BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a collective term used to describe the microbial invasion of any part of the urinary tract, which consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It is one of the most common bacterial infections in both sexes with a predilection in females. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to isolate the bacteria causing UTI and the highest resistance microorganisms with resistance rates to different antibiotics. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study.METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a sample size of 1000 patients both inpatient and outpatient referred to the laboratory of Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital for urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility examination. RESULTS: Of 1000 samples, 318 (31.8%) urine samples were found positive while 682 (68.2%) were negative. Females with bacteriuria held the highest percentage (72.3%) over males (27.7%). Most frequent pathogen was Escherichia coli (40.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (25.7%) which together accounted for 66.2% of the total uropathogens. The uropathogenic bacterial isolates showed different resistance rates to antimicrobial agents: Cefixime (74%), ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (73.87%), rifampin (68.75%), ceftriaxone (60.31%), cefepime (44.44%), ciprofloxacin (43.65%), aztreonam (33.78%), nitrofurantoin (29.61%), gentamicin (25.64%), and amikacin (7.31%) being the most effective with a susceptibility rate of (89.63%). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli remains to be the most frequent bacterial uropathogen causing urinary infections. Effective drug may be in the clinical study, in microbiology is only that bacteria were most susceptible to amikacin. β-lactams have the highest resistance rates, and the most resistance antibiotic in this study is cefixime.

Demographic studies point to a clear disparity in the occurrence of anal disease with respect to age, sex, and season, but no obvious pattern exists among various countries or regions of the world. Although it has been suggested that there is a direct relation between the formation of anorectal diseases and bowel habits, frequent diarrhea, and poor personal hygiene, this relation remains unproven. The peak incidence of anorectal abscesses is in the third and fourth decades of life. These abscesses are also quite common in infants and children. The actual incidence of perianal disease is underestimated if we consider those perianal abscesses that end with spontaneous drainage or those treated in the emergency room, or even in the physician's clinic.

Objectives: To investigate the role of Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class II DRB1 in susceptibility to psoriasis in Iraqi patients. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study including 40 patients with psoriasis attending the Department of Dermatology, Al-Kindy teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, between September 2013-2015. Patient selection was carried out by the dermatologists. Ninety healthy individuals were included in the study. Human leukocyte antigen genotyping was carried out by the sequence specific oligonucleotide (SSO) method using Auto LiPA 48 (Innogenetics, Belgium) in the HLA typing research unit of the Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq. Results: There is an increased frequency of HLA-DRB1*0102, *0306 in psoriatic patients with psoriasis p-values=0.001, confidence interval(CI)=2.492-37.487 and odds ratio(OR)=9.666. Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*1101 is significantly associated with plaque-type psoriasis with p=0.0434, CI=1.04-1.69, and OR=4.2. Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*0102 is significantly associated with other types of psoriasis with p=0.018, CI=0.0223-0.701, and OR=0.125. Conclusion: Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*0102 and *0306 are significantly associated with psoriasis. Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*1101 is significantly associated with plaque-type psoriasis. Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*0102 is significantly associated with other types of psoriasis rather than plaque-type psoriasis.

The principal management of perianal abscess is incision and adequate surgical drainage. Various strains of aerobic/anaerobic bacteria might be responsible for perianal abscess formation, and enteric bacteria are especially more common in perianal diseases. These conditions are usually treated with a proper selection of antibiotics with surgical drainage of the abscess cavity. Pus must be sent for culture and sensitivity, although most surgeons tend not to review swab culture and sensitivity results. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for perianal disease before or after management remains common, although with questionable benefit. Previously, it was thought that the routine use of antibiotics following incision and drainage of an abscess had no impact on healing time or reduction of recurrence rates and was, therefore, not ordinarily indicated.

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is among the most highly prevalent human organ specific autoimmune diseases, also known spot baldness. The genetic basis of AA is largely unknown and the role of any potential environmental contributors is also unclear. Evidence supporting a genetic basis for AA depends on the heritability in first-degree relatives. Aim of the study: confirm the genetic burden of HLA*DRB1 in the development of AA formation in Iraqi Arab Muslims patients Patients and methods: A case control comparative study included forty unrelated Iraqi Arab Muslims patients with AA (30 women and 10 men) aged 6-45 years (mean age 35) were included in this study. The control group was comprised of 30 healthy unrelated sex and age matched volunteers. Genomic DNA was extracted. Amplification and Hybridization was performed using a panel of sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) using HLA-DRB1 amplification and hybridization kits (SSO HLA type DRB1 plus and Mastermix for HLA type DRB1 Amp plus kits -Innogenetics-Belgium) using automated method by AutoLipa – 48 Innogenetics-Belgum. Results: There was an increased frequency of HLA-DRB1*11:01:01 in patients with AA compared with healthy controls (p P< 0.026, odd ratio=3.285, 95% CI: 1.151 – 9.378). The other allele HLADRB1* 16:01:01 was also increased in AA patients and not detected in control group. The other DRB1 allele groups that have been tested (*03,*014) failed to achieve statistical significance. Conclusions: There is a significant association between AA and HLADRB1*11:01 in Iraqi Arab Muslims patients.

