The long-term efficacy of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for patients with gallbladder polyps remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of RFA and LC in patients with gallbladder polyps. In this retrospective study, we included 160 patients who underwent treatment for gallbladder polyps at two Chinese medical centres from May 2021 to May 2023, with 79 cases in the RFA group and 81 cases in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) group. The lesion disappearance rates of RFA group were 83.5%, 89.9%, 94.9%, 97.5% and 100.0% at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1-year after ablation, respectively. In the RFA group, no statistically significant difference was observed in the diameter of non-target lesions between the preoperative measurements and those taken at any postoperative follow-up (all P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in gallbladder contraction rate and gallbladder wall thickness before and after ablation (P > 0.05). Postoperative ALT and AST levels were significantly higher, while TP levels were lower, in the LC group compared to the RFA group (all P < 0.05). The differences in hospital stay, operative time, postoperative anal exhaust time, postoperative eating time, and NRS scores on the first postoperative day were also statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The incidence of complications and treatment costs between the two groups did not show statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Compared with the RFA group, the LC group showed a higher incidence of abdominal pain, abdominal distension, diarrhea, bile reflux gastritis, and malabsorption at 1-year postoperatively (all P < 0.05). Sessile polyps were at higher risk for bile leakage than pedunculated polyps in the RFA group (P = 0.038). In conclusion, ultrasound-guided RFA of gallbladder polyps can effectively inactivate the polyps while preserving the gallbladder, representing a safe, effective, and feasible alternative to LC.

ObjectiveThis retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided transabdominal microwave ablation (MWA) and laparoscopic myomectomy (LM) for intramural uterine fibroids (FIGO type 3–5).MethodOur retrospective study included 60 patients with uterine fibroids undergoing MWA (n = 23) or LM (n = 37). Patients in these groups were compared for baseline characteristics, symptom improvement, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, medical costs, and postoperative complications. For the MWA group, changes in fibroid volume were also investigated. Intergroup comparisons in continuous variables were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and intragroup comparisons were assessed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test.ResultAt 6-month of follow-up, no statistically significant difference in overall symptom resolution was observed between the MWA and LM groups (P = 0.18). Regarding fibroid volume, the most pronounced reduction occurred within the first 6 months, with the median volume decreasing from 96.46 ml at baseline to 44.23 ml at 6 months (P < 0.001), representing a median VRR of 58.27%. Thereafter, the reduction rate gradually slowed. When analyzed by FIGO subtype, type 3 fibroids showed the most pronounced reduction at 3 months, whereas type 4 fibroids exhibited the greatest reduction at both the 6- and 12-month evaluations. Although operative time was comparable between groups (P = 0.17), MWA was associated with significantly shorter postoperative hospital stay (P < 0.001) and lower overall costs (P = 0.01). Moreover, no major complications (e.g., adjacent organ injury, massive hemorrhage, or severe infection) occurred in either group. Minor complications occurred in both groups with comparable incidence (P = 0.72) and all resolved with symptomatic management.ConclusionBoth MWA and LM demonstrated comparable short-term efficacy and safety for FIGO type 3–5 fibroids in our cohort. In addition, MWA offered significantly shorter hospital stay and lower treatment costs, suggesting that it may represent a minimally invasive and potentially cost-saving treatment option.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). This study enrolled 46 patients with PHPT from two centers between July 2019 and January 2024. The primary end point was clinical success, defined as the achievement of normal levels of both intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum calcium at 6 months post-MWA (40/46). Secondary end points were technical success and procedure-related complications, with the former defined as the achievement of complete ablation. The clinical and technical success rate were 87.0% (40/46) and 100.0% (56/56), respectively. Serum iPTH, calcium and phosphorus showed significant improvement within the 6 months post-MWA [iPTH, 156.6 (114.3-241.0) pg/mL vs. 58.3 (49.0-62.4) pg/mL; calcium, 2.70 ± 0.30 mmol/L vs. 2.38 ± 0.11 mmol/L; phosphorus, 0.86 ± 0.19 mmol/L vs. 1.01 ± 0.17 mmol/L, respectively; all, p < 0.01]. The 6-month volume reduction rate (VRR) was 79.0%, and no long-term complications were observed during follow-up. These results suggest that ultrasound-guided MWA is a safe and effective non-surgical alternative for the management of PHPT.

