In this paper, we introduce a distance measure on single-valued neutrosophic sets by sine function which is a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy sine distance measure. The axiom of metric on single-valued neutrosophic sets is verified and shows that the difference of distance measure from unity is a similarity measure. A new methodology for multi-attribute decision-making problems (MADM) is developed for the most common decision by the smallest measure value of the proposed single-valued neutrosophic distance measure. We further apply this distance measure to a multi-attribute decision-making problem (MADM) for student career determination in a neutrosophic environment to find the best career for suitable students. Finally, the comparison is made between the proposed distance measure and the other distance measures for the final decision chosen from the most common decisions of them.

Marine resources and industry have emerged as one of the most crucial cornerstones of global economic development. Be that as it may, erosion of materials is dependably the most difficult issue to the foundation and gear served in the marine environment. Scientists have tracked down that microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and marine bio-fouling are two fundamental components of marine erosions because of the muddled marine environment and marine creatures. Herein, we firstly synthesized a novelty composites of graphite incorporated epoxy composites and took thermomechanical tests like differential filtering calorimetry (DSC), and tensile test for the strength of the materials. The outcomes showed a conspicuous improvement of mechanical properties in the adjusted resin system. Besides, the developed graphite-epoxy nanocomposite was gone through the electrical conductivity test for the movement of electron into it. Marine field tests revealed that graphite embedded epoxy nanocomposites showed excellent antifouling execution inside ninety days. In a nutshell, the graphite-epoxy nanocomposites have extraordinary mechanical properties and brilliant impedance properties, showing high potential in the marine antifouling field.

This chapter introduces a general formula for the probabilistic distance measures in single-valued neutrosophic sets by defining the probability of occurrences, nonoccurrences, and indeterminacy occurrences of a neutrosophic event and shows that the difference of this distance measure from unity is a similarity measure. A new mathematical model is developed by using this probabilistic distance measure formula as a methodology on multi-attribute decision-making problems (MADM) to identify the decision attributes for each alternative by choosing the lowest single-valued neutrosophic probabilistic distance measure value. Moreover, a numerical example of the MADM problems in medical diagnosis is demonstrated for the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in a neutrosophic environment to find the disease of those who are suffering.

In this work, three systems of the composite were prepared using cured epoxy (CE), unsaturated polyester (UP), and organically changed montmorillonite (OMMT) of CE-UP, CE-OMMT, and CE-UP-OMMT which have been developed and the samples were subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EIS shows CE-OMMT composite of sample E3M has maximized the room temperature conductivity of the composite to 3.7976 × 10−5 S/cm. The conductivity was enhanced to 7.5891 × 10−5 S/cm on the addition of 5 wt% UP in CE-OMMT. This conductivity was further enhanced to 1.1023 × 10−4 S/cm on the addition of 15 wt% of UP in CE-OMMT composite. The conductivity enhancement was found due to the long-range movement of charge carriers by folding/unfolding up of polymer chains accumulated in the composite. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy affirms the amorphous nature and FTIR proves the interaction between CE, UP, and OMMT composites. XRD and FTIR confirm the folding/unfolding up of polymer chains. Dielectric and dielectric loss tangent studies confirm the results obtained by conductivity. The SEM reveals aggregate microstructure for CE-UP-OMMT composite and provides the relevant reason for reduction in conductivity. All the outcomes are verifying that the conductivity enhancement in CE-UP-OMMT composite is due to the interaction and the newly formed bonds.

The impedance of well-characterized KI-incorporated glucosyl carboxonium ion-based biopolymer crust electrolytes up to a maximum 2.7wt% was measured using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Enhanced ionic conductivity of 2.3657x10(-2)Scm(-1) on the addition of 2.7wt% of KI was observed in contrast to earlier reported value for pure GCI of 4.5278x10(-4)Scm(-1). This is attributed due to the increased concentration of KI in the system and is corroborated with increased ion density (n), mobility (mu), and diffusion coefficients (D). Dielectric and modulus study shows the capacitive nature of electrolyte. Fabricated dye-sensitized solar cell using pure glucosyl carboxonium ion crust and KI-incorporated glucosyl carboxonium ion crust shows the efficiency of 1.19% for pure and shows the efficiency of 2.14% for 2.6wt% of KI in glucosyl carboxonium ion at 1 sun condition. [GRAPHICS] .

