Every year many patients die due to hospital-acquired infections. These infections also put the lives of healthcare workers at risk. Additionally, hospitals are one of the main reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, the effect of X-rays on species diversity and functions and antimicrobial resistance were observed. Metagenome analysis was performed on air samples taken from the x-ray room (radiation exposure) and the waiting room (non-radiation area) to examine whether the radiation affected the species present in the air. The diversity of microorganisms was analysed based on phylum, genus, and species levels. Functional profiling and resistance screening were also performed. X-ray radiation was found to have a major effect at the phylum level. It was observed that Proteobacteria species almost dominated the microbiome in the x-ray room (99%) while Actinobacteria species dominated the microbiome in the waiting room (84%). No significant differences were observed between the two areas in functional profiling. A total of thirty-eight functions were observed, twenty-four of which were overlapping. Antimicrobial resistance was not as diverse as expected. Only beta-lactam, penicillin, tetracycline, and lincomycin resistance genes were present (2364 reads belonging to four different genes). According to the results, it was observed that X-rays affected the air microbiome, as expected. A decrease in the number of microorganisms was expected, but it was also observed that the dominant microorganism types changed. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in terms of functional profiling and no significant antimicrobial resistance was observed.

It is essential to know the initial bacterial count in microbiological studies. The classical plate count method is one of the most reliable methods. However, it is time-consuming. This study offers a fast method based on turbidity. This study describes how to create a calculator to be used for calculation of the bacteria concentration with spectrophotometric data in Excel 2010. In the study, McFarland standard and spread plate methods were used as standards for the control of spectrophotometric measurements. Bacteria used in the experiment were grown in suitable media and spectrophotometric measurements were performed. Then, using the Excel application, a calculator was created with a bio analytical approach to determine the linear relationship between turbidity and bacterial count. Bacteria counts were calculated by entering the absorbance data into the calculator, and the results were verified using cultural methods. As a result, an Excel-based calculator was created that can be used to calculate the number of bacteria from broth media.

Strawberry is a delicious fruit that can be consumed fresh or/and can be used in the industry. One of the important factors that affect yield is the plant protection problems. Fungicides because of the metabolites they produce, especially their presence in foods, pose a threat to health and also cause economic problems. Botrytis cinerea causes grey mold disease in over 220 plant species. Samples were collected from five different localities from Aydin and Mersin province. Samples were incubated on um and then isolated from mixed cultures. Morphological and molecular identification of the samples were made. Transposon sites were amplified with PCR. In total 154 B.cinerea samples were isolated of which Transposa 20.1%, Boty 46.1%, Flipper 10.4% and Vacuma 23.4%, in Aydin population Transposa 19.5%, Boty 48.3%, Flipper 9.2% and Vacuma 23.0%, in Mersin Transposa 20.9%, Boty 43.3%, Flipper 11.9% and Vacuma 23.9% were found. In the fungicide resistant test, in spore tests, Cyprodinil was found most effective while fenhexamid was found less effective. In mycelium tests, fenhexamid was mast effective at the lowest concentration applied while carbendazim was found less effective even at the highest concentration. Although short-term results are limited, in long-term transposon profiling can help with disease management.

Biofilm formation is one of the major problems in many industries. The marine environment is rich in nutrients for microbial growth. It also makes it easier for microorganisms to form biofilms. This study aims to identify biofilm-forming fungi in the marine environment and assess their ability to form biofilm. We identified biofilm-forming fungi species using morphological and molecular methods. ITS regions were used for molecular identification. The qualitative assessment of biofilms was carried out using the Petri dish method, and quantitative measurements of biofilms were carried out using the microplate method. We identified 69 isolates; 37 were yeast, and 32 of them were fungi. Only ten of them were found to have biofilm. Most of them were adherents, and only two of them were strong adherents. Biofilms can have positive or negative effects on fish health. Identifying biofilm-forming agents will help us identify the nature of the effect. Microorganisms that have positive effects can be used as biocontrol agents.

