The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative status in crossbred cows with subclinical mastitis and concurrent metabolic and infectious diseases. The crossbred cows were groped asGp-C (n=6) as controls,Gp-M (n=6) with clinical mastitis ,Gp-TS consists cows affected withstenosis of teat,Gp-RA with ruminal acidosis,Gp-ND with diarrhea along with dehydration and loss of appetite, Gp-RTIwith coughing, fever, decreased appetite, varying degrees of dyspnea, GpRB with a history of failure to conceive after at least two successive inseminations. oxidative stress parameters likecatalase, SOD, GPx, GSH and malondialdehyde were estimated spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant enzymes like catalase, super oxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) levels were significantly declined and the non enzymatic parameters reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are significantly elevated in affected animals than in healthy animals. The results of the oxidative stress parameters indicate imbalance of antioxidant profile and oxidative stress in the animals with various disorders and previous illness along with subclinical mastitis.

Shivamogga. Exudate/pus/lesion swabs were collected from clinical cases of canine pyoderma (n=126) and subjected to isolation and identification of bacterial isolates by phenotypic methods. The bacteriological processing of the samples resulted in the recovery of 95 staphylococcal isolates and 18 other bacterial isolates. On culture, staphylococci were the most predominantly (n=95, 75.39%) isolated organisms. The PCR was employed as molecular method in this study for the detection of species of staphylococcal isolates by targeting nuc gene and it was also used for the detection of virulence gene and antibiotic resistance gene in staphylococcal isolates by targeting siet gene and mecA gene, respectively, by using primers published earlier. One of the S. pseudintermedius isolates which confirmed by PCR and sequencing of partial nuc gene was used as positive reference strain for further screening of isolates by PCR. Based on nuc gene-based PCR, out of 95 staphylococcal isolates obtained, 82 (86.1%)of the isolates were found belonging to S. pseudintermedius. And out of 82 S. pseudintermedius isolates, siet gene was detected in 69 (86.1%) isolates. S. pseudintermedius was found to be predominant bacterial pathogen responsible for pyoderma in dogs.

BACKGROUND AND AIM:In recent times, non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) have emerged as the major organisms isolated from mastitis cases in dairy animals, with a predominance of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus chromogenes. As compared to Staphylococcus aureus, much less is known about the molecular types or the spatiotemporal epidemiology of these NAS species. In the present study, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed to detect genetic polymorphisms, intraspecies diversity, and epidemiology of S. chromogenes strains (n=37) isolated from bovine and bubaline mastitis cases in the state of Karnataka.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thirty-seven S. chromogenes isolates (14 from bovines and 23 from bubaline) isolated from subclinical mastitis cases, from organized and unorganized sectors, were subjected to RAPD typing. Further, methicillin resistance was determined by cefoxitin disk diffusion method.RESULTS:The amplified DNA fragments ranged from 150 to 3000 base pairs and yielded several RAPD profiles. Further analysis using Digital Image Correlation Engine correlation coefficient and UPGMA method showed that the 37 isolates could be classified into 12 distinct RAPD types (A to L) at 62% similarity (D=0.889). Four of the most predominant RAPD types, B, A, C, and E, in that order, and together, represented 65% of the isolates. High diversity was observed among the isolates both within farms and between geographic locations. Most of the isolates exhibited methicillin resistance. This is the first such report from India.CONCLUSION:In the absence of defined multilocus sequence type protocols or sufficient sequences available in the public domain, RAPD can be employed to determine genetic diversity of S. chromogenes isolates.

Astudy was conducted on isolation, identification and characterization of staphylococcal organisms associated with the canine pyoderma. The bacteriological processing of the samples resulted in the recovery of 95 staphylococcal isolates and 18 other bacterial isolates. On culture, staphylococci were the most predominantly (n=95, 75.39%) isolated organisms. Based on nucgene-based PCR, out of 95 staphylococcal isolates obtained, 82 (86.1%) of the isolates were found belonging to S. pseudintermedius. And out of 82 S. pseudintermedius isolates, siet gene was detected in 69 (86.1%) isolates. S. pseudintermedius was found to be predominant bacterial pathogen responsible for pyoderma in dogs. Two PCR products which were amplified for nuc gene and one each of siet and mec A gene were sent for commercial sequencing and the sequence alignment revealed 99.23 per cent, 99.14 per cent, 98.98 per cent and 100 per cent, similarities with the corresponding genes of S. pseudintermedius respectively.