To develop and internally validate a multimodal ultrasound-based decision support framework for benign-malignant risk stratification of Bethesda IV thyroid nodules by integrating clinical information, radiomics, deep learning–derived, and topological features. This retrospective single-center study included 243 patients with Bethesda IV thyroid nodules who underwent preoperative ultrasound between January 2020 and December 2025. The cohort included 138 malignant and 105 benign lesions and was split at the patient level using stratified random allocation at a 7:3 ratio. Four fusion models were developed: M5 (clinical information + radiomics), M6 (clinical information + deep learning), M7 (clinical information + radiomics + deep learning), and M8 (clinical information + radiomics + deep learning + topological data analysis). Model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis, decision curve analysis, calibration curves, DeLong tests, net reclassification improvement, integrated discrimination improvement, and model interpretability analysis. In the validation cohort, the observed AUCs were 0.836 for M8, 0.829 for M7, 0.828 for M5, and 0.805 for M6. However, no pairwise AUC difference among M1 and M5–M8 remained statistically significant after Holm–Bonferroni correction. Compared with the clinical baseline model, M8 showed a significant continuous net reclassification improvement of 0.750 (95

Purpose:To compare the efficacy between microwave ablation (MWA) and lauromacrogol injection ablation (LIA) for treating 50-75% cystic thyroid nodules and systematically identify the factors influencing outcomes. Materials and methods:This retrospective study included 106 patients with predominantly cystic thyroid nodules (PCTNs) with 50-75% proportion of cystic components (simple as 50-75% cystic thyroid nodules) who underwent ultrasound-guided MWA (n=51) or LIA (n=55) in two hospitals between April 2017 and November 2023. The primary endpoint was 12-month volume reduction rate (VRR). ANCOVA was used to compare adjusted 12-month VRR between groups after adjusting for confounders. Secondary endpoints included effective treatment rate (VRR >50% at 6 or 12 months), recurrence, and stratified analysis analyses by initial nodule volume (>10 ml and ≤10 ml) and vascularity (Grades 0-1 and 2-3). Regrowth-free survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and compared with the Log-rank test. Results:At 12 months postoperatively, the mean VRR for MWA was 91.5 ± 9.8% and 81.1 ± 2.4% for LIA (F = 4.40, P = 0.005). MWA yielded higher VRR than LIA at 6 and 12 months across both low- and high-vascularity subgroups (P<0.05). For nodules >10 ml, MWA produced significantly greater VRR at 3, 6 and 12 months (P<0.05); no significant difference was observed for nodules ≤10 ml (P>0.05). The 12-month effective treatment rate was 96.1% (49/51) after MWA versus 81.8% (46/55) after LIA (P = 0.018). Regrowth rates were 3.9% (2/51) for MWA and 20.0% (11/55) for LIA (P = 0.006). The KM analysis showed significantly longer regrowth-free survival following MWA (Log-rank P = 0.010). Conclusion:Both MWA and LIA exhibit favorable efficacy in the treatment of 50-75% cystic thyroid nodules. Importantly, based on the approximately 12-month follow-up, MWA demonstrates superior efficacy and improved control of regrowth compared to LIA. This advantage of MWA is further amplified in the management of larger nodules.

