Características de la especie Fenología del ciclo reproductivo Manejo de frutos y semillas Viverización Características silviculturales Establecimiento definitivo

The Upper Parana Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot of highly threatened biodiversity, extends to northeastern Argentina in the province of Misiones. In Argentina, national and provincial laws promote the restoration of degraded forest areas. This is a crucial process necessary to the establishment of biodiversity islands, which requires plant propagation material of native species to ensure their viability and diversity. Since 2018, a registry of forest areas and seed trees has been implemented nationwide to serve as a repository of biodiversity and plant propagation material, controlled by the National Seed Institute (INASE) Regulation n°318/18, elaborated in scientific/technical cooperation with the School of Forestry of the National University of Misiones. In these registered areas, which can be in private, public, or protected lands, propagation material is certified, with priority given to arboreal species and rare, endemic, threatened and/or vulnerable species. Each species is registered in every site where it is documented in order to record as much genetic variability as possible. Propagation material certification establishes a protocol that allows native species to be included, under certified control, in sustainable, productive, and multiple-purpose land use systems. To date, more than 1000 registered seed trees have been recorded in more than 54 hectares of forest remnants. Registered seed trees facilitate restoration of degraded areas, increasing site diversity via dispersion by birds, small animals and wind. The certification of native species for multiple use contributes to their conservation and to their use for restoration, while also generating resources for owners, helping to conserve biodiversity.

La provincia de Misiones, Argentina tiene menos del 1% de la superficie total del país, pero alberga casi el 40% de la biodiversidad y produce más del 70% de la madera. Misiones ha tenido cambios de uso de la tierra debido al corte de bosques para el establecimiento de plantaciones industriales y cultivos comerciales

Globally, and particularly in Argentina, biodiversity is declining due to the loss of species and habitats, while indigenous cultures are being eroded simultaneously. This results in a reduced capacity to transmit indigenous cultural diversity, the EIK (Ecological Indigenous KnowledgeIndigenous knowledge ), and biological and cultural resourcesCultural resources for future generations. The traditional use of the land by indigenous peoples for thousands of years has contributed to maintain biodiversity and cultural values. The use of EIK can generate new strategies for R + D (Research and Development) for biodiversity conservation and for the implementation of natural resources management (NRM) systems promoting the integration of indigenous communities in decision-making processes. This chapter reports results of an analysis on integration of EIK and ESK (Ecological Scientific KnowledgeScientific knowledge ) in NRM in Misiones Province (Argentina). We describe the results and recommendations generated by analyzing national and international experiences in NRM, including agroforestry; and present a case study in the indigenous communities that inhabit the Guarani Reserve for Multiple Use (GRMU) of the School of Forestry-National University of Misiones, regarding NRM Natural resources management (NRM) activities and related cultural values. From the results of surveys conducted with indigenous communities it appears that the place where the EIK can regenerate lies in the natural context where the EIK has originated. There is a need to take preventive measures to remediate the erosive processes that undermine the integrity of the cultural setting where the EIK could be applied. Preventive measures include the legal possession of large areas of forest in order to stop or slow the advance of the agricultural frontier on natural spaces where the EIK is recreated.

Ilex paraguariensis A. St.Hil., Aquifoliaceae ("yerba mate") is a native plant from South America whose leaves are used to prepare an infusion or tea of popular consumption. Its market has been expanding internationally, because yerba mate is nutritious, energizing, and it contains antioxidants. Yerba mate trees are usually grown in monocultures (known as yerbales), where the leaves are harvested several times a year. This conventional management results in decreased plant productivity and soil erosion in the long term. Since yerba mate grows naturally in subtropical forest and is shadeShade tolerant, it is adequate for growing under the canopy of other tree species as a component of agroforestry systems (AFS). Incorporating trees in degraded yerbales in the province of Misiones has been shown to provide environmental and economic benefits. This chapter provides a list of native species that have been tested in different experimental areas and are suitable for growing in association with yerba mate. The following tree species are recommended for yerba mate AFS as they have shown good growth performance and provide high quality timberTimber : Cordia trichotoma, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Bastardiopsis densiflora, Nectandra lanceolata, Araucaria angustifolia, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Eugenia involucrata, Cedrela fissilis, and Jacaranda micrantha. All of these species have monopodic growth (i.e., form a single stem as a result of apical dominance and lack of branching), and are self-pruning. Other tree species with sympodial growth (i.e. with lateral branching) and large crown which have attributes that are valuable for restorationRestoration purposes include: Handroanthus heptaphyllus, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Peltophorum dubium and Anadenanthera colubrina. Species that provide fruit, or have medicinal, honey, landscape, or ornamental values such as the multi-purpose palm Euterpe edulis, are also recommended. These species can also increase AFS diversification and landscape biodiversity. Finally, results of an economic evaluation indicated that yerba mate AFS can be financially attractive to farmers.

