This study was performed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FD777 (BA) and Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on the performance, morbidity and mortality rates, body measurements, immunity, rumen parameters, antioxidant parameters, microbiome level, and profitability of calves during the pre-weaning period. In the study, 51 calves were divided into three groups as one control and two treatment groups considering their age (1 day old), gender (nine females and eight males in each group), and birth weight (37.7 ± 0.4 kg). The calves in the control group (CON) were fed milk without supplements whereas the first treatment group (BA) was fed milk containing 10 mL/day/head of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FD777 and the second treatment group (MCE) was fed milk containing 2 g/day/head of MCE. As a result, supplementing BA and MCE to calf milk had no significant effect on body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE), morbidity and mortality rates, rumen pH, IgG, IgA, and IgM values, and gastrointestinal microbiota (p > 0.05). On the other hand, it was determined that body weight gain (BWG), body length, body depth, rump width, withers height change, rump height change, rump width change, and serum GSH level increased significantly in the BA group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). According to the partial budget analysis, despite the additional cost of supplementing BA to the calf milk, no calf deaths and lower disease were observed in this group, unlike the other groups, resulting in a lowest calf rearing cost and highest profit. In calves receiving MCE, withers height, rump height, body length, rump width, body depth, chest circumference change, withers height change, rump height change, and rump width change values increased significantly compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results obtained not only reveal the positive effects of BA and MCE on calves during the pre-weaning period, but also encourage the necessity of investigating their effects on the long-term performance of animals and farm economies.

AbstractBackgroundIn ruminants, fibrous feedstuffs must be included in the ration to ensure normal rumen physiology and to prevent the occurrence of rumen‐related metabolic diseases. In addition to being a source of fibrous feedstuffs, they contain energy depending on the level of digestion and protein, minerals, fatty acids, minerals, and secondary compounds.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the nutrient matter, fatty acid, mineral and in vitro rumen fermentation values of the pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) plant.MethodsThe pennyroyal plant samples were collected at different phenological stages (vegetative, full flowering, and seed bulking) from the natural meadow. The samples were analysed for core nutrients, condensed tannins, minerals, fatty acids, and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters.ResultsThe calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) contents and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters (total gas production and methane production, organic matter digestion (OMd), and the ammonia‐nitrogen) decreased with increasing phenological stage (p < 0.05). The percentages of linoleic, α‐linolenic, ω‐3, ω‐6 and polyunsaturated fatty (PUFA) acids of the pennyroyal plant linearly increased with the phenological stages (p < 0.05). However, butyric acid (BA) concentration in the in vitro ruminal fermentation fluid in the full flowering stage was lower than that of other stages (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPennyroyal plant is a functional plant in terms of high values of ether extract (EE), α‐linolenic acid, linoleic acid, ∑ω‐3 fatty acids, Ca, Fe and Zn contents. For this plant to be used as animal feed, the stage when it has the highest values for Ca, Mg, S and Zn minerals and in vitro OMd were vegetative and full flowering. The stage with good potential as animal feed for ∑ω‐3 and ∑ω‐6 fatty acids and core nutrients (CP and EE) is the seed bulking stage.

Araştırma buzağılara probiyotik (EM-Etkin Mikroorganizmalar) ve mannan-oligosakkarit (MOS)’in ayrı ayrı veya birlikte verilmesinin canlı ağırlık artışı (CAA), yem tüketimi (YT), yemden yararlanma (YY) gibi büyüme parametreleri, vücut ölçüleri, hastalık ve yaşama oranı ile buzağı yetiştirme maliyetlerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 76 baş (38 baş Holstein ve 38 baş Simmental, 38 adet erkek, 38 adet dişi, 7±3 günlük yaşlı, 38±2 kg CA) buzağı, her grupta 19 buzağı olacak şekilde bir kontrol ve 3 deneme grubu olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrıldı. Deneme grubunda bulunan buzağılara kontrol grubundan farklı olarak 10 ml EM, 5 g MOS veya 10 ml EM+5 g MOS süte katılarak verildi. Çalışma sonunda süt emme döneminde buzağılara EM, MOS veya EM+MOS verilmesinin canlı ağırlık (CA), CAA, kuru madde tüketimi (KMT), YY, vücut ölçüleri ve hastalık oranı ile ekonomik göstergeleri (toplam maliyet, toplam gelir ve net kar) önemli oranda etkilemediği belirlendi (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, tercih edilecek alternatif yem katkı maddeleri hem hayvan performansını iyileştirecek hem de işletme ekonomisine katkı sunacak nitelikte olmalıdır.

