The mode of inheritance of the congenital abnormalities: atresia ani, congenital tremor, hernia, splayleg, cryptorchidism and intersexuality of pigs, were investigated using segregation analysis and test matings. From 1986 to 1989, 4 621 litters of purebred Pietrain, Landrace B, German Landrace and crossbred Pietrain/German Landrace were investigated In addition, for 683 litters sex was recorded in an extended programme to defect congenital abnormalities. Ten test matings, each with possible carriers for the congenital abnormalities atresia ani, inguinal, scrotal or umbilical hernia, congenital tremor and splayleg, were conducted. Two female pigs each affected by one of the defects: atresia ani, congenital tremor, splayleg and umbilical hernia, were sired to possible carriers of the same congenital abnormality. The introduction of a second locus in the complex segregation analysis resulted in a significant improvement of the estimates against the one-locus model. In the two-locus models examined the congenital anomalies achieved penetrance values between 55 and 90 per cent. The average size of litters with these anomalies is one piglet larger than in unaffected litters. Those with at least one affected piglet are characterized by a greater proportion (61.5 per cent) of males. These observations suggest that homozygous animals, particularly females, die during the embryonic period.

The mode of inheritance of the anomalies atresia ani, congenital tremor, hernia, splayleg, cryptorchidism and intersexuality in pigs were investigated by means of segregation analysis and test matings.In the period of investigation between 1986 and 1989 5304 litters of purebred Pietrain and DL (German Landrace) and crossbred Pietrain x DL were available. 683 litters were tested by an extended programme to detect anomalies.A simple segregation analysis according to LI and MANTEL (1986) and DAVIE (1979) was applied. For a monogenic recessive and five digenic models the complex segregation analysis was applied according to the procedures described by ELANDT JOHNSON (1971). Ten matings, each with possible carriers for the anomalies atresia ani, hernia, congenital tremor, splayleg and umbilical hernia were performed. Every two female pigs affected by atresia ani, congenital tremor, splayleg and umbilical hernia were reared and sired to possible carriers of the same defect.Following results were obtained:1. Only for the anomaly congenital tremor the segregation rate is in accordance with the expected rate of a monogenic recessive mode of inheritance. The segregation rates of the other anomalies ranged between 0.01 and 0.13.2. The introduction of a second locus in the complex segregation analysis led in all anomalies to a significant amelioration against the one-locus-model. In the investigated two-locus-models the anomalies reached penetrance values between 55% and 90%.3. The litter size of litters with anomalies is on average one piglet larger than the litter size of litters without anomalies.4. Litters containing anomalies are characterised by a higher proportion (61.5%) of males.5. Because of the different litter size and the disturbed sex ratio in litters with respectively without anomalies, it is concluded, that homozygous animals - especially the females - die during the embryonic period.6. Using only male litters in the analysis which could be done only in a subset of the available data revealed that the segregation ratio for the anomalies scrotal hernia and cryptorchidism didn't differ significantly from the one-locus-model.

Reproduction in Domestic AnimalsVolume 20, Issue 4 p. 251-252 Production of transgenic mice, rabbits and pigs by microinjection into pronuclei R.C. Selden, R.C. Selden LMU, München, FRG, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Springman, K. Springman Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Hondele, J. Hondele Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Meyer, J. Meyer Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorE.-L. Winnacker, E.-L. Winnacker Institut für Biochemie, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorH. Kräußlich, H. Kräußlich Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. Brem, G. Brem Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Brenig, B. Brenig Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorH. M. Goodman, H. M. Goodman LMU, München, FRG, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorF. Graf, F. Graf Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Kruff, B. Kruff Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this author R.C. Selden, R.C. Selden LMU, München, FRG, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. Springman, K. Springman Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Hondele, J. Hondele Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Meyer, J. Meyer Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorE.-L. Winnacker, E.-L. Winnacker Institut für Biochemie, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorH. Kräußlich, H. Kräußlich Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. Brem, G. Brem Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Brenig, B. Brenig Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorH. M. Goodman, H. M. Goodman LMU, München, FRG, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorF. Graf, F. Graf Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this authorB. Kruff, B. Kruff Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhygiene, Boston, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1985 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.1985.tb00423.xCitations: 124AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Hammer, R.E., V.G. Pursel, C.E. Rexroad Jr., R.J. Wall, D.J. Bolt, K.M. Ebert, R.D. Palmiter, R.L. Brinster, 1985, Nature 315, 680–683. 10.1038/315680a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2 Palmiter, R.D., R.L. Brinster, R.E. Hammer, M.E. Trumbauer, M.G. Rosenfeld, N.C. Birnberg, R.M. Evans, 1982, Nature 300, 611–615. 10.1038/300611a0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Palmiter, R.D., G. Norstedt, R.E. Gelinas, R.E. Hammer, R.L. Brinster, 1983, Science 222, 809–814. 10.1126/science.6356363 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume20, Issue4December 1985Pages 251-252 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Samples of herd milk (506) were analyzed to assess sources of variation for milk coagulation properties (MCP) for 5 different dairy cattle breeds. Data were recorded in 55 single-breed dairy herds in the Trento province, a mountain area in northeast Italy. The 5 cattle breeds were Holstein-Friesian (8 herds), Brown Swiss (16 herds), Simmental (10 herds), Rendena (13 herds), and Alpine Gray (8 herds). Herd milk samples were analyzed for the MCP traits, milk rennet coagulation time (RCT), curd-firming time, and curd firmness (a30), as well as protein and fat percentages, somatic cell count, Soxhlet-Henkel acidity, and bacterial count. An ANOVA was performed to study the effect of breed, herd within breed, DIM, month of lactation, protein and fat percentages, somatic cell score, titratable acidity, and log bacterial count within breed on MCP. Breed was the most important source of variation. In particular, the Rendena breed showed the best MCP traits at 13.5 min and 27.0 mm for RCT and a30, respectively. The Holstein-Friesian breed had the worst coagulation properties at 18.0 min and 17.5 mm for RCT and a30, respectively. The other 3 breeds showed intermediate coagulation properties. The RCT values were better at the beginning of lactation, whereas RCT and a30 values were better in September and October (14.3 min and 25.7 mm, respectively). Among the composition traits, only the titratable acidity affected MCP traits of herd milk positively.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of follicular profiles over 4 days prior to superovulation on superovulatory responses. Eighty-eight Holstein cows were synchronized by two prostaglandin F2α injections given 11 days apart and conventionally superovulated between days 8 and 12 of the estrous cycle with 400 mg Folltropin-V given in decreasing doses over 4 days. Luteolysis was induced by 2 im injections of cloprostenol (2 ml) with the sixth and seventh injections of Folltropin-V. The ovaries of all cows were examined by ultrasonography with a real-time linear scanning ultrasound diagnostic system (Ls-300-A: Tokyo Keiki Co., Tokyo, Japan; 7.5 MHz Transducer) on days −3, −2, −1, 0 (initiation day of the superovulatory treatment = day 0). Data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of the SAS. Animals with a greater diameter of the largest follicle (F1; 13.4 vs 9.8 and 10.1 mm; p < 0.007) and with a greater difference in the diameter of the first and second largest follicles (7.6 vs 4.5 and 3.8 mm; p < 0.001) had the greater superovulatory response and produced the greater number of quality I embryos. In conclusion, the diameter of the F1 and the F1–F2 follicles were higher over a 4-day period prior to superovulation in animals yielding a high than a medium and a low number of quality I and I + II embryos.