This study aimed to investigate new bacterial sources with the ability to produce inulinase and to optimize fermentation conditions for inulinase production. The inulinase production was carried out using newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus velezensis among identified sixteen bacterial strains. The four essential variables incubation time (1-3 days), temperature (25-40°C), pH (5-7), and Wheat Bran (WB) level (1-5%) determined by the Plackett–Burman design (PB) were selected for optimization studies with Box-Benhken Design (BBD). These parameters were found to be very effective on inulinase production. The maximum inulinase activities for B. licheniformis and B. velezensis were 401.18 EU/mL and 344.61 EU/mL. Both inulinases sustained 50% of their initial activity at 30°C for 9 days.. The results point out that bacteria are an important source as inulinase producer. The new isolates can be used in production of inulinase for industrial processes.

In biological control, plant extracts were investigated against some plant pathogens by many researchers.One of these plant pathogens is Botrytis cinerea Pers.It decreases the product yield by disrupting the structure of the plant.It was found that some plant extracts as Agapanthus africanus, Cinnamonum zeylanicum, Hyssopus officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Allium sativum, Tagetes patulas, and Viola odorata inhibited mycelium growth of pathogen fungi as B. cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Mycosphaerella pinoides, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternate.However, the extracts of Urtica dioica L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Apium graveolens Mill.were not investigate against B.cinerea.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of the leaf extracts of U. dioica, S. arvensis, and A. graveolens which are edible plants and sold at bazaars in Aydin vicinity, were examined against B. cinerea.Plant leaves were reduced to powder with liquid nitrogen in ceramic mortar.Boiling water, n-propanol, methanol, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate as solvents were used for extraction.Fenhexamid was used as positive control and sterile distilled water was used as negative control.The agar well diffusion method is used for the antifungal activities of extracts.The boiling water extract of U. dioica showed antifungal effect against B. cinerea while other solvents and plants did not have any effect on B. cinerea.

In biological control, plant extracts were investigated against some plant pathogens by many researchers. One of these plant pathogens is Botrytis cinerea Pers. It decreases the product yield by disrupting the structure of the plant. It was found that some plant extracts as Agapanthus africanus, Cinnamonum zeylanicum, Hyssopus officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Allium sativum, Tagetes patulas, and Viola odorata inhibited mycelium growth of pathogen fungi as B. cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Mycosphaerella pinoides, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternate. However, the extracts of Urtica dioica L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Apium graveolens Mill. were not investigate against B.cinerea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of the leaf extracts of U. dioica, S. arvensis, and A. graveolens which are edible plants and sold at bazaars in Aydin vicinity, were examined against B. cinerea. Plant leaves were reduced to powder with liquid nitrogen in ceramic mortar. Boiling water, n-propanol, methanol, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate as solvents were used for extraction. Fenhexamid was used as positive control and sterile distilled water was used as negative control. The agar well diffusion method is used for the antifungal activities of extracts. The boiling water extract of U. dioica showed antifungal effect against B. cinerea while other solvents and plants did not have any effect on B. cinerea.

Apium graveolens Mill. is a vegetable that is abundantly found and consumed in the markets of Aydýn province.The aim of this study was to test the antimicrobial activity of A. graveolens stem.Plant stems were dried and extracted with methanol, n-propanol, ethanol, acetone, nhexane, and ethyl acetate.Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by the disc diffusion method.Test microorganisms were 18 bacteria and 4 yeasts.Also standard antibiotic discs were used for comparison of inhibition zones.Results showed that n-propanol and acetone extracts of A. glaveolens stem were most effective against used microorganisms.n-propanol extract of A. glaveolens stem inhibited the growth of twenty microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 9-16 mm.The acetone extract of A. glaveolens stem inhibited the growth of eighteen microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 8-15 mm.The ethanol extract of A. glaveolens stem inhibited the growth of ten microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 9-13 mm.However, methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts did not show any antimicrobial effects against used microorganisms.The inhibition zones of standard antibiotics used as positive control (chloramphenicol, gentamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ampicillin) were between 11-30 mm.against bacteria while the inhibition zones of standard antibiotic (nystatin) were between 20-22 mm.against yeasts.