Bu çalışmada, buzağılarda efektif mikroorganizma (EM) ve karahindiba ekstraktının (KH) performans [canlı ağırlık (CA), canlı ağırlık artışı (CAA), yemden yararlanma oranı (YYO), vücut ölçüleri], rumen uçucu yağ asitleri (UYA) üzerin-deki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada toplam 80 buzağı, ırkları (10 Holstayn, 10 Simental), yaşları (7±3 günlük), canlı ağırlıkları (40±5 kg), ve cinsiyetleri (10 erkek, 10 dişi) benzer olacak şekilde bir kontrol ve üç deneme grubu (EM, KH ve EM + KH) olmak üzere her grupta 20 buzağı olacak şekilde toplam dört gruba ayrıldı. Çalışmada yer alan bütün buzağıların beslenme programları aynı olup, deneme grubunda bulunan buzağılara kontrol grubundan farklı olarak, EM grubunda buzağı başına günlük 10 ml EM ve KH grubunda 5 gr karahindiba ekstresi ve EM + KH grubunda ise 10 ml EM ile 5 gr KH süte katılarak oral yolla içirildi. Simental ırkı buzağılara KH, EM veya KH+EM verilmesinin performans parametreleri (CA, CAA, YT, YY), vücut ölçüleri ve rumen UYA (asetik asit, butirik asit, propiyoinik asit) oranını önemli oranda etkilemediği belirlendi. Öte yandan Holstein ırkı buzağılara KH verilmesinin yem tüketimini önemli oranda artırdığı belirlendi. Holstein ırkı buzağılara sütten kesim öncesi dönemde KH verilmesinin yemden yarar-lanma oranını etkilemediği ancak EM veya KH+EM verilmesinin yemden yararlanma oranını olumsuz etkilediği belirlen-di. Holstein ırkı buzağılara sütten kesim öncesi dönemde KH verilmesinin sağrı genişliği ve günlük sağrı genişliği artışı-nı düşürdüğü ancak muamelelerin deneme sonu rumen UYA düzeyleri, cidago yüksekliği, sağrı yüksekliği, vücut uzun-luğu, beden derinliği ve göğüs çevresi ile günlük cidago yüksekliği artışı, sağrı yüksekliği artışı, vücut uzunlu artışı, beden derinliği artışı ve göğüs çevresi artışını etkilemediği kaydedildi. Sonuç olarak, ruminantlarda gerek bitki ekstrak-ları gerek probiyotiklerin ve prebiyotiklerin yem katkısı olarak kullanıldığı çalışma sayısı bu katkıların etkileri konusunda kesin kanaat oluşturmak için oldukça yetersiz olup ruminantlarda çok daha fazla çalışma yapılmasının gerekli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışma, dev kralotu (Pennisetum hybridum) bitkisinden farklı katkı maddeleri ile hazırlanan silajların besin madde içerikleri ve in vitro sindirim parametrelerinin tespit edilerek, ruminantlar için alternatif bir kaba yem kaynağı olarak kullanılabilirliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca hazırlanan silajların besi sığırı tam rasyonunda (TMR) mısır silajı yerine %25, %50, %75 ve %100 oranlarında kullanılmasının in vitro parametrelerde oluşan değişim-ler ile in vitro rumen sıvısı amonyak azotu ve rumen uçucu yağ asitleri düzeylerine olan etkileri de araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 120 günlük dev kralotu (Pennisetum hybridum) bitkisinden katkısız, inokulant+enzim, fumarik asit ve arpa unu katkıları ile 10’ar paralel halinde dört farklı silaj grubu oluşturulmuştur. Silaj örnekleri ile yapılan analizlerde; dev kralotu silajları arasında en yüksek kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP), nispi yem değeri (NYD) ve lif içermeyen karbonhidrat (NFC) oranları arpa unu katkılı dev kralotu silajında belirlenmiştir (P<0.001, P<0.05). NFC, ham selüloz (HS), nötral deterjan lif (aNDFom) ve NYD düzeyi bakımından katkısız, inokulant+enzim ve fumarik asit katkılı silajlar birbirine ben-zer bulunurken, arpa unu katkılı grubun HS ve aNDFom içeriği bu gruplardan önemli oranda düşük bulunmuştur (P<0.001, P<0.05). Silaj gruplarının pH değerleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P<0.001). Katkı maddeleri kullanımı, tüm silaj gruplarında in vitro kümülatif gaz ve metan üretimini katkısız gruba göre arttırmıştır (P<0.001). Dev kralotu silajlarının tam rasyon (TMR) içerisinde mısır silajı yerine farklı oranlarda ilave edilmesi (katkısız grubun TMR’a %25 oranında ilavesi dışında), in vitro kümülatif gaz üretimini, metabolik enerji (ME), organik madde sindirimi (OMS) ve toplam uçucu yağ asitleri (TUYA) düzeylerini olumsuz etkilemiştir (P<0.001). Sonuç olarak; dev kralotunun farklı katkı maddeleri ile silolanmasının silaj fermantasyonunu ve sindirilebilirliğini olumlu yönde etkilediği, besi sığırı TMR’ında ise mısır silajı yerine sadece %25 oranında katkısız dev kralotu silajı kullanımının olumsuz bir durum oluşturmadığı gözlenmiştir.