Preoperatively distinguishing follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) from follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) remains a significant clinical challenge. Current ultrasound risk stratification systems show limited efficacy for follicular neoplasms, and existing artificial intelligence (AI) approaches lack sufficient validation. We developed and validated a deep learning model using ultrasound images to differentiate FTC from FTA and classify FTC into invasion subtypes. This multicenter retrospective study incorporated data from 31 hospitals, using 1531 patients for model development and 900 across three external test sets for validation. The model demonstrated high diagnostic performance, with AUCs of 0.816-0.847 for FTC vs FTA discrimination across external test sets and robust performance across subtypes (AUC range 0.754-0.910), and generalized well to varied clinical settings. Triple-classification macro-AUCs were 0.818-0.861. It consistently outperformed radiologists and improved diagnostic accuracy as an assistive tool. Our AI model provides a reliable, non-invasive tool for preoperative diagnosis and risk stratification of follicular thyroid neoplasms.

Advanced tumors are associated with treatment dilemmas. High-risk diffuse metastasis results in increased difficulty in treatment. Furthermore, the deterioration of the patient's physical condition gives rise to an inability to tolerate high-intensity systemic treatment. As a palliative treatment for patients with advanced cancer, interventional therapy is characterized by precise targeting and fewer adverse reactions. Nevertheless, its role is frequently overlooked. Therefore, a female patient who only received local palliative treatment with microwave ablation and radioactive iodine-125 seed implantation for multiple metastatic masses of gallbladder cancer is reported. This intervention achieved complete systemic remission, representing a rare instance of durable systemic remission without chemotherapy throughout the disease course, including the metastatic phase. The present study evaluated its immunological basis as an in situ vaccine strategy to benefit chemotherapy-ineligible patients.

Cartilage injury repair remains challenging because of its unique physical structure and pathological micro-environment, including vascular invasion and inflammatory environment. In this study, inflammatory responsive hydrogels (TA-Mg@Bev iHGs) reinforced by bevacizumab (Bev)-loaded infinite coordination nanopolymer (TA-Mg@Bev) were fabricated for accelerated cartilage repair via anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. The incorporation of TA-Mg@Bev iHGs enhanced the mechanical strength of TA-Mg@Bev via phenolic hydroxyl group-mediated hydrogen bond, enabling a sustained drug release under inflammatory environment. Moreover, the released TA-Mg@Bev greatly accelerated chondrogenic proliferation and differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells but inhibited the hypertrophy of chondrocytes. The TA-Mg@Bev iHGs inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and corresponding angiogenesis. In a rabbit model of full-layer cartilage defect, the TA-Mg@Bev iHGs promoted in situ cartilage regeneration through immunohistochemistry (type I collagen, type II collagen, and aggrecan). Overall, our study presents a cooperative induction system for accelerated cartilage regeneration.

Background:Plaque-RADS-2 carotid plaque is regarded as a low risk for attribution of cerebrovascular events. Nevertheless, in individuals with carotid plaque, the risk of ischemic stroke poses a continuous threat to both health and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate risk predictors of anterior circulation ischemic stroke (ACIS) in patients with solitary Plaque-RADS-2 carotid plaque. Methods:Medical records of 1,961 patients were collected at our hospital from January to December 2022. Patients with solitary Plaque-RADS-2 carotid plaque were divided into ACIS and non-ACIS groups based on brain CT/MRI results. Ultrasonic and clinical characteristics were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results:A total of 134 patients with solitary Plaque-RADS-2 carotid plaque were enrolled in this study. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) >141.5 mmHg, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) > 7.05%, triglyceride glucose (TyG) index > 7.18, and mainly hypoechoic significantly were predictive factors for ACIS. The prediction equation was logit (P) = 2.087 × (if SBP > 141.5 mmHg) + 2.126 × (if HbA1c > 7.05%) + 1.225 × (if TyG index > 7.18) + 1.554 × (if mainly hypoechoic) - 1.795. The area under curve of receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.843. Conclusion:This study demonstrated that SBP > 141.5 mmHg, HbA1c > 7.05%, TyG index > 7.18, and mainly hypoechoic were independent predictors of ACIS in patients with solitary Plaque-RADS-2 carotid plaque. Significant attention should be given to these risk factors to improve the management of solitary Plaque-RADS-2 carotid plaque.