Apium graveolens Mill. is a vegetable that is abundantly found and consumed in the markets of Aydyn province. The aim of this study was to test the antimicrobial activity of A. graveolens stem. Plant stems were dried and extracted with methanol, n-propanol, ethanol, acetone, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by the disc diffusion method. Test microorganisms were 18 bacteria and 4 yeasts. Also standard antibiotic discs were used for comparison of inhibition zones. Results showed that n-propanol and acetone extracts of A. glaveolens stem were most effective against used microorganisms. n-propanol extract of A. glaveolens stem inhibited the growth of twenty microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 9-16 mm. The acetone extract of A. glaveolens stem inhibited the growth of eighteen microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 8-15 mm. The ethanol extract of A. glaveolens stem inhibited the growth of ten microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 9-13 mm. However, methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts did not show any antimicrobial effects against used microorganisms. The inhibition zones of standard antibiotics used as positive control (chloramphenicol, gentamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ampicillin) were between 11-30 mm. against bacteria while the inhibition zones of standard antibiotic (nystatin) were between 20-22 mm. against yeasts.

Strawberry is a kind of delicious and aromatic fruit, which can be consumed as fresh and also is suitable for industry. However, strawberry is exposed to many fungal diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the fungi that present in the field whether or not pathogenic. Samples were collected from different strawberry fields in Aydın in April 2015. Morphological identification was made according to the shape and color of the colonies, mycelium and spore structures. For molecular identification, ITS rDNA gene region was used. According to morphological and molecular methods, eleven different fungal genera were found on strawberries.

A new dianionic ligand, 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-3-[2-(2-{2-[3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-thioureido]-ethoxy}ethoxy)ethyl]-thiourea(CBEDEA), and its Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes have been synthesized. X-ray single crystal analysis of CBEDEA shows that the molecule crystallized in the triclinic crystal system, space group P-1, with two molecules per unit cell. The studied compounds were further characterized by FT-IR, UV-VIS,1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. The metal complexes were isolated as four coordinated ML(M: Ni(II), Cu(II), L:CBEDEA) molecules. Computational studies on CBEDEA gave electrostatic potential energy isovalues which showed that there is a higher probability of metal coordination around the carbonyl and thione groups. Results of non-covalent interaction studies revealed the presence of significant amount of hydrogen bonding and other weak non-covalent interactions in the molecule. Docking calculations on CBEDEA and its Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal complexes revealed that they have affinity for beta-lactamase, a protein implicated in antibiotic drug-resistant mechanism. Complexation with the metal ion shrank the size of the molecule and enabled the metal complexes to fit more appropriately within the binding groove of the protein resulting in the improved affinity over CBEDEA ligand. Target-ligand binding interactions resulted from hydrophobicity and possibility of hydrogen bonding of the molecules. In vitro screening of the compounds against 17 bacteria and 4 yeasts confirmed their antimicrobial potency against more susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. Results of this study suggest that the metal complexes could be developed into novel antimicrobial compounds.

In this study, the antibacterial and anticandidal effects of the leaf extracts of Persea americana Mill. were examined against some pathogenic bacteria and some Candida species. Plant leaves were reduced to powder with liquid nitrogen. n-propanol, methanol, acetone, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and boiling water as solvents were used for extraction. The agar well diffusion method is used for the antimicrobial activities of extracts. Test microorganisms were 18 bacteria and 4 yeasts. Also, different antibiotic discs were used for comparison of the zone of inhibition. The extracts of the n-propanol, acetone, and ethanol of P. americana leaves showed high activity as regards to other solvents, respectively. The extracts of the n-propanol and acetone of P. americana leaves inhibited S. aureus ATCC 25923, P. vulgaris ATCC 33420 and B. cereus ATCC 11778 and the inhibition zones ranged between 13-14 mm. Methanol and ethanol extracts of P. americana leaves demonstrated moderate antimicrobial effect against S. aureus ATCC 25923, P. vulgaris ATCC 33420, P. aeruginosa ATCC 35032, C. albicans ATCC 10231 and the inhibition zones ranged between 10-11 mm., while they inferred low effect (9 mm) on S. typhimurium ATCC 14028. The boiling water extract of P. americana leaves showed a high effect against P. aeruginosa ATCC 35032 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 and the inhibition zones ranged between 12-13 mm., while it indicated low effect (9 mm) on C. tropicalis. The ethyl acetate extract of P. americana leaves showed moderate effect (10 mm) on S.epidermidis ATCC 12228, C. xerosis ATCC 373, P. vulgaris ATCC 33420, while it demonstrated low effect (9 mm) on B. cereus ATCC 11778. However, hexane extract of P. americana leaves indicated no effect against tested microorganisms.