ORGANIC YERBA MATE: AN ENVIRONMENTALLY, SOCIALLY AND FINANCIALLY SUITABLE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM Trade in yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis Saint Hilaire, is a lucrative business in Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. The leaves of yerba mate are consumed as a tea, with a market expanding to the USA, Europe and Asia, as it contains antioxidants and is energizing, making it an alternative to coffee. Approximately 5 percent of the area of Misiones province, Argentina, is in yerba mate production. Many farmers do not reach expected yields due to lack of adequate technology. Organic yerba mate (grown without the use of agrochemicals) can get higher price with most cooperatives having it as one of their products. Typically grown in monocultures, its management can cause erosion and soil exhaustion; however, yerba mate grows in subtropical forest and is shade tolerant so it can be grown in agroforestry systems (AFS). The study examined organic AFS of yerba mate by conducting semi-structured interviews with farmers in Misiones, including family farms as well as larger farms, private companies, and reserves. This review recorded a large number of native species growing in combination with yerba mate. The extra work involved in organic practices is compensated by higher prices. Yerba mate AFS with native trees improve soil fertility without relying on fertilizers, while providing additional income. The following native tree species are recommended for growing in combination with yerba mate: Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cordia trichotoma, Nectandra lanceolata, Bastardiopsis densiflora, Cedrela fissillis, Jacaranda micrantha, Araucaria angustifolia, Ocotea puberula, due to their monopodial development and self pruning ability; as well as Tabebuia heptaphylla, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Peltophorum dubium, Parapiptadenia rigida and Anadenanthera macrocarpa of broader crown, all with good growth and high quality timber. Other tree, herb or shrub species of fruit, medicinal or ornamental value can be also added to increase farm diversification. Finally the study concludes that agroforestry systems combining yerba mate with indigenous trees can promote the spread of organic yerba mate production and diversify income in Argentina and elsewhere.

Le commerce de la yerba maté, Ilex paraguariensis Saint-Hilaire, est un négoce lucratif en Argentine, au Paraguay et au Brésil. Ses feuilles sont consommées comme du thé avec un marché en croissance aux États-Unis, en Europe et en Asie, car elles contiennent des antioxydants, sont énergisantes et constituent ainsi une alternative au café. Environ 5% de la superficie de la province de Misiones en Argentine sont consacrés à la production de la yerba maté. Beaucoup de paysans n'atteignent pas les rendements escomptés faute de techniques appropriées. La yerba maté en culture organique (sans intrants agrochimiques) peut atteindre un prix plus élevé pour les coopératives qui en font un de leurs produits. Tradition nel lement gérée en monoculture, son exploitation peut entraîner l'érosion et l'épuisement des sols. Toutefois, la yerba maté pousse en forêt subtropicale et tolère l'ombrage ce qui permet de la cultiver dans des systèmes agroforestiers (SAF). Cette étude examine les SAF avec la yerba maté en culture organique à l'aide d'interviews semi-structurées auprès des paysans de la province de Misiones, y compris les fermes familiales, les grandes fermes, les compagnies privées et les réserves. Un grand nombre d'espèces naturelles poussant en association avec la yerba maté ont été identifiées. Le travail supplémentaire requis par les pratiques de la culture organique est compensé par un meilleur prix de vente. Les SAF, associant yerba mate et arbres, améliorent la fertilité des sols sans recourir aux fertilisants tout en procurant des revenus supplémentaires. Pour cette association l'étude recommande les espèces locales suivantes: Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cordia trichotoma, Nectandra lanceolata, Bastardiopsis densiflora, Cedrela fissillis, Jacaranda micrantha, Araucaria angustifolia, et Ocotea puberula, du fait de leur développement monopodial et de leur capacité d'auto-élagage; ainsi que Tabebuia heptaphylla, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Peltophorum dubium, Parapiptadenia rigida et Anadenanthera macrocarpa avec une couronne plus large; toutes ont une bonne croissance et un bois de qualité. Il est aussi suggéré d'introduire d'autres espèces arborées, herbacées et arbustives de valeur fruitière, médicinale ou ornementale, diversifiant les produits fermiers. Finalement, cette agroforesterie associant yerba maté et espèces locales va promouvoir la diffusion de cette plante en culture organique et diversifier les revenus en Argentine et ailleurs. (Résumé d'auteur)