Background: Infectious diseases and metabolic disorders are common in crossbred cows and adversely affect optimum production as well as quality of milk. The quality of milk plays a significant role in the production of high-quality dairy products. High somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk significantly decreases the potential of such milk for the production of high quality dairy products. In this study, it is hypothesized that the extra-mammary infections and metabolic disorders increase probability of intra-mammary infections thereby increasing somatic cell count in the milk making it unsuitable for dairy industry.Methods: Cows were grouped based on the diseases or disorders like Teat Stenosis (Gp SCM-TS), Ruminal Acidosis (Gp SCM-RA), Nonspecific Diarrhea (Gp SCM-ND), Respiratory Tract Infections (Gp SCM-RTI) and Repeat Breeder Syndrome (Gp SCM-RD). Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis was made on the basis of California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores and by Somatic Cell Count (SCC) by automatic somatic cell counter. Biochemical parameters analyzed in automatic biochemical analyzer using commercially available kits.Result: The mean SCC values significantly higher in cows with sublinical mastitis and with concurrent infectious and metabolic diseases. Similarly, the concentrations of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were higher in affected cows. Concentrations of serum total proteins (TP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in all the groups of affected animals were higher. The changes in the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels were not observed in cows with subclinical mastitis and with other diseases under study. The SCC values did not correlate with the values of ALP, AST, ALT, TP, BUN, Ca and P among the studied groups. It can be concluded that animals with concurrent infections and metabolic disorders increase the SCC and influence the alteration in the biochemical parameters of subclinical mastitic animals.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen implicated in mastitis in dairy animals and knowledge of the different genotypes involved would help to understand its molecular epidemiological aspects and to devise appropriate control strategies. We studied the genetic diversity of S. aureus strains of bovine and bubaline origin from clinical and subclinical mastitic milk samples collected from different geographical regions of Southern India. One hundred S. aureus isolates which were confirmed by routine biochemical methods and PCR based on spa typing. The study revealed 26 different spa types. Three of them were found to be new types viz., t18314, t18320 and t18547. The spa types t359, t7867 and t3841 were predominant in bovines whereas spa types t359 and t7867 were predominant in buffaloes. Spa type t3841 was confined to a particular geographical location (Bidar, Karnataka) whereas spa type t4570 was limited to a bubaline herd from Dharwad (Karnataka) region. Most of the bubaline S. aureus strains were resistant to methicillin. Genetically and geographically, spa types associated with methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains showed a greater diversity than methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. In summary, high diversity in spa types of mastitis causing S. aureus was observed in Southern India, and there was some evidence of occurrence of spa types specific to geographical locations, hosts and herds. The findings help to understand the molecular epidemiology of mastitis causing S. aureus with regard to its spread.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of small ruminants associated with high morbidity and mortality.Outbreak investigation was carried out in the month of August 2015 in goat and sheep of Agasavalli village (Shivamogga district, Karnataka).A total of 341 goats and 60 sheep reared under semi-intensive system were investigated for morbidity, mortality and case fatality.Affected animals exhibited symptoms suggestive of PPR viz.high fever, severe coughing, facial swelling, purulent nasal discharge, ulceration (gum, dental pad and oral commissure), profuse watery diarrhea with foul smell, anorexia and abortions in pregnant animals leading to death in about a week.Representative samples (n=10) collected from ailing animals were analysed in the laboratory and post-mortem examination of dead animals were carried out.Lateral flow assay (serum) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nasal swabs confirmed PPR virus infection as the cause of outbreak among sheep and goats.Morbidity, mortality and case fatality due to PPR during the outbreak were 76.5%, 24.9% and 32.6% in goats and 55.0%, 5.0% and 9.1% in sheep, respectively.Severity of infection was higher among young animals compared to adults.Keeping in view high morbidity and mortality of PPR infection in small ruminants, proper prophylactic vaccination of small ruminants is advocated for the management of disease.

Piton dunya uzerindeki en buyuk yilanlardan biridir. Hayvanat bahcelerinde yetistirilen bir Hindistan kaya pitonu basin on kisminda siddetli yaralanmalara maruz kalmistir. Alt cenenin heriki tarafindaki gingival mukozada kronik stomatit belirgindi. Sol ust cenenin yan tarafinda kronik nekrotik reaksiyonu andiran ceneden sarkan soyulmus deri parcasi belirlendi. Sindirilmis yiyecek bulunmayan midede kataral eksudat ve hafif odemli gastrik ulserler gozlendi. Ince barsaklar boyunca petesiyal kanamalar, nekrotik odaklar, villuslarda atrofi gozlenirken, kalin barsakta nematodlar belirlendi. Akcigerlerde kataral kopuklu icerik vardi ve mikroskopik olarak septal kalinlasma, konjesyon, kanama ve odem gozlendi. Mide ve barsaklarin histolojik incelemesinde kriptlerde epitel soyulma ve konjesyon belirlendi. Karacigerde hepatit, haemosiderosis ve safra kesesinde proliferasyon ile karakterize portal fibrosis gozlendi. Postmortem muayenede olum sebebi olarak kronik nekrotik stomatit, pnomoni ve nekro-hemorajik enterite bagli genel sistemik bozukluk olarak karar verildi. Abstract

Totally sixty birds aged three days old and unsexed, unvaccinated broiler chicks (Hubbard) were used to study the tolerance limit of aflatoxin in the commercial broilers. The present study showed that the body weight significantly decreased in chickens receiving 400 and 600 ppb aflatoxin and feed consumption was significantly decreased in 400 and 600 ppb fed groups at 2 , 4 and 6 weeks of age. A significant reduction nd th th in feed efficiency of bird was observed at 2 , 4 and 6 week of age in 400 ppb and 600 ppb aflatoxin fed nd th th groups. The maximum mortality was encountered in 600 ppb aflatoxin fed group (21.66%) followed by 400 ppb (15%), 200 ppb (6.66%) and 100 ppb (3.33%). The relative weight of the liver was significantly increased at the aflatoxin treatment of 200, 400 and 600 ppb levels. A significant reduction in the relative size of bursa of fabracius recorded at 200, 400 and 600 ppb aflatoxin level as compared to 50 ppb and control. A progressive reduction in serum protein concentration was observed in broiler chickens fed diets containing 100, 200, 400 and 600 ppb of aflatoxin. The present study indicated that aflatoxin causes bursal regression and suppresses primary immune response for NCD and IBD as evident by fall in ELISA titres.