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Cynara scolymus L. stem, which are edible plants and sold at bazaars in Aydin vicinity, were tested against some microorganisms.Plants were dried and extracted with n-hexane, ethanol, n-propanol, acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate.Antimicrobial activity of the extra cts wa s determined by the disk diffu sion method.Test microorganisms were 18 bacteria including, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Stapylococcus aureus

Strawberry is a delicious and aromatic fruit, which can be consumed as fresh and also is suitable for industry. However, strawberry is exposed to many fungal diseases that end with the loss of the product up to % 15 before harvest. The aim of this study is to determine the fungi that present in the field whether or not pathogenic. Samples were collected from different strawberry fields in Anamur in April 2016. Morphological identification was made according to the shape and color of the colonies, mycelium and spore structures. For molecular identification, ITS gene region was used. According to morphological and molecular methods, seven different fungal genera were found on strawberries.

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Cynara scolymus L. stem, which are edible plants and sold at bazaars in Aydin vicinity, were tested against some microorganisms. Plants were dried and extracted with n-hexane, ethanol, n-propanol, acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by the disk diffusion method. Test microorganisms were 18 bacteria including, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Stapylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Stapylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13882, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607, Corynebacterium xerosis ATCC 373, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 27336, Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 33420, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 35032, Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, and 4 yeasts including, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida utilis ATCC 9950, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata. Also different antibiotic discs were used for comparison of inhibition zones. Results show that the acetone extracts of C. scolymus stem inhibited the growth of fifteen microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 8-14 mm. However, the ethanol and n-propanol extracts of C. scolymus stem inhibited the growth of thirteen microorganisms and the inhibition zones ranged between 9-15 mm. The inhibition zones of standard antibiotics used as positive control (chloramphenicol, gentamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ampicillin) were between 11-30 mm. against bacteria while the inhibition zones of standard antibiotic (Nystatin) were between 20-22 mm. against yeasts. While methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extract of C. scolymus stem has also showed moderate antimicrobial effect hexane extract of C. scolymus stem showed no effect against tested microorganisms.

This study is to compare the antimicrobial activities of commercially obtained centaury oil with silver nitrate and benzalkonium chloride against the clinically important microorganisms. Six different bacteria, two yeasts, and two molds were used. The agar well diffusion method was applied to determine antimicrobial activities against used microorganisms. The antimicrobial effect of centaury oils was not confirmed but benzalkonium chloride and silver nitrate were high effects.

Wine is an alcoholic beverage made grapes fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water. It has been consumed by human beings in religious ceremonies since ancient times. Vinegar is sour juice that is used as a sweetener in meals, in salads, or as a preservative such as brine. It has a great variety of industrial, medical, and domestic uses are still commonly practiced today. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial biodiversity of home-made wine and vinegar using classic and molecular methods. Morphological, cultural and biochemical identifications were made according to the Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. For molecular identification 16S rDNA-PCR method was used. PCR results of these samples were send to the sequencing. BLASTn software was used to match our sequences with the ones in GenBank. In this study, bacteria colonies were isolated from home-made wine and vinegar. According to molecular results acetic acid and lactic acid bacteria were found.

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Pistacia terebinthus L. and Papaver rhoeas L. extracts were tested against some pathogen microorganisms. Leaves of the plant samples were freeze-dried and powdered. Three solvents were used for extraction. The agar well diffusion method is used for the antimicrobial activities of extracts. Six different bacteria, two yeasts, and two molds were used. The extracts of P. terebinthus L. was found more effect than P. rhoeas L. extracts against tested bacteria and fungi pathogens.