Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi is a febrile, tick-borne disease of equids. However, there is limited literature about the genotyping of T. equi in India. Blood samples were collected from 202 horses and subjected to microscopy and PCR to detect T. equi. Initially, a universal screening primer pair targeting 18S ribosomal RNA genes common for Babesia caballi and T. equi was employed to amplify the DNA of both parasites. Thereafter additional primers were employed for species-specific detection resulting in amplification of approximately 435 bp specific for T. equi. T.equi was detected in 9.9% and 20.79% of horses screened by microscopy and PCR, respectively. The representative samples confirmed positive by PCR were sequenced, submitted to NCBI (OR651254, OR687254, OR685656, OR650830, OR650834), and used for genotype characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Employing Genetool and MEGA X software, the T. equi Indian isolates and across the globe were compared, and the results demonstrated 99.05-100% and 95.86-100% homologies, respectively. All the T. equi Indian isolates belonged to genotype A. Phylogeny based on the EMA-1 gene of five isolates (OR731831, OR731833, OR731829, OR731830, OR731832) were also characterized by sequencing and support the previous findings. Genotypes C and D, as well as genotypes B and E, exhibited lower levels of evolutionary divergence compared to other genotypes. The EMA-1 gene exhibited limited diversity and might not be the most suitable target for assessing variability within T. equi populations. The findings also reveal a significant association (p < 0.01) between T. equi infection and the presence of ticks.

The present study was aimed at the identification, molecular characterization, and risk factor assessment of Theileria infection among sheep of Haryana province, north India. A total of 402 blood samples were collected from three different climatic zones of Haryana from March 2020 to September 2021. Light microscopy of blood smears revealed Theileria spp. infection in 47.26% (n = 190), while 60.94% (n = 245) of blood samples were positive using nested PCR. Extensive molecular characterization of Theileria infection using four pairs of species-specific primers indicated the dominance of T. ovis (29.1%) followed by T. lestoquardi (12.69%), T. luwenshuni (5.97%) and T. annulata (1.49%). Mixed infection was detected in 11.69% of cases. Bidirectional sequencing and phylogeny further confirmed the presence of these four Theileria spp. in the investigated area under study. Hematology indicated a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in various haematological indices of animals infected with T. luwenshuni and T. lestoquardi compared to the healthy control group. Risk factors like age, sex, and zone were significantly associated with Theileria infection in sheep. The present investigation depicts the first comprehensive molecular report of ovine Theileria spp., which warrants further study to develop suitable control strategies against these haemoparasitic infections.

Table S1: Weight of the tumors;Figure S1: Correlation of in vivo NIR imaging and ex vivo biodistribution analysis; Figure S2: Evaluation of injected J591-conjugates; Figure S3: Assessment of tumor vascular permeability; Figure S4: Passive dye uptake in PSMA-positive and PSMA-negative tumors; Figure S5: Ex vivo tumor image analysis of LMD/PSMA xenograft model; Figure S6: Ex vivo biodistribution analysis of J591-conjugates in LMD tumor model; Figure S7: Ex vivo tumor image analysis of PC3/PSMA xenograft model; Figure S8: PSMA expression and J591 conjugate distribution

During the period of 2019-2021, a total of 715 buffaloes were screened for Theileria infections. A set of clinical parameters were used to identify the theileriosis suspected animals which were later confirmed through microscopic tests (peripheral thin blood smear examination and lymph node biopsy smear examination) and molecular assay (cytochrome b based T. annulata specific polymerase chain reaction test). On the basis of clinical evaluation, 33.43% (239/715) buffaloes were suspected for the presence of theileriosis. Through laboratory examination, 63.60% (152/239), 7.48% (16/214) and 100% (239/239) were found positive for Theileria infection by blood smear examination, lymph node biopsy and PCR, respectively, among the clinically suspected theileriosis animals. The efficiency of PCR was recorded to be highest, followed by microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears, and the lowest value was obtained for lymph node biopsy smear examination. The results indicated that PCR is a highly sensitive diagnostic technique for confirmatory diagnosis of T. annulata parasitic infection in buffaloes, even at very low level of parasitemia. Analysis of the data based on thin blood smear examination revealed that the field incidence of theileriosis was 11.55% in the south-western region of Gujarat, India. The high incidences of T. annulata infection in buffaloes may be due to the sub-tropical climate of the region which is favorable for the growth and development of vector ticks and parasites.