Background: Infection of burn wound is an important cause of mortality in burns Units in hospitals. The types of bacterial isolates and rapidly emerging antibiotics resistance are important factor in treatment of patients. Aim of study: To demonstrate the types of bacterial isolated from burns and antibiotics resistance. Patients and methods: A cross –sectional case control study included 220 Iraqi Arab Muslims patients who had burn (third degree) and admitted in the burn Department at Al-Kindy teaching Hospital between January – 2013 to June – 2013 . Age of the patients group was ranged from 1-70 years . Females were 124 and the rest were males. Swabs from burn area were collected and cultured on Blood Agar (Oxoid) and MacConkey Agar (oxoid) and other swabs were collected for Gram staining. Identification of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility test were done using VITEK 2 Compact Device ( Biomeruiex Company –France). Results : This study showed that burn is more common in females than males and females with infected burn (28.63%) were more common than males (11.36%). Klebsiella pneumonia is the most frequent bacterial isolated from burn (44%) and in both sexes , females and males , 41% and 45.56% respectively from burn patients. Klebsiella pneumonia is the most frequent bacterial isolated from burn (80.9%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is also resistance to these antibiotics (93.75%). Acinetobacter spp. and Bruckholderia spp.were also resistance to gentamycine ,Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime (100%). In case of Grame + bacteria , Staphylococcus aureus was resistance to impenime (90.75%) and Enterococcus fecalis is resistance to all antibiotics. Conclusions: Klebsiella pneumonia is the most frequent bacterial isolated from burn and it is the most frequent bacterial isolated from burn. [Med-Science 2015; 4(2.000): 2165-71]

A relationship exists between cerebral dominance and right or left handedness. Left-hemisphere dominance occurs in 97% of right-handed people and in 70% of left-handed people. The other 30% of left-handed individuals have anomalous or right-hemisphere dominance. Both environmental and genetic factors have been proposed to explain the human handedness. Aim of this study was to determine the effect of genetic factor of human leukocytes antigens (HLA-A) on development of left handedness. A cross-sectional case control comparative study included thirty Iraqi Arab Muslims individuals with left handedness between September -2013 to June -2014. The second control group consisted from thirty individuals with right handedness. HLA-A typing was done to both groups using SSOP method. There was no significant difference between different alleles regarding HLA-A left handed compared with the control group. Genetic factor regarding HLA-A typing had no role in development left handedness. [Med-Science 2015; 4(2.000): 2121-7]

Background: Thyroid disease is a common disease in women of the reproductive age. This disease arises due to complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. However, the interactions between genes and environment are yet well defined. Among the main susceptibility genes that have been identified is the HLA-DQB1 gene locus. The major environmental factors include iodine, medications, infection, smoking, and possibly stress. Aim of study: To ascertain the association between HLA-DQB1 alleles and goitrous thyroid disease in a sample of Iraqi Arab Muslims. Patients and methods: A cross sectional case-control comparative study was carried out. Patients with thyroid disorders who attended this hospital in the period from September 2013 to June 2014 for thyroidectomy were studied. HLA-DQB1genotyping was done using a panel of sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) using HLA-DQB1 amplification and hybridization kits (SSO HLA type DQB1 plus and Mastermix for HLA type DQB1 Amp plus) using automated method by AutoLipa-48. Results: There was an increased frequency of HLADQB1*03:01and 0601 in control group compared with patients group (P=0.005, Odds ratio=0.0164, 95% CI: 0.0009-0.2926) and (P=0.01, Odd ratio=0.1667, 95% CI: 0.0412 to 0.6750) respectively. Other alleles like HLA-DQB1* 0202, 03:02, 0501 and 06:02 were detected in the patients' group but not in controls. Conclusions: HLA alleles have an effect on development thyroid disease. HLADQB1* 0301 and 0601 is a protective in Iraqi Arab Muslims individuals.

1 Mohammed A. Al-Karkhi; 2 Aida Rashid AL-Derzi, 3 Sarmad M. H. Mohammed Zeiny, 4 Nizar A.Jassim, 5 Batool M.Mahdi, 6 Muhammed M.Al-Ani (M.B.Ch.B, MSc), (M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc., F.I.C.M./Path), (M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc., F.I.C.M./Path), MBCHB,MSc,FICMS Clinical Immunology, (M.B.Ch.B, M.Sc., F.I.C.M./Path) 1,2,3,6 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of medicine, University of Baghdad. 4 Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad 5 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Al-Kindy Medical College, University of Baghdad