Three systems of starch-based crust electrolytes were prepared using various gelatinization times, various weight percentages (wt%) of starch, and various wt% of starch incorporated into potassium iodide. All the samples were subjected to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transference number measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that 1.7wt% of starch has maximized the room temperature conductivity of the electrolyte to 1.4587x10(-4)Scm(-1). The conductivity was enhanced to 4.5278x10(-4)Scm(-1) on the increment of starch's wt% from 1.7 to 3.2. This conductivity was further enhanced to 3.4609x10(-3)Scm(-1) on the addition of 0.3wt% of potassium iodide. The conductivity enhancement was found due to the formation of glucosyl carboxonium ions. The effect of longer heating time in gelatinization is attributed to the formation of glucosyl carboxonium ions. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy affirms the reduction in crystallinity of starch. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows the porous morphology of starch electrolyte, and addition of potassium iodide shows the morphology of bean nuts like particles seated on the pores. Fourier transform infrared confirms the degradation of starch. Transference number measurements of the crust electrolyte shows that ions are the dominant conducting species. All the results are authenticating that the conductivity enhancement in starch-based crust electrolyte is due to starch and the addition of inorganic salts. [GRAPHICS] .

This work focuses on the effect of chitosan-based carbohydrate polymer electrolytes (CHPE) that were prepared by the application of heat in chitosan dissolution. Furthermore, various wt% of potassium iodide (KI) that was incorporated into this heat-applied chitosan (KI-HAC) were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the pure HAC has the room temperature ionic conductivity of 5.57 × 10−4 S/cm. The conductivity enhanced from 5.57 × 10−4 S/cm to 6.39 × 10−4 S/cm on the addition of 0.3 wt% of KI and further enhanced to 2.07 × 10−2 S/cm on the increment of KI from 0.3 to 1.8 wt%. The conductivity enhancement in chitosan was found due to the formation of amino glucosyl carboxonium ions (AGCI) and is due to the effect of heat in chitosan dissolution. XRD affirms the reduction in crystallinity. SEM analysis shows the spherical morphology for pure chitosan, porous morphology for HAC, and KI-HAC. FTIR confirms the degradation of chitosan and the formation of AGCI. Dielectric study, dielectric tan loss study, and dielectric modulus study confirm the results obtained by EIS. The results are authenticating that the conductivity enhancement in CHPE is not only due the addition of inorganic salt but also due to the chitosan which plays the role in conductivity enhancement. Dye-sensitized solar cell using HAC and KI-HAC shows efficiency of 1.25 and 1.62% at 1 sun condition.

In this paper, we report a novel, biopolymer crust based composite electrolyte for electrochemical device applications. Electrical properties of the prepared biopolymer crust electrolyte (BCE) are characterized using various techniques like electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To develop the electrical properties of BCE, potassium iodide (KI) has been added in chitosan biopolymer matrix. EIS shows enhancement in ionic conductivity on salt doping. Infrared spectroscopy confirms the formation of composite nature. XRD shows the reduction in crystallinity of chitosan by salt doping as well affirms the composite nature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) supports the result of XRD by reduction in crystallinity. To further affirm the conductivity enhancement in KI incorporated chitosan based BCE system, a theoretical hopping model is also described in details.

Ion conducting biopolymer electrolyte crust based on starch and potassium iodide has been primed through Gelation method. In this exertion we report the details of conductivity, dielectric, dielectric loss tangent and modulus study of starch incorporated with potassium iodide. The values of the parameters that are required in the equation are obtained from Nyquist plots and impedance data. The decrease in bulk resistance value obtained from the Nyquist plots indicates the enhancement of conductivity in crust. The frequency dependence dielectric study shows that the value of dielectric constant is high at lower frequencies and decreases with increase in frequency. The tangent loss peaks shift towards the high frequency side on increased KI concentration which reveals that there is an increase in amorphous content in starch incorporated KI crust. The real and imaginary parts of the electrical modulus show the long tail in low frequency side which depict the membrane is an ionic conductor; also the increase in conductivity is due to the mobile ions.