In transitional cell carcinoma, the most common form of bladder cancer, overexpression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 offers prognostic value as markers of disease-specific survival. These molecules have been implicated in metastasis of bladder cancer, but the underlying mechanisms through which they are controlled are poorly defined. In this study, we investigated a role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in this process, using bladder cancer cell lines HTB9 and HTB5 that were derived from different tumor stages. p38 MAPK modulated MMP-2/9 mRNA levels at the levels of transcript stability and MMP-2/9 activity along with invasive capacity. We defined a downstream effector of p38 MAPK, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), that was associated with MMP-2/9 activation. Ectopic expression of wild-type or constitutively active forms of MAPKAPK2 increased MMP-2/9 activities and invasive capacity. Conversely, p38 MAPK inhibition blocked the MAPKAPK2-mediated increase in MMP-2/9 activities and the invasive capacity of the cancer cells. Our findings implicate p38 MAPK and MAPKAPK2 in mediating bladder cancer invasion via regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 at the level of mRNA stability.

The sacrum is a large triangular bone formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae and wedged between two hip bones. Dimension of sacrum varies from region to region therefore morphometric study of sacrum in population of Bihar is important for proper fixation during orthopedic procedure in trauma patients. : The objectives of this study was to evaluate the morphometric parameters of sacrum so that a data can be generated from local population. M: The present study was done on 110 human sacra of known sex (62 male and 48 female) collected from department of Anatomy, IGIMS, Patna and also from other medical colleges of Bihar. Maximum length of sacrum, curved length of sacrum, maximum breadth of sacrum, antero-posterior diameter of the body of first sacral vertebra, transverse diameter of the body of first sacral vertebra and maximum length of articular surface of sacrum were measured. Mean value of sacral straight length were 104.55 cm in male and 94.66 cm in female, Curve length 112.03 cm in male and 103.98 cm in female, Width of sacrum 101.53 cm in male and 105.67 cm in female. Transverse diameter of body of 1st sacral vertebra were 46.53 cm and 40.85 cm in male and female respectively, antero-posterior diameter of body of 1st sacral vertebra were 29.89 cm and 27.73 cm in male and female respectively, Length of auricular surface were 56.08 cm and 54.77 cm respectively. Sacral index, curvature index, index of body of first sacral vertebra, corpora-basal index and auricular index were calculated. Morphometric study of sacrum in population of Bihar is important because dimension of sacrum varies from region to region and this is important for proper fixation during orthopedic procedure in trauma patients.

The present study was aimed to assess the incidence of T. evansi infections in camel in Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, through microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Blood samples were collected from 192 camels, randomly. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Field’s stain, Giemsa stain and RoTat1.2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detection of T. evansi in blood samples was evaluated. T. evansi infection recorded in camels based on Field’s stain, Giemsa stain and RoTat1.2 PCR assays was 3.23%, 8.85% and 22.39%, respectively. Sensitivity of Field’s stain was 35.29% while PCR test had 100% sensitivity in comparison to Giemsa stain for the detection of T. evansi in blood samples. The analytical sensitivity of newly developed RoTat1.2 PCR assay was determined as 1.07 pg of purified whole blood genomic DNA. Epidemiologically, T. evansi was an important pathogen in camels of all age groups but more prevalent in adult animals and in monsoon season.

The transmission of data from a source to a destination node is examined in this article. Existing binomial logistic regression (BLR-OR) routing algorithm is employed to effectively higher network lifetime with lower delay. However, regression coefficient value of a single mobile node in MANETs takes more time to compute the distance of neighbor node, so that packets fail to reach the destination and it was expired. Meta-heuristics algorithm is introduced to overcome the existing problem. During the transmission, packets from source to neighbor node using correlation coefficient value has been computed based on energy, bandwidth and delay time. Optimized routing path of a network represents the attractiveness factors of firefly algorithm. Data packets are sent to neighbor node; it saves energy, bandwidth and improves the packet delivery ratio.

