Nous rapportons l’injection accidentelle péridurale de 4ml d’eau pour préparation injectable (EPPI) chez une parturiente de 32 ans dans le cadre d’une analgésie pour le travail. L’injection a provoqué une douleur dorsolombaire immédiate et très intense ayant cédé en une vingtaine de minutes suite à l’injection de 5ml de NaCl 0,9 % suivie de 20ml de solution analgésique (ropivacaïne 0,1 %+sufentanil 0,25μg/ml). Aucun déficit sensitivomoteur, ni aucune douleur résiduelle n’a été observée dans les dix jours qui ont suivi. Bien qu’un tel accident d’injection péridurale n’ait jamais été décrit à ce jour, une revue de la littérature nous a permis d’établir que l’EPPI avait été auparavant utilisée par certains auteurs comme solution test pour identifier l’espace péridural. Cependant, certains arguments expérimentaux laissent présager d’une potentielle neurotoxicité de l’EPPI, ce qui interdit actuellement son usage péridural. L’analyse systémique de l’accident selon le modèle de Reason nous a permis d’établir les différents niveaux de dysfonctionnement et l’instauration de mesures correctrices visant à empêcher le renouvellement de ce type d’erreur.

Four milliliters of distilled water was accidentally injected during labor epidural analgesia in a 32-year-old woman. This epidural injection resulted in severe and instantaneous thoracolumbar pain, which disappeared after epidural administration of NaCl 0.9% 5 mL followed by 20 ml of an analgesic mixture (ropivacaine 0.1% + sufentanil 0.25 mu g/ml). There was no evidence of any neurologic deficit or residual pain until discharge 10 days later. Although no other cases of accidental epidural injection of distilled water have been described up to now, a literature survey showed that it had been used previously as an old method to find the epidural space. However, few experimental data suggest that distilled water can be neurotoxic, which strictly contraindicates its use by epidural route. We used the Reason's systemic analysis model to identify each step that contributed to this error. Corrective measures were then implemented to avoid the recurrence of this error. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Background Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex are important vectors of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known about the relative contributions of all mosquitoes to lymphatic filariasis transmission in this area. Methods Over a 28 month period, mosquitoes were collected from 13 villages in Plateau and Nasarawa states in central Nigeria and dissected to determine W. bancrofti infection status. Wings and legs from a subset of the mosquitoes visually identified as A. gambiae s.l. were identified by PCR as either A. gambiae s.s. or A. arabiensis . Results A. gambiae s.s peaked in abundance during the rainy season while A. arabiensis predominated during drier parts of the year. Both species were found equally likely to be infected with the developing stages (L 1 -L 3 ) of W. bancrofti (9.2% and 11.1%, respectively). Fewer A. funestus (1.1%, p < 0.001) were infected than A. gambiae s.l. Conclusion Understanding the relative contributions of morphologically indistinguishable species to LF transmission is essential if PCR is to be performed on mosquito pools. In the study area, the use of mosquito pools composed of A. gambiae sibling species would not be problematic, as both A. gambiae s.s. and A. arabiensis contribute equally to LF transmission.

Gains of productivity through software reuse require important eeorts for the construction of general-purpose high-level abstractions for reusable software artifacts through systematic approaches to Domain Engineering techniques. This paper sugggests general-purpose software architectures as appropriate abstractions to achieve this goal. 1 Background Rosario Girardi has been working in software reuse since 1989. First, she worked with object-oriented development methodologies and their support to reuse 1, 2]. Later, she focused on software library issues using concepts from the information retrieval and computational linguistics elds 3, 4]. Currently, her main interest in the software reuse area is on software architectures for the creation of reusable software 5]. Bertrand Ibrahim has been involved with software reuse since 1987. He rst worked on software reuse based on automatic code generation, within the context of a CASE environment for the development of computer-aided learning software. Later on, he focused on the automatic detection of reuse opportunities based on natural language description of software components. 2 Position Software reuse has been considered as a means to overcome the software crisis. However, the expectations of higher productivity in the development and maintenance of software and of better quality of the created software artifacts through software reuse have not been frequently met. This may be so because the eeort needed to create reusable software artifacts, locate them, adapt them and integrate them in a speciic application has very often been felt to be greater than the eeort needed to create the application from scratch. A few successful reuse experiences have been reported. Success has depended mainly on both knowledge and development experience of particular application domains. Good results have been obtained on well-known domains and with domains where there is a mature development experience. Two main technical problems currently limit successful reuse. One of them concerns software library features with the need for mechanisms to retrieve software artifacts eeectively according to user requirements. Advances in information retrieval and natural language processing techniques have provided some directions to approach this problem 3, 4]. Another problem concerns development for reuse activities with the need for mechanisms to create eeective software abstractions providing a considerable improvement of productivity through their reuse. The reuse community has shown the relevance of the productivity beneets of reusing early life-cycle artifacts, like design speciications, rather than the simple low-level reuse of source code. Therefore, there is a need for mechanisms to identify and create high-level …