This study aimed to determine the effects of DL-malic acid supplementation in beef cattle rations containing high concentrated feed and dry forage (alfalfa hay and wheat straw) on fattening performance, carcass traits and ru- men parameters. In present study, 47 male beef cattle (19 Simmental, 28 Limousine) at the age of 14-16 months were used. Cattle breeds were divided into two groups (0 and 30 g/day of DL-malic acid). In the present study, the differ- ences in live weights, daily live weight gains and carcass weights of the control and DL-malic acid groups were found to be significant in Simmental breed (P0.05).The malic acid addition increased the molarities of acetic, butyric, propionic and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and acetic acid/ propionic acid ratio in the rumen fluid (P0.05). As a result, DL-malic acid supplementation to beef cattle ration varied with cattle breeds in terms of fattening performance, while such supplementations had positive effect on fattening in Simmental breed. Besides, the increase in TVFA and acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which are indicators of fiber and carbohydrate fermentation efficiency in the rumen, shows that malic acid has a positive effect on feed digestion in the rumen.

This study aimed to determine the effects of DL-malic acid supplementation in beef cattle rations containing high concentrated feed and dry forage (alfalfa hay and wheat straw) on fattening performance, carcass traits and ru- men parameters. In present study, 47 male beef cattle (19 Simmental, 28 Limousine) at the age of 14-16 months were used. Cattle breeds were divided into two groups (0 and 30 g/day of DL-malic acid). In the present study, the differ- ences in live weights, daily live weight gains and carcass weights of the control and DL-malic acid groups were found to be significant in Simmental breed (P<0.05), but insignificant in Limousine breed. The beef cattle body measurements (withers height, chest girth, rump height, body length) did not change with malic acid supplementation (P>0.05).The malic acid addition increased the molarities of acetic, butyric, propionic and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and acetic acid/ propionic acid ratio in the rumen fluid (P<0.05).The addition of malic acid had no significant effect on the number of ciliated protozoa (Entodinium, Diplodinium, Isotricha and Dasytricha) and total bacteria count in the rumen fluid (P>0.05). As a result, DL-malic acid supplementation to beef cattle ration varied with cattle breeds in terms of fattening performance, while such supplementations had positive effect on fattening in Simmental breed. Besides, the increase in TVFA and acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which are indicators of fiber and carbohydrate fermentation efficiency in the rumen, shows that malic acid has a positive effect on feed digestion in the rumen.