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Tumor microvasculature contributes to continual exposure of prostate cancer cells to hypoxia-reoxygenation, however, the role of hypoxia-reoxygenation in prostate cancer progression and modulation of AR signaling is not understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hypoxia-reoxygenation in LNCaP cells, a line of hormone responsive human prostate cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia-reoxygenation resulted in increased survival, higher clonogenicity and enhanced invasiveness of these cells. Moreover, hypoxia-reoxygenation was associated with an increased AR activity independent of androgens as well as increased hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1alpha) levels and activity. We also observed that the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway was an early response to hypoxia, and inhibition of p38 MAP kinase pathway by variety of approaches abolished hypoxia-reoxygenation induced increased AR activity as well as increased survival, clonogenicity and invasiveness. These results demonstrate a critical role for hypoxia-induced p38 MAP kinase pathway in androgen-independent AR activation in prostate cancer cells, and suggest that hypoxia-reoxygenation may select for aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer phenotype.

The landscape of decoding the cancer intelligence systems which dictate the shape and architect of the tumor cells are challenging and very complex. The genetic alterations due to various external or internal insult allow tumor cells to evolve from the adverse conditions where reprograming the molecular mechanisms allowed some cells to sustain self-renewal and differentiation capability like stem cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Epigenetic changes and disruption of redox balance have been known for their roles in cancer development and progression; however, their functions in genetic reprograming in context to cancer and CSCs have not been explored in detail. This chapter has shown some light in this area describing how ROS induced chromatin remodeling rewrite the code leading to CSCs emergence.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article is being retracted following correspondence from an Investigation Committee at the University of Colorado Denver. An internal investigation into this manuscript by the University of Colorado Denver, found evidence that there was image manipulation and that these actions warrant retraction to correct the scientific record. Bands on blot obscured or removed, apparent when the images are enhanced (Fig 4A p21 band "C" at 24hr, Fig 4B p21 band "C" at 24hr, and Fig 4B Cyclin A band "10" at 48 hr).

Rhipicephalus microplus is posing a serious threat to productive animal husbandry. Excessive use of synthetic chemicals in tick management has led to the development of resistant tick populations. Characterization of resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin in ticks is necessary to develop a suitable and sustainable control strategy. Based on adult immersion test and larval packet test, the resistance ratios (RR50) for adults and larvae of R. microplus populations from two Indian states ranged from 3.8 to 19.4 and 1.35–25.0 against deltamethrin, 0.061–26.3 and 0.22–19.2 against cypermethrin, and 0.2–9.5 and 0.01–3.1 against coumaphos, respectively, were recorded. Moreover, the RR50 for adults ranged from 0.212 to 3.87 against ivermectin. The RR50 for different acaricides was significantly (p<0.01) correlated with esterases, Glutathione S-transferase and monooxygenase activity. A point mutation at the 190th position of the domain II S4–5 linker region of the sodium channel gene in synthetic pyrethroids (SP) resistant populations was also detected. An antitick natural formulation prepared from the plant Azeratum conyzoides and containing two major compounds, Precocene-I (7‑methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl 2H-chromene) and Precocene II (6, 7-dimethoxy-2, 2-dimethyl- 3-chromene), was developed and tested against the resistant ticks. The LC50 values of the natural formulation against the resistant populations were in the range of 4.31–5.33% irrespective of their RR50 values. Multi-acaricide resistant populations of R. microplus are established in India and the A. conyzoides based natural formulation can be used for its management.

Accurate electric power consumption forecasting plays key role in the decision-making, planning, executing and over all energy management. This paper presents a regression-based, model for accurate electric power consumption prediction by select industries in Ahmednagar city in Maharashtra state. The proposed model includes data cleaning, data smoothing and final data after preprocessing fed into regression-based model to predict industrial electric power consumption. The context features like calendar data, weather data, company data, and historical consumption of electricity are used as input for the regression-based model. In the conclusion, part accuracy of the proposed model is discussed as research.

