metacestode stage of Hydatigera taeniaeformis serving as the intermediate hosts, whereas cats act as definitive hosts of the parasite. The incidence of the larval stage in rats has been documented in various regions of the world. To best of our knowledge, the mainstream studies on the genetic diversity of H. taeniaeformis are based on the cox1 gene which precludes an in-depth analysis of genetic variation in the parasite. To provide insights about nad1 gene-based genetic variation, in continuation of our previous work, we thereby in this study report H. taeniaeformis infection in the urban murine population from the Faisalabad district of Pakistan and presented genetic polymorphism using the nad1 gene. Out of 38 isolates investigated in the study, a total of 13 haplotypes were found with high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.909), while the nucleotide diversity was found to be 0.02340 in the study population. The neutrality study found a significant level of nucleotide polymorphism, indicating a rise in low-frequency polymorphism, which might be attributed to global population growth of the parasite. Construction of phylogenetic comprising isolates from Kazakhstan, Finland, Turkiye, Canada, Germany, France, and China revealed that Pakistani isolates of H. taeniaeformis are distinct and formed a separate cluster. Further research utilising full-length multiple mitochondrial genes is required to understand the molecular epidemiology of H. taeniaeformis on the global scale.

Neospora infections in equine are associated with reproductive disorders and neurological diseases. Nevertheless, Egypt has no epidemiological information on this parasite in equine. This study determined the prevalence of Neospora spp. infection in 325 equines from three Egyptian governorates located at Northern Egypt using cELISA. The prevalence of antibodies against Neospora spp. was 19% (95% CI: 14.09–25.05) in horse, 34.1% (95%CI: 24.92–44.69) in donkey and 26.7% (95% CI: 15.97–41.04) in mule. In comparison to horse, donkey had a considerably higher chance of contracting Neospora spp. infection (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 0.78–4.13; P = 0.016). The risk was also higher in freely grazing animals (OR = 3.49, 95% CI: 0.95–12.78; P = 0.059). Moreover, yearling animals (12–24 months) (OR = 5.03, 95% CI: 1.51–16.80; P = 0.009) and those with natural breeding (OR = 11.80, 95% CI: 3.24–42.99, P < 0.0001) and a history of early abortion (OR = 7.04, 95% CI: 3.01–16.47; P < 0.0001) also showed a greater risk of seropositivity. The risk of Neospora infection increased significantly in equines contacted with dogs (OR = 5.16, 95% CI: 1.76–15.10; P = 0.003). This the first serological study to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora spp. in equine in Egypt. Further studies are necessary to identify the species of Neospora and to understand the role of above-mentioned risk factors in spreading of infection.

Neospora caninum (N. caninum) is one of the causative agents that causing cattle abortion, and severe economic losses. Due to the scarcity of data on N. caninum infection in Egyptian cattle, the purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and determine the risk factors for parasite infection. In four governorates in northern Egypt, 540 blood samples from cattle were taken, and tested using a commercial ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in examined cattle was 28.89%. A multivariate logistic regression model determined that age (OR=2.63, P<0.001), manual milking (OR=1.39, P=0.14), abortion history (OR=2.78, P<0.0001), repetition of estrus (OR=2.31, P<0.0001), and contact with dogs (OR=2.57, P<0.0001) were significant risk factors. The findings proved that N. caninum infection was one of the factors contributing to abortion and financial losses in dairy cattle in Egypt. Therefore, the application of sanitary security and control programs is very important in dairy farms.

Cryptosporidium is one of the causative parasitic agents that causes gastrointestinal diseases in calves. The parasite poses a zoonotic risk to immunocompromised individuals and children. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves in three Egyptian governorates situated in Nile Delta and assess the associated risk factors. The Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 81 out of 430 calves (18.84%). In addition, the univariant analysis showed that age, feeding source, hygienic status, presence of diarrhea and contact with other animals were significantly ( P < 0.05) associated with Cryptosporidium prevalence in calves. Furthermore, the risk factors related with Cryptosporidium prevalence were age (OR 1.96, 95%CI 0.97–3.94), feeding on milk and pasture (OR 2.07, 95%CI 1.15–3.72), poor hygienic condition (OR 2.25, 95%CI 1.28–3.94), presence of diarrhea (OR 2.47, 95%CI 1.23–4.96) and contact with other domestic animals (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.24–3.50). In addition, the PCR assay targeting 18srRNA showed that the most prevalent species among calves was C. parvum . Although additional researches are required to understand the most effective steps that farmers and veterinary professionals should take to decrease the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection.