Misiones, province d'Argentine, couvre moins de 1 % de la superficie du pays mais abrite 40 % de sa biodiversite et produit 70 % de son bois. Suite au defrichage des forets, de nouvelles utilisations des terres s'imposaient. Nous presentons les resultats de projets de rehabilitation des terres integrant des essences indigenes. Des essais (1990-1991) ont permis de tester Ilex paraguariensis en plantations mixtes et en agroforesterie. La meilleure croissance sur sol pauvre etait obtenue avec Enterolobium contortisiliquum etAstronium balansae. Les resultats pour Balfourodendron riedelianum, tres prisee dans la region, etaient excellents en sol fertile, sous reserve d'une bonne gestion. L'association de ces essences avec I. paraguariensis semble appropriee, puisque les recoltes d'/. paraguariensis permettent une rentabilisation rapide des investissements. Des essais d'enrichissement (1988-1990) dans des zones forestieres surexploitees ont donne, sept ans apres la plantation, les meilleurs resultats avec Bastardiopsis densiflora, E. contortisiliquum, Nectandra lanceolata, Ocotea puberula et Peltophorum dubium. Dans la reserve Guarani, les meilleures essences au bout de treize ans etaient O. puberula, B. densiflora et Cordia trichotoma. Ces essences ont egalement des effets benefiques pour le sol, et peuvent ameliorer les forets degradees. L'integration d'essences a rotation plus courte (palmier Euterpe edulis) accelere la rentabilisation. Ces resultats sont utilises pour encourager la plantation d'arbres dans le cadre de projets de sylviculture communautaire. Les chercheurs fournissent conseils et assistance ainsi que des plants et un suivi de la plantation et de l'entretien. Les premiers resultats sont prometteurs et d'autres municipalites rejoignent les projets.

Misiones, province d’Argentine, couvre moins de 1 % de la superficie du pays mais abrite 40 % de sa biodiversité et produit 70 % de son bois. Suite au défrichage des forêts, de nouvelles utilisations des terres s’imposaient. Nous présentons les résultats de projets de réhabilitation des terres intégrant des essences indigènes. Des essais (1990-1991) ont permis de tester Ilex paraguariensis en plantations mixtes et en agroforesterie. La meilleure croissance sur sol pauvre était obtenue avec Enterolobium contortisiliquum et Astronium balansae. Les résultats pour Balfourodendron riedelianum, très prisée dans la région, étaient excellents en sol fertile, sous réserve d’une bonne gestion. L’association de ces essences avec I. paraguariensis semble appropriée, puisque les récoltes d’I. paraguariensis permettent une rentabilisation rapide des investissements. Des essais d’enrichissement (1988-1990) dans des zones forestières surexploitées ont donné, sept ans après la plantation, les meilleurs résultats avec Bastardiopsis densiflora, E. contortisiliquum, Nectandra lanceolata, Ocotea puberula et Peltophorum dubium. Dans la réserve Guaraní, les meilleures essences au bout de treize ans étaient O. puberula, B. densiflora et Cordia trichotoma. Ces essences ont également des effets bénéfiques pour le sol, et peuvent améliorer les forêts dégradées. L’intégration d’essences à rotation plus courte (palmier Euterpe edulis) accélère la rentabilisation. Ces résultats sont utilisés pour encourager la plantation d’arbres dans le cadre de projets de sylviculture communautaire. Les chercheurs fournissent conseils et assistance ainsi que des plants et un suivi de la plantation et de l’entretien. Les premiers résultats sont prometteurs et d’autres municipalités rejoignent les projets.