Nowadays, IoT systems are widely used in many different sectors such as medicine, industrial, etc. also it makes life easier by doing different tasks automatically. Therefore, it became prevalent, leading to produce a large number of IoT devices. Different protocols, like as MQTT, COAP, HTTP, and others, are now available for communication between these devices. Each protocol has its pros and cons. In these protocols, MQTT has become one the most popular protocols because its properties are suitable for most of the IoT systems but it also has some disadvantages like less security, complex mechanics used for security, no message priority feature, overloading, etc. In this paper, different protocols are compared with MQTT, also the architecture, advantages, and limitations of MQTT arediscussed. The evolution of MQTT is also given. The time complexity for Modified MQTT protocol over MQTT protocol.

Background: The diagnosis and management of anemia largely depends on clinical assessment for pallor. Pallor is explained as decreased colour of the skin and mucous membranes. Aim: the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of pallor in the diagnosis of anemia in children aged 6 months to 5 years. Material and methods: A case control study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India for 15 Months . 200 children in the age group of 6 months to 5 years were included in the study. Pallor was assessed in four sites namely conjunctiva, tongue, nail bed and palm under day light. After history and physical examination, blood sample was taken for haemoglobin estimation and other relevant investigations. All samples were collected within 3 hours of physical examination. Anemia was diagnosed according to WHO criterion (Hb<11 g/dl in 6 months5 years). Anemia was divided into mild (Hb: 10-10.99 g/dl), moderate (Hb: 7-9.99 g/dl) and severe (Hb: <7g/dl). Results: Two hundred patients were included in the study of which 100 were assigned as cases (pallor-study group) and 100 as controls (no pallor group). Both the groups were matched in terms of age and gender. There were 72 male and 28 females in pallor group whereas 64 and 36 in non pallor group. Age distribution as<1 year, 1-3 years and 3-5 years in 35%, 28% and 37% respectively in pallor group. In control group these were 25%, 44% and 31%. Out of 100 patients with pallor, 80 had anemia, whereas non-pallor control group had only 25 anemics. Sensitivity and specificity of pallor for anemia detection were 74.6% and 78.4% respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive values stand at 81.39% and 69.77% respectively. The mean hemoglobin in pallor group was 9.87±2.7 g/dl and in non-pallor group it was 11.95±1.12 g/dl. In the study group (with pallor), pallor was identified in 70 (70%) in conjunctiva, 55 (55%) in tongue, 74(74%) in nailbed and 84 (84%) in palm. 52 cases had pallor in all 4 sites. Maximum sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were found for palmar pallor. Tongue turned out to be least sensitive for identifying pallor. All the four sites were found to have statistically significant correlation with anemia (p value<0.001). Sensitivity of pallor in all the four sites was found to have positive correlation with severity of anemia. To detect severe anemia sensitivity of conjunctival European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine (EJMCM) ISSN: 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 10, 2020 3729 pallor was 100%. Iron deficiency anemia was the etiology in 80% of cases. Hemolytic anemia and leukemia in 2% each, chronic diseases and malaria in 2%, others were the causes in 10%. Other causes included megaloblastic anemia, hypothyroidism, autoimmune hepatitis, CMV infection and acute bleeding. Pallor at each site was tried to correlate with etiology . However, no statistically significant correlation was found. Conclusion: Pallor was found to be very useful in detecting anemia, also it had more specific than sensitive value. The best predictor site for pallor for diagnosing anemia was palm.