Background: Genetic backgrounds play an important role in susceptibility to and protection against Guillain Barre Syndrome. Certain human leukocyte antigens have been found to be associated with Guillain Barre Syndrome. Aim of Study: This study aimed to study the relationship between the susceptibility of HLA Class II "DRBI" allele's frequencies in a sample of Iraqi's patients with Guillain Barre Syndrome compared with a healthy control group using PCR-SSOP method. Patients and Methods: Thirty consecutive Iraqi Arab Muslim patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome admitted in the Neurological Department in neurosciences Hospital between September-2012 to June-2013 were assessed for HLA genotyping for HLADRB1. A control group consisted from thirty healthy volunteers among the staff of Al-Kindy College of Medicine that did not have any neurological disorders whether recent or previously and had negative family history for this diseases or other neurological disorders. HLA genotyping for HLADRB1 was performed for each patient and for the control persons using the PCR with sequence-specific oligoneucleotide primers. Allele frequencies were compared across groups. Results: There was a significant higher rate of DRB1*03:01 frequencies in patients with GBS compared with healthy controls (p=0.007, Odds ratio=5.687, 95% CI: 1.59-20.33)

Objective: To find an association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 alleles frequencies in a sample of Iraqi patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and compare with a healthy control group.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study consisting of 30 Iraqi Arab patients with GBS attending the Neurological Department in the Neuroscience Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq between September 2012 and June 2013. The control group comprised 42 apparently healthy volunteers. Human leukocyte antigen genotyping for HLA DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers method. The allele frequencies were compared across both groups. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class II HLA-DR genotyping and serotyping were performed by software analysis.Results: We found increased frequencies of HLA genotype DRB1*03:01 (p=0.0009), DRB1*07:01 (p=0.0015), and DRB4*01:01 (p<0.0001) in patients with GBS compared with healthy controls. The HLA DR6 was increased in the control group (p<0.0001).Conclusions: Our results suggest an association between HLA-DRB1*03:01, DRB1*07: 01, DRB4*01:01, and HLA DR3, DR7 and a susceptibility to GBS.

oides B512F and consisting of linear α(1-6)-glucan chains with limited branching. Three dextrans with averaged molecular masses of 5, 000 Da, 3, 500 Da and 1, 500 Da, respectively, were modified with a diamino group-containing linker and conjugated to a carrier protein, tetanus toxoid (TT) or diphtheria toxoid (DT. The conjugates were immunogenic in both rabbits and mice and induced specific IgG responses against α(1-6)- glucan -expressing H. pylori LPS. Studies performed with post-immune sera of mice and rabbits immunized with dextran-based conjugates demonstrated cross-reactivity with LPS from typeable and non-typeable strains of H. pylori and selected mutants. The post-immune sera from rabbits that received the conjugates exhibited functional activity against α(1-6)-glucan-positive strains of H. pylori . These data provide evidence that dextran-based conjugates may offer a simplified approach to the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against H. pylori

The clinical diagnosis of threatened abortion is presumed when any bloody vaginal discharge or bleeding appears during the first trimester of pregnancy. A prospective study on women with threatened abortion reported that women older than 34 years had an odds ratio of 2.3 for miscarriage (Falco et al., 1996). Some women who bleed in early pregnancy, approximately half of them, will abort (Weiss et al., 2004). Occasionally, bleeding may persist for weeks, and then it becomes essential to decide whether there is any possibility of continuation of the pregnancy or not. The diagnosis of spontaneous abortion currently depends on a combination of ultrasonography and nine hormonal methods including serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estradiol (E2), estrone, estriol, progesterone, human placental lactogen, cortisol, urine HCG and urine estrogen (Gerhavd and Runnebaum 1984; Zeimet et al., 1998; Osmanagaoglu et al., 2010). Another parameter that could be used as a predictive marker for a spontaneous abortion or subsequent outcome of pregnancy is Cancer Antigen-125 (CA-125). This antigen is a cell surface high molecular weight glycoprotein. It is a mucin like coelomic antigen, which is detected in 80% of non-mucus epithelial carcinomas of ovary. This antigen is secreted from normal tissues, such as coelomic epithelium, amnion and their derivatives including respiratory system, mesenteric organs and epithelium of female genital system (Berek 2002). An increased CA-125 level is due to genital or non-genital origins. Nongenital causes include hepatic diseases, peritonitis, renal failure, breast, colon and lung cancer, and tuberculosis. Genital causes include: pelvic inflammatory diseases, endometriosis, adenomyosis, leiomioma, ectopic pregnancy, endometrial and ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND:Gastro-esophageal reflux disease is a common condition, affecting 25%-40% of the population. Increasing attention has been paid to the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and reflux esophagitis.AIM:The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CagA+ H. pylori and endoscopically proven gastro-esophageal reflux disease.PATIENTS AND METHODS:The study group included 60 hospital patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease between 2007 and 2009 as compared with 30 healthy patients from a control group that was age and sex matched. Helicobacter pylori CagA+ was identified by an immunological test (Immunochromatography test) (ACON, USA).RESULTS:Helicobacter pyloriCagA+ was present in 42/60 (70%) of the patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease and in 11/30 (36.6%) patients in the control group (p=0.002). The Odds ratio = 0.8004 with 95% Confidence Interval = from 0.3188 to 2.0094. The relative risk=1.35 that indicates an association between Helicobacter pylori and disease.CONCLUSIONS:The presence of Helicobacter pylori is significantly increased in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease as compared with the control group.