While remarkable strides have been made in personalized precision oncology, integrating diagnosis and therapy within a unitary theranostic platform remains a pivotal challenge. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which leverages ultrasound to activate sonosensitizers for generating tumoricidal reactive oxygen species (ROS), offers distinct advantages including non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal precision, and deep tissue penetration. Its capability to visualize tumors by converting acoustic signals into diagnostic images presents a further unique merit. However, SDT efficacy is constrained by suboptimal sonosensitizer efficiency, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, and augmented antioxidant defenses. Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) emerge as a transformative strategy to overcome these hurdles. They catalytically decompose endogenous hydrogen peroxide to alleviate hypoxia, deplete glutathione to disarm antioxidant defenses, and harness piezoelectric synergies. The integration of SANs' atomic-level catalytic architecture with sonosensitizers' ultrasonic responsiveness facilitates tumor hypoxia mitigation and enables image-guided precision therapy. This review systematically elucidates the molecular design of SAN-based sonosensitizers, analyzes their catalytic mechanisms for enhancing SDT, and discusses associated challenges and future directions for clinical translation. It aims to lay a theoretical foundation for developing next-generation sonodynamic SANs that are intelligent, safe, and environmentally benign. [PubMed and Web of Science, from inception to June 2025].

PURPOSE:This study aimed to develop and validate 2 preoperative ultrasound (US)-based risk-scoring systems to predict axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis and the number of metastatic ALNs (≤ 2 vs. > 2) in patients with breast cancer. METHOD:A multicenter retrospective study included 1194 women with breast cancer from 3 institutions. Institutions 1 and 2 were used for training (n = 643) and testing (n = 275), while 276 patients from Institution 3 served as the validation set. Multivariate logistic regression was used to construct 2 risk-scoring systems based on US features. Predictive performance was assessed using area under the curve (AUC), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis. RESULTS:The risk-scoring system for ALN metastasis (presence vs. absence), based on the longest diameter and margin of the mass, mass pathology, long-to-short axis ratio of the ALN, cortical morphological features, and blood flow type of the ALN, achieved AUCs of 0.86, 0.81, and 0.84 in the training, testing, and validation sets, respectively. The risk-scoring system for predicting the number of metastatic ALNs (≤ 2 vs. >2), based on US (the longest diameter and the number of suspicious ALNs on US), achieved AUCs of 0.78, 0.75, and 0.78 in the training, testing, and validation sets, respectively. Calibration plots showed good model calibration, and decision curve analysis confirmed the clinical utility of both models. CONCLUSION:The 2 preoperative US-based risk-scoring systems effectively predicted ALN metastasis and the number of metastatic ALNs, aiding clinicians in assessing the risk of ALN involvement in breast cancer patients.

Photothermal therapy-triggered whole-tumor cell antigens release has revolutionized in situ cancer vaccine, but insufficient anticancer immunity cycle activation greatly limits its curative effect. Herein, we designed an NIR-triggered cascading in situ vaccine (FCDs-A/C@HGs) by incorporating the Fe-doped carbon dots (FCDs), azo-initiator (AIPH), and immune adjuvant (cyclophosphamide) into the thermosensitive hydrogel. Due to iron doping, the as-prepared FCDs exhibited high photothermal conversion performance and favorable MR imaging capability. Upon intratumoral injection, local hyperthermia mediated by FCDs-A/C@HGs and the subsequent generation of alkyl radicals from AIPH synergistically induced immunogenic cell death in tumor cells. Remarkably, the FCDs-A/C@HGs elicited strong anticancer immune activation by inhibiting regulatory T cells and promoting dendritic cell maturation, thereby enhancing differentiation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and memory T cells. This study presents an effective therapeutic platform for in situ tumor suppression and sustained activation of the anticancer immunity cycle.

Photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT), as a noninvasive therapeutic modality, has been extensively applied in superficial tumor treatment. However, their curative effects were largely weakened due to hypoxia and an elevated glutathione (GSH) microenvironment. Herein, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)and sulfasalazine (SAS) coloaded nanoaggregates (Z-S@B NAs) with Prussian blue (PB) functionalization (PB/Z-S@B NAs) were fabricated via self-assembly and using an in situ oxidative polymerization method for tumor PTT/PDT sensitization. The designed PB/Z-S@B NAs were capable of triggering local hyperthermia and generating substantial reactive oxygen species (ROS) under 660- and 808-nm laser irradiation. Notably, the PB/Z-S@B NAs exhibited favorable catalase-like (CAT-like) activity that decomposed hydrogen peroxide into oxygen, which further enhanced tumor cell sensitivity to PTT/PDT. Moreover, SAS from the PB/Z-S@B NAs remarkably decreased the antioxidant GSH level, resulting in a synergetic tumor-killing effect. Collectively, this study provides a versatile nanoplatform to overcome intrinsic antitumor effect and enhance tumor sensitivity to PTT/PDT.

Following the publication of the above article, the authors drew to the Editor's attention that the image in Fig. 3A on p. 1356 for the 'Migration/BxPC3/sh‑EGFP' experiment was mistakenly presented. This error arose as a consequence of a mistake that was made during the preparation of the final images. Furthermore, upon performing an independent analysis of the data in this paper in the Editorial Office, it came to light that, for the colony‑formation assay experiments shown in Fig. 2F on p. 1355, the image selected for the 'PaTu8988/Flag‑Furin' experiment had already appeared in a different context in another paper published by the same authors, also in the journal International Journal of Oncology. After having examined their original data, the authors realize that this second figure in the paper had also been inadvertently assembled incorrectly. The revised versions of Fig. 2 (now showing the data correctly for the for the 'PaTu8988/Flag‑Furin' experiment) and Fig. 3 (showing the correct data for the 'Migration/BxPC3/sh‑EGFP' experiment) are shown on the next two pages. Note that the errors made during the compilation of these figures did not affect the overall results and conclusions reported in the paper. The authors are grateful to the Editor of International Journal of Oncology for granting them the opportunity to publish this corrigendum, and all the authors agree with its publication; furthermore, they apologize to the readership of the journal for any inconvenience caused. [International Journal of Oncology 50: 1352‑1362, 2017; DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3896].

Bioorthogonal chemistry-based cancer therapy greatly reduces the side effects of chemotherapy drugs; however, complicated and expensive procedures limit its clinical application. Disulfiram (DSF), an FDA-approved anti-alcoholic drug, can combine with copper to form a DSF‑copper complex with remarkable tumor-killing effects. Inspired by the bioorthogonal chemistry, we fabricated an in situ crosslinked self-adaptive hyaluronic acid hydrogels (Cu-A/P@PH HGs) via a dynamic boronic ester bond-based reaction between Cu/5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) self-assembled nanoparticles containing PVA (Cu-A/P NPs) and phenylboronic-grafted hyaluronic acid (PH). The prepared Cu-A/P@PH HGs exhibited favorable self-healing performance and ROS-responsive degradation. Upon in situ injection, the Cu-A/P NPs endowed the Cu-A/P@PH HGs with the ability to convert non-toxic DSF into cytotoxic diethyldithiocarbamate (CuET) at the desired tumor site. In addition, under the induction of glutathione (GSH), Cu-A/P NPs gradually released 5-ALA, which was specifically converted into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) (a photosensitizer) in tumor cells, resulting in irreversible ROS-mediated oxidative damage under 660 nm laser exposure. Our study offers a promising bioorthogonal chemistry-inspired strategy for in situ photodynamic therapy and DSF chemotherapy to treat breast cancer.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES:Ultrasound-guided thermal ablation (TA) offers a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), but its efficacy and safety remain controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and compare the outcomes of TA and surgery in treating T1N0M0 PTC, encompassing both T1a and T1b stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies comparing TA and surgery for T1N0M0 PTC up to October 23, 2024. Standardized mean differences and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS:Sixteen studies with a total of 5045 patients were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in recurrence (OR=1.464; 95% CI=0.881, 2.433; P=.141), lymph node metastasis (OR=0.817; 95% CI=0.492, 1.356; P=.434), transient hoarseness (OR=0.700; 95% CI=0.339, 1.445; P=.334), hematoma (OR=0.528; 95% CI=0.187, 1.492; P=.228), and infection (OR=0.368; 95% CI=0.060, 2.268; P=.281). Notably, TA significantly reduced permanent hoarseness, hypoparathyroidism, dysphagia, procedure time, hospitalization, cost, estimated blood loss, and surgical incision (all P<.05). The subgroup analyses demonstrated similar primary outcomes within each subgroup, including tumor stage (T1a/T1b), type of TA (microwave/radiofrequency), and follow-up time (short-term/long-term). CONCLUSION:Ultrasound-guided TA is a safe and effective alternative to surgery for both T1a and T1b stages of T1N0M0 PTC, offering comparable prognostic outcomes with fewer complications, lower costs, and faster recovery.