: Knee deformities can be reliably assessed by using morphometric parameters of upper end of tibia. Total knee arthroplasties are done to treat many types of arthritis and injuries involving knee joint. So, there is a need to have data of various morphometric parameters of upper end of tibia in order to have better surgical outcomes. The present study was attempted to provide values of different parameters in the population of Bihar.: The present study was a cross-sectional and prospective study conducted on 50 tibia of unknown gender and age in the Department of Anatomy, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna. Fully ossified, dried, macerated and thoroughly cleaned tibia were taken to measure different parameters of upper end with the help of digital vernier calliper. The data thus obtained were tabulated and analysed statistically using Microsoft excel software.: It was found that the diameters of medial condyle were more than the lateral condyle. The antero-posterior diameter was more than the transverse diameter in case of both the condyles. But the difference between the right and the left side was not statistically significant.: The present study will help in providing a baseline data for designing of the prosthesis used in total knee replacement surgeries. It will also be helpful to anthropologists and forensic experts.

Aim: This study was investigating the effect of prescribing zinc sulphate on improving the clinical symptoms of pneumonia in children below 60 months of age. Material and Methods: This Case-Control study was done the Department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India for 12 months. Among 300 patients divided into two equal groups. 150 Children between the age of 2 months to 59 months and children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract infection were included in case group and 150 children for control group. The details of blood investigations and imaging for confirmation of clinical diagnosis were also noted during the stay of the patient in the hospital. The serum zinc estimation was done by using colorimetric test. Results: The mean age of cases was 1.63±1.44 yrs and that of controls was 1.77±1.85 yrs. The Sex wise distribution of the cases and controls consisted of 91(60.67%) of cases being male and 59(39.33%) being female as compared to 87(58%) of controls being male and 63(42%) being female. The Mean serum zinc levels in the cases and controls, after comparison, were found to be significantly different [p=0.0001], with mean value for the cases being 58.98 ± 10.22 ug/dl as compared to 85.12 ± 12.12 ug/dl for the controls. A total of 42 cases and controls (28%) were found to have deficiency of zinc, of which majority (89.29%) were cases. Severe Pneumonia group (Mean=39.95±5.98ug/dl) having significantly lower value than that of Pneumonia group (Mean=63.78 ±6.76 ug/dl). According to oxygen requirements, with cases managed on room air having mean of 66.11±7.22 ug/dl, cases requiring supplemental oxygen by nasal prongs having mean of 63.23±10.29 ug/dl and cases requiring mechanical ventilation having mean of 41.17±7.88 ug/dl(Table 3). The serum zinc analysis of patients according to outcome shows significantly lower zinc values (p value=0.0001) in cases who eventually died due to the ALRTI and its complications (n=17) as compared to those who got discharged after treatment (n=133). Conclusion: we concluded that the low serum level of zinc was seen in severe pneumonia cases. Serum zinc levels were found to be lower in risk factors of LRTI like poor nutritional status, anemia, vitamin A deficiency, low birth weight and formula fed patients. Zinc supplementation is required in LRTI patients especially those with the above mentioned risk factors.

Nematodes of the genus Physaloptera are globally distributed and infect a multitude of hosts. Their life cycle involves orthopterans and coleopterans as intermediate hosts. The morphological characters alone are inadequate to detect and differentiate Physaloptera spp. from its congeners. Moreover, molecular studies are limited to compare them precisely. The present communication reports the first molecular phylogenetic characterization of feline Physaloptera spp. from India based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) and small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA). The nematodes were first isolated from the stomach of adult stray cats during necropsy examination. Based on the gross and microscopic characters, the worms were identified as P. praeputialis. Morphological identification was further confirmed through PCR targeting the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (MT-COI) gene, using nematode-specific primers cocktail followed by species specific primers targeting partial COX1 and 18S rRNA genes. Generated sequences were submitted in NCBI GenBank (MW517846, MW410927, MW411349), and phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum likelihood method. When compared with other sequences of Physaloptera species across the globe, the present isolates showed 85.6–97.7% and 97.3–99% nucleotide homology based on COX1 and 18S rRNA gene, respectively. BLASTn analysis revealed a strong identity to other Physaloptera spp., and the phylogenetic tree placed all Physaloptera spp. in the same cluster. This study again indicates the usefulness of molecular techniques to substantiate the identity of species that may lack adequate descriptions and impart new insight for the potentially overlooked significance of P. praeputialis infections in felines.