Navel ill is a condition in which the Navel portion Omphalitis is an inflammation of the umbilicus of the calf is infected, by bacteria's contamination of and it occurs 2-5 days after the birth. In omphalitis, umbilicus following parturition. The infection spreads umbilicus is enlarged, painful on palpation and may be via the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord is a closed or draining purulent material through a fistula. connection between the fetus and mother, which Omphalophlebitis is a condition in which there is provides necessary nutrient for the development of the inflammation of the umbilical vein. It may occur in fetus during intrauterine life. distal part or extend from the umbilicus to the liver. Swellings of the umbilical stalk, with or without Here abscesses may develop along the course of the herniation, are common conditions in calves (Rings, vein and spread to liver. Omphaloarteritis is a 1995). The umbilical cord consists of the amniotic condition in which the abscesses occur along the membrane, the umbilical veins, the umbilical arteries course of the umbilical arteries from the umbilicus to and the urachus. The amniotic membrane of the the internal iliac arteries. In omphalophlebitis and umbilical cord is torn at birth and gradually the omphaloarteritis, the clinical findings are enlarged umbilical vein and the urachus closes but they remain umbilicus with purulent material, chronic toxemia, temporarily outside the umbilicus. The umbilical unthriftiness. The urachitis is an infection of the arteries retract as far back as the top of the bladder and urachus along its course i.e., from the umbilicus to the it becomes round ligament of the urinary bladder.

Organophosphors compounds (OPCs) are used tremors, shivering, muscular spasms and rigidity of on a massive scale by farmers as ship dips, pour-ons in limbs. The respirations were rapid and shallow. cattle farms, pet flea preparation and treatment of Diarrhea in varying degrees was observed. The human arthropod infestation (malathion). Cattle are movements were stiff, jerky and incoordinated, exposed to these insecticides either as a result of particularly in the hind limbs. remedial measures or through accidental ingestion of Discussion contaminated feed. Death in case of organophosphorus poisoning is caused by paralysis of respiratory The butox (Deltamethrin 1.25 %) is usually used muscles, respiratory arrest due to failure of respiratory as spray and dip to treat the ectoparasites. As a centre, or intense bronchoconstriction (Mosha, 1993). standard practice this has to be repeated at interval of We encountered type of case caused by organophos- 8-10 days strictly under constant observation and phorus compounds poisoning, which proved toxic following procedures in open space. Here in this case, even at therapeutic doses. Here we report such a case farmer boldly used butox without following with organophosphorus poisoning in crossbred cows precautionary measures. When we visited the place in an enclosed cattle shed. Farmer used butox surviving cows were immediately given atropine (Deltamethrin 1.25 %) with an intension of controlling hydrochloride 0.25 mg/kg body weight. The one third ticks by spraying all over the walls, floor and of this dose given very slowly intravenously in a ignorantly also on animals. Butox is available as liquid dilution (2%) and the remainder by intramuscular in aqueous solution containing 1.25% W/V of active injection given as reported by Radostits et al.1999. ingredient. This is used as a spray or dip in water (2-3 However the cows did not respond to the treatment and ml per liter of water) for the effective control of eventually succumbed to death. ectoparasites like ticks and flea.

Of the 125 bitches with reproductive disorder, 10 bitches which were aborted at different stages of gestation and presented to Veterinary hospitals for treatments were included in the present study. Total thirteen isolates were recovered from the aborted samples. The frequency of bacterial isolates in descending order were Escherichia coli (38.46%), Streptococcus canis (38.46%), Staphylococcus epidermedis (15.38%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.69%).

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hypocholesteramic herbal preparation Abana (TM) and garlic paste on lipid profile and production performance in layers. A total of one hundred and eighty BV-300 commercial layers of about 48 weeks age were randomly distributed into 18 groups of 10 layer birds in each. Six dietary treatments with the diet supplemented with Abana (TM) at 80 mg/kg body weight and 120 mg/kg body weight and garlic paste at 0.5 % individually and in combination were formulated for three periods of 28 days each. Each dietary treatment was offered to three groups of layers reared in individual cages for 28 days in each period. All the birds received similar management practices except the dietary treatments. The feed intake and body weight gains were recorded every 28 days. At the end of every 28 days the serum and egg yolk was collected form each replicate, pooled and analysed for High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides in serum and cholesterol level in egg yolk. Results indicated that there was reduction in the egg yolk cholesterol level but was not significant. Thus, in future research has to be conducted with Abana (TM) at levels higher than what was used during this research, which may result in significant reduction of egg yolk cholesterol.