Theileria annulata ( T. annulata ) is an intracellular protozoan, transmitted by ixodid ticks of the genus Hyalomma and affects camels. There are few epidemiological data on T. annulata infection and its associated risk factors in Egyptian camels. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. annulata in camels using PCR and assess the associated risk factors for infection. A total of 380 blood samples were collected from camels raising in three Egyptian governorates and examined by PCR assay targeting 30-kDa gene to detect the presence of T. annulata infection, beside statistical analysis of associated factors. The results revealed presence of T. annulata with overall prevalence of 21.1%. In addition, the univariate analysis revealed significant ( P <0.05) association between prevalence of T. annulata in camels and locality, age, sex, tick infestation, and application of acaricides. Whereas the prevalence of T. annulata was higher in camels of age group >6 to 10 years (38%), females (25.7%) and in infested camels with ticks (29%) and in case of absence of acaricides application (25%). In contrast, the body condition of camels had not significant effect on prevalence of theileriosis in camels. The current study concluded that T. annulata is prevalent in Egyptian camels and that a tick control program is required to reduce the risk of infection.

The aim of the present study was to determine the molecular characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from faecal samples of dogs and the hydatid cyst from liver of bovine, camel, cattle, and sheep and the immunodiagnosis of Hydatid cyst in human sera samples from the Gaza Strip, in Palestine. A total of 38 faecal samples were collected near farms and local markets where stray dogs were grouping there. Post-slaughtering, the livers of the bovine, camel, cattle, and sheep were examined for cysts. Where 30 suspected hydatid cysts were collected, the number and size of cysts in each liver were recorded. For serology, 23 sera specimens were collected from farmers within the Gaza Strip. According to hospital records in Gaza, 12 patients had attended three different hospitals and had tested positive for hydatid cyst/cystic echinococcosis by CT scans and histopathology. ELISA results from the 23 human patients showed that 3/23 (13%) tested positive for hydatid disease. Of the 30 bovine and cattle harboring cysts, 14/30 (46.6%) were positive for hydatid cyst/cystic echinococcosis of which 23 (76.7%) were males and 7 (23.3%) were females. The present study shows that 6/38 (15.7%) were positive for E. granulosus sensu lato from faecal analysis in dogs. Subsequent sequencing of both dogs and cattle confirmed infection by the G1 strain. The cattle/dog strain (G1) of E.granulosus sensu lato suggests that this infection is cosmopolitan in its distribution. It is concluded that the detection of hydatid cyst/cystic echinococcosis in the examined hosts either human or animals should be considered among physicians and a large sample size is recommended in future research.

Trichuridae family has a genetic and morphological variability between species affecting rodents, but it is considerably hard to morphologically diagnose species within the genus of Trichuris and the individuals of these species are identified according to their host, as it is known that Trichuris spp. is strictly host-specific. However, some species lack host specificity. So, it is necessary to use molecular data in order to well identify the Trichuris spp. in Egyptian rodents. The host examined in the current research is Psammomys obesus and the molecularly identified species from its cecum is Trichuris arvicolae. In addition, Trichuris arvicolae was subjected to in vitro treatment with Androctonus crassicauda Crude Venom as a model of natural alternative treatment for gastrointestinal nematodes that increasingly develop anthelmintic drug resistance. The changes in Trichuris arvicolae were monitored using scanning electron microscopy, Androctonus crassicauda Crude Venom made a significant ultrastructural surface changes in Trichuris arvicolae, including marked cuticular sloughing, disintegrated bacillary glands, bursting of vulva and edema of anal region. This study was done for closer identification of Trichuris spp. infecting rodents in Egypt and evaluating the efficacy of Androctonus crassicauda Crude Venom in vitro.

Monieziasis is a parasite-borne production-limiting disease of livestock. Moniezia expansa is the most important species having cosmopolitan distribution. Despite of numerous prevalence reports, very little information is available about the evolutionary biology and population genetics of M. expansa. To close this research gap, this study was undertaken to recognize and inspect the genetic variation of M. expansa populations around the world using the cox1 and nad1 genes and deduce phylogenetic relationships with M. expansa populations. The cox1 and nad1 gene sequences were downloaded from the NCBI GenBank database. Followed by sequence alignment, median-joining networks were constructed using PopArt software. Diversity and neutrality indices were computed through DnaSp software while MEGA software was used to draw the maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree. Thirty-two cox1 sequences, from five different countries, and 9 nad1 sequences from three different countries, were among the sequences used in this study. The cox1 and nad1 gene sequences had mutations in 97 and 36 different places, respectively. Twenty and 7 unique haplotypes were discovered for the cox1 and nad1 gene sequences, respectively. Comparable haplotype diversities were observed for both the genes under study (cox1 = 0.950; nad1 = 0.944). Negative Tajima's D and Fu Fs were found for the cox1 gene while these indices were positive for the nad1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis also showed the existence of unique haplotypes for both the cox1 and nad1 genes. The results of this study indicate that there is the existence of a huge genetic diversity in M. expansa isolates. For future studies, it is recommended that longer gene sequences should be used to describe genetic variation among M. expansa isolates as the length of the gene under study affects the genetic variation. Moreover, additional mitochondrial markers should also be investigated because the assertive strength of a group of gene targets is superior to defining genetic diversity.