A prospective entomological survey was conducted in four sentinel villages in central Nigeria from 1999-2002, to assess the impact of annual, single-dose, mass drug administrations (MDA), with a combination of ivermectin and albendazole, on the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti. As they were also endemic for human onchocerciasis, the four villages had received annual MDA based on ivermectin alone for 7 years prior to the addition of albendazole. Resting Anophelines gambiae s.l., An. funestus and Culex species were collected from 92 sequentially sampled households and dissected. Mosquitoes harbouring any larval stage of W. bancrofti were classified as 'infected', and those containing the third-stage larvae of the parasite were classified as 'infective'. Over the 41-month observation period, 4407 mosquitoes were captured and dissected, of which 64% were An. gambiae s.l., 34% An. funestus, and 1% Culex species. The baseline data, from dissections performed before the addition of albendazole to the MDA, showed high prevalences of mosquito infection (8.9%) and infectivity (2.9%), despite apparently good treatment coverages during the years of annual ivermectin monotherapy. Only the anopheline mosquitoes were found to harbour W. bancrofti larvae. After the third round of MDA with the ivermectin-albendazole combination, statistically significant decreases in the prevalences of mosquito infection (down to 0.6%) and infectivity (down to 0.4%) were observed (P<0.0001 for each). The combination of albendazole and ivermectin appears to be superior to ivermectin alone for reducing the frequency of W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes.

In the visual languages community, the data-flow and control-flow models are often seen as antagonistic. However, data-flow formalisms are seldom purely data-flow based, and control-flow formalisms are seldom purely control-flow based. In this paper, we will describe the execution model of a formalism that completely integrates the two kinds of flows. This execution model, inspired by colored Petri Nets, is based on directed graphs, with both control-flow and data-flow edges, and with, respectively, control-flow and data-flow tokens flowing through these edges. Through an example, we define and explain the semantics of the combination of the two kinds of token flows.

Control-flow diagrams are often criticized as difficult toread because of numerous edge intersections. To improvethe readability we propose a solution that manages the visualcomplexity of graphs with hundreds, or even thousands ofnodes. It consists in applying heuristics to choose the bestpath for an edge and an appropriate color that will help distinguishan edge from its neighbors.

One major challenge with graph-based visual languages is managing the complexity and maintaining a good readability as the density of edges in the graph increases. To improve the graph readability we propose a solution that manages the visual complexity of graph-based diagrams with many hundreds, and even thousands of nodes. It consists in applying heuristics to choose the best path for an edge and attributing to it a color defined automatically according to its origin and destination nodes. A grid system where certain areas are reserved for the display of nodes and others for the edges, is used for the layout of the nodes and edges.

According to our and other ethnobotanic studies (Walker, R., 1951. Une Nouvelle Légumineuse du Gabon servant à narcotiser le poisson. Rev. Bot. Appl. 31, 327; Walker, R., Sillans, R., 1961. Les plantes utiles du Gabon. Encyclopédie Biologique. P. Chevalier, Paris; Halle, N., 1970. Flore du Gabon 17, Famille des Rubiacées. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Mounzeo, H., et al., 1997. Quelques plantes utilisées comme poisons de pêches chez les Punu du Gabon. Le Flamboyant 44. Décembre, Bulletin de Liaison des membres du réseau ‘Arbres Tropicaux’), Tephrosia vogelii and Justicia extensa are two plants whose leaves are particularly used for the catching of fish in Gabonese rivers. The leaf extracts of those plants have been tested on Tilapia nilotica in order to observe their toxicity. At a given dose, the small fish are the first to be poisoned. This toxicity is more important for J. extensa and increased in a dose-dependent manner. After boiling for 90 min, those leaf extracts and rotenone (l0−6 M) taken as a control retain their toxicity at high dose (625 mg/1), although the latency period is higher. With the same temperature condition, at weak doses (37.5 and 62.5 mg/1), T. vogelii loses its toxicity, whereas J. extensa preserves it at 62.5 mg/1. As shown in our results, the fact that the extracts preserve their toxicity at high dose after boiling requires particular attention be given to the doses used for fishing and to the type of plants used.

Many visual languages only support data of predefined types. For fine-grain general-purpose visual languages based on the data-flow paradigm, there is the need to describe various data structures that will represent the structure of the data that flows in various parts of a graph. In this paper; we describe our design of various static and dynamic data structure constructs, a visual formalism to describe data types and a visual representation of manipulations of data structures.

It is now commonplace to use forms within HTML documents to have server-based applications interact with remote users. However, these forms are, most of the time, rather simple and only allow a one time interaction between the user and the application. Forms are nevertheless very versatile and can be used to build rather complex user interfaces for server-side applications that involve multiple interaction loops. In this paper, we describe how our students used such forms to remotely control a symbolic debugger executing algorithms in the on-line version of a book used in their data structure course. After describing in detail how the user interface is built and how the students can interact with it, we focus on the limitations of this approach and how this interface could be enhanced with the use of more recent developments such as applets.

This paper describes the implementation strategy for the common editing primitives - select, copy, cut and paste - in a graphical editor for a visual language based on directed graphs. By focusing on minimizing the number of user actions to move parts of a graph structure around the overall structure, this strategy gives the user as much control as possible over which edges will be reconstructed automatically after a cut or paste operation. To minimize the cognitive load on the user, we clearly define the concepts of starting nodes, entry nodes, stopping nodes and exit nodes in the selection. Based on these concepts, we explain how the editing primitives work to try to reconstruct connections between the selection and the rest of the graph.

This article describes ROSA, a software reuse system based on the processing of the natural language descriptions of software artifacts. Lexical, syntactic, and semantic analysis of software descriptions is performed to automatically extract both verbal and nominal phrases from descriptions and to use this information to create frame-based indexing units for software components. Retrieval similarity measures provide good retrieval effectiveness by supporting semantic matching and processing of lexical relationships between terms. Some results from an experiment evaluating retrieval effectiveness are discussed.