SUMMARY. A variety of practices can greatly diminish the impacts of forest management on biodiversity. A case study from a subtropical humid forest reserve in Misiones, Argentina is presented to illustrate a “uniform spacing” method of forest harvest. In this method, trees are selected for extraction or marked for retention according to their scarcity, their horizontal distribution, and their characteristics to serve as seed trees. Three years after harvesting, the forest cut by uniform spacing had the highest density of seedlings of total as well as commercial species, and it also exhibited high diversity of understory plants other than trees. A case study of a silvicultural experiment carried out by CATIE in Costa Rica is also presented, focusing on the effects of logging and post-harvest silvicultural treatments on forest species richness and composition during the first 6-7 yr following logging and 5 yr following the application of treatments. The forest studied was shown to exhibit marked compositional variation in relation to a topographical gradient after the implementation of the experiment; such □ or ecosystem diversity should be taken into account in all future evaluations of the effect of forest management on plant biodiversity. Post-harvest silvicultural treatments caused an immediate reduction in species-richness = 10 cm dbh in 1.0 ha due to the chance elimination of species represented by one or a small number of individuals in the plots, and may affect overall species composition in the medium term as they are directed to favoring commercial species by decreasing competition from non-commercial species. Species richness declined under both silvicultural treatments, however, no changes of species-richness or composition as a result of silvicultural treatment were evident in the forest understory (individuals 2.5-9.9 cm dbh). The only detectable changes in understory plant biodiversity were caused by the felling and extraction of timber, and these changes were restricted to the very localized areas disturbed by these management operations. The application of low-intensity logging methods with selection of remnant trees requires detailed pre- and post-harvest forest inventories and follow up of treatments to ensure successful regeneration and growth of desired species. The Costa Rican study shows that different forest management operations (logging and silviculture in this case) may have different effects on plant biodiversity; this perspective should be applied to future studies in order to better understand the balance between production and conservation in tropical forests. Long-term follow up is needed to assess the true effects of forest management on biodiversity, including natural regeneration as well as growth dynamics of trees, until a whole harvest cycle is completed.

The successful restoration of degraded forest ecosystems can benefit from the implementation of diversified income generation strategies. These strategies may reduce risk and allow for more ready adoption of restoration projects by local farmers. In the province of Misiones, Argentina, large-scale native-species reforestation projects, coupled with enrichment plantings in degraded forests, are plausible strategies for maintaining biodiversity and forest health. The Province of Misiones covers less than 1% of the total area of the country, but harbors almost 40% of the biodiversity and produces over 70% of the timber. Misiones had substantial land use changes due to forest clearing for industrial plantations and commercial crops. Alternative land uses are necessary due to shifting agriculture and use of inadequate soil techniques leading to soil degradation and land abandonment.. In 1990-1991 a set of experiments was put in place to test mixed plantations and agroforestry with yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis ) on sites with contrasting soil degradation. Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Astronium balansae showed the best growth on poor soils. Balfourodendron riedelianum , a valued tree in this region had excellent performance on fertile soils and with adequate management. The association of trees with yerba mate appeared appropriate, since yerba mate harvests represent a short-term return on investment.

SUMMARY Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Cedro), Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert (Cañafístola), Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong & Britton (Timbó) and Gleditsia amorphoides (Griseb.) Taubert (Espina corona) species as many other woods of high quality have suffered the effects of the excessive cutting. All the intentions to repose that forest masses as well as reforestation for several reasons require the production of a wide scale of seedlings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence in the nursery of these native species using two sizes of receptacles to see the radicle and aerial development. The test was installed in small tubes of 50 and 250cm3 by direct sowing, using the bark of Pinus as a sustrate with the aggregate of a fertilizer NPK with slow liberation. As regards the statistics design we adopted the completely randomized one with a factorial distribution of the treatments. The evaluation was done after 64 days from sowing, for that, diameter at neck height, length of the main root, length of the aerial part and percentage of surviving were considered. The sizes of the tubes presented significant differences in the variables of stem height and length of roots, obtaining a better performance in the one of 250 cm3. Identical result was obtained in the species Timbó and Cedar in diameter at neck height. The surviving variable did not present significant differences among the treatments tested.