RATIONALE:Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the third major endocrine disorder characterized by increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, with an incidence of up to 3% in elderly women. Although current guidelines consider parathyroidectomy to be the only definitive treatment, it is extremely risky for elderly women with numerous underlying conditions. However, hypercalcemia and other clinical symptoms caused by PHPT can seriously threaten the health and quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is very important to find a safe and effective minimally invasive alternative therapy. Hence, we report a case of ultrasound-guided microwave ablation (MWA) for PHPT in an elderly patient with pancytopenia. PATIENT CONCERNS:A 75-year-old female patient with pancytopenia was diagnosed with PHPT and was admitted for treatment due to her strong desire for treatment. DIAGNOSES:Imaging examination, laboratory examination and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology all led to a diagnosis of PHPT for the patient. INTERVENTIONS:Considering the advanced age of the patient, suffering from pancytopenia and other underlying disease, the surgical risk is high, so MWA was selected for this hospitalization. OUTCOMES:We found that after 6 months of treatment, the following 4 indicators of the patient returned to normal (parathyroid hormone, 66.9 pg/mL; ionic calcium, 1.19 mmol/L; serum total calcium, 2.28 mmol/L; phosphorus, 0.80 mmol/L). The lesion volume of the patient gradually decreased, and the reduction rate of lesion volume reached 70.3% by 6 months after ablation. There were no complications, and no parathyroid nodules regenerated during follow-up. LESSONS:Ultrasound-guided MWA represents a safe and effective therapeutic option for elderly patients with PHPT.

BackgroundGiven the challenge in preoperative diagnosis of high-volume lymph node metastasis (HVLNM) in clinical practice, we constructed and externally validated a comprehensive predictive model that integrated conventional ultrasound characteristics, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) parameters, BRAFV600Emutation, and clinicopathological data for HVLNM in clinically lymph node-negative (cN0) papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).MethodsTotally, 126 clinically lymph node-negative (cN0) PTC patients who underwent subtotal or total thyroidectomy and accompanied with prophylactic cervical lymph node dissection between December 2022 and December 2024 were enrolled in this retrospective study, and an additional 47 cN0 PTC patients included for the external validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify the independent risk factors for HVLNM, and a binary logistic regression equation and relevant nomogram was constructed to predict the risk about HVLNM. The model underwent internal validation using ten-fold cross-validation and further externally validated in an independent external cohort. Clinical practicality of the nomogram model was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsAge, Dmax, ACR scores ≥11 points, and heterogeneous enhancement were four independent predictors of HVLNM after univariate and multivariate analysis in training set. These predictors were used to construct the corresponding nomograms with AUC of 0.860(95% CI: 0.792-0.928). Calibration curves and DCA plots revealed their robust calibration performances and fine net benefits. The accuracy and Kappa value obtained through ten-fold cross-validation were 0.864 and 0.468. The ROC value of the external validation was 0.885(95% CI:0.792-0.978).ConclusionOur visualization nomogram provides clinicians with useful information in a simple and cost-effective manner, aiding in the formulation of personalized treatment plans and the reduction of reoperation rates.