Bu çalışma, yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına farklı oranlarda karahindiba (Taraxacum officinale) ekstresi (KHE) ilave- sinin performans ve yumurta iç-dış kalite parametrelerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada 22 haftalık yaşta, 96 adet yumurtacı Atak-S tavuk kullanılmıştır. Tavuklar, her biri altı alt gruptan oluşan dört gruba ayrıl- mış ve her alt grupta dört tavuk olacak şekilde düzenlenmiştir. Çalışma 90 günlük periyotta yürütülmüştür. Çalışma süresince kontrol grubu bazal yem, deneme grupları ise bazal yeme sırasıyla, %0.30, %0.60 ve %0.90 oranında KHE eklenen yemlerle beslenmiştir. Yumurta verimi bakımından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamakla birlikte (P>0.05), KHE içeren yemlerle beslenen gruplarda çalışma sonu ortalama yumurta veriminin kontrol grubuna göre rakamsal olarak daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı, canlı ağırlık ve yumurta sarı rengi ortalamaları bakımından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (P>0.05). Çalışmada %0.90 KHE içeren grupta yumurta ağırlığının kontrol grubuna göre önemli oranda yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (P<0.05). Yu- murta kabuk kalınlığı da %0.30 ve %0.60 KHE içeren gruplarda önemli oranda artmıştır (P<0.05). Sonuç olarak; yu- murta tavuklarında KHE’sinin yumurta kalitesi üzerine olumlu etkiye sahip olabileceği ve bu konuda daha fazla çalışma yapılması gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation capacity of potato pulp (PP), potato pulp with peel (PPp) and potato peel (Pp), i.e. potato starch by-products. PP and PPp were applied at 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% (on a dry matter basis) instead of corn flake and barley grain in dairy cow total mixed ration (TMR). The volumes of in vitro total gas and methane production, and metabolisable energy (ME) values of PP and PPp were higher compared to Pp (P < 0.001). The in vitro true dry matter digestion (tDMd) and in vitro true organic matter digestion (tOMd) values of PP using at 7.5% and 10% rates in TMR were decreased linearly according to that of control TMR value (P < 0.05). Therefore, the use of potato starch by-products in ruminant diet can be suggested due to the high and rapid fermentation potential, especially of potato pulp without peel. The study showed that PP could be applied at up to 5% and PPp at a level of up to 10% in dairy cattle TMR (on a DM basis). Further in vitro studies should be carried out using dried potato starch by-products.

Th is study aimed to determine the eff ects of milk supplemented with diff erent amounts (10-15 mL/day) of probiotics (eff ective microorganism-EM) during the period until weaning (70 days) of the calves on the growth performance [live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), the feed conversion ratio (FCR), body measurements], rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), health status and profitability.A total of 42 calves were divided into three groups as control and two treatment groups (EM10 and EM15) containing 14 calves in each with similar live weights (42±5 kg), ages (7±3 days), breeds (7 Holstein and 7 Simmental), and sex (7 female and 7 male).Th e control group had no supplement in the milk, whereas the calves in the treatment groups received 10 mL of EM per calf per day orally or 15 mL of EM with milk.According to the study results, using the 10 and 15 mL/day of EM in calves had no significant eff ect on the performance (LW, LWG, FC, body measurements), VFA, disease rates, and profitability (P>0.05).However, in the first 30 days of the study, the FCR of the EM10 group was positively aff ected compared to the control group (P<0.05).In conclusion, slightly better results were obtained in both treatment groups regarding body measurements, VFA, disease rates, treatment costs and profitability than the control group.

This study aimed to determine the effects of milk supplemented with different amounts (10-15 mL/day) of probiotics (effective microorganism-EM) during the period until weaning (70 days) of the calves on the growth performance [live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), the feed conversion ratio (FCR), body measurements], rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), health status and profitability. A total of 42 calves were divided into three groups as control and two treatment groups (EM10 and EM15) containing 14 calves in each with similar live weights (42 +/- 5 kg), ages (7 +/- 3 days), breeds (7 Holstein and 7 Simmental), and sex (7 female and 7 male). The control group had no supplement in the milk, whereas the calves in the treatment groups received 10 mL of EM per calf per day orally or 15 mL of EM with milk. According to the study results, using the 10 and 15 mL/day of EM in calves had no significant effect on the performance (LW, LWG, FC, body measurements), VFA, disease rates, and profitability (P>0.05). However, in the first 30 days of the study, the FCR of the EM10 group was positively affected compared to the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, slightly better results were obtained in both treatment groups regarding body measurements, VFA, disease rates, treatment costs and profitability than the control group.

Dietary fibre substances in dog foods are composed of cell wall polysaccharides, non-cellulose polysaccharides, and structural non-polysaccharides. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dog age and heat-steam pressure (extruding process) on the in vitro fermentation of fibrous feedstuffs (sugar beet pulp, tomato pomace, wheat bran, corn bran, and rice bran) to be included in dog foods. The fibrous feedstuffs were incubated with a fermentation medium mixture and faeces inoculum, which were collected from two 6 month old (puppy), two 2 year old (adult), and two 8 year old (geriatric) dogs. The in vitro cumulative gas production (at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h), true-organic matter disappearance (T-OMd) (at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h), and molarities of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids; AA, PA, and BA) in fermentation fluid (at 24 h) of fibrous feedstuffs were determined. The extruding process increased the in vitro cumulative gas production of rice bran (at 12, 18, 24, and 48 h) and wheat bran (at 6, 12, 24, and 36 h) (P < 0.05). In addition, in vitro cumulative gas production values of tomato pomace (at 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h) were reduced by the extruding process (P < 0.05). The extruding process increased the in vitro T-OMd values of sugar beet pulp (at 6, 12, and 24 h), wheat and rice bran (at 6 and 12 h), and the molarities of AA, BA, and total SCFA of the in vitro fermentation fluid of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran (P < 0.05). The in vitro cumulative gas production values of tomato pomace from faecal inoculums of the puppy and adult dogs were higher than that of the geriatric dog (P < 0.05). The in vitro T-OMd of sugar beet pulp (at 48 h) and extruded corn bran (at 6 h) with faecal inoculums of adult dog was higher than those of inoculum from puppy faeces (P < 0.05). The molarity of AA of tomato pomace with adult dog's faecal inoculum was higher than those from puppy and geriatric dog (P < 0.05). The molarities of AA, BA, and total SCFA with corn bran from faeces inoculums of the puppy and adult dog was higher than that of the geriatric dog (P < 0.05). The molarities of AA and total SCFA of the in vitro fermentation fluid of extruded rice bran with faecal inoculums from the geriatric dogs was higher than those with faecal inoculums from the puppy and adult dogs (P < 0.05). As a result, the extruding process positively affected the in vitro fermentation values of sugar beet pulp, wheat bran, and rice bran. Furthermore, the organic acid molarities of the in vitro fermentation fluid of extruded rice bran from the geriatric dog was higher than those from the puppy and adult dogs. Sugar beet pulp, tomato pomace, wheat bran, and corn bran can be used as a source of fibre in food for puppy, adult, and geriatric large dogs.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of catechin and copper supplementations to quail diet on performance, egg quality and lipid peroxidation, plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations and oxidative status. In this study, 300 quails, 10-week old, were divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates. The dietary treatments were a control diet and a control diet supplemented with 3000 mg/kg of green tea catechins (Cat), 80 mg/kg of copper proteinate (CuP), or 3000 mg/kg of Cat + 80 mg/kg of CuP (combination; Cat + CuP) for 8 weeks. Plasma 8OHdG and enzyme activities did not change. Egg weight and specific gravity of Cat group were lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001). Egg yolk colour increased by dietary catechin (p = 0.001). The MDA concentrations in egg yolk, plasma and tissue decreased by dietary catechin; and kidney MDA concentrations also decreased by all treatments (p < 0.05). Consequently, dietary catechin had a negative effect on egg-specific gravity and a positive effect on egg yolk colour without affecting internal egg quality parameters. However, dietary catechin and copper, without causing DNA damage, reduced lipid peroxidation in egg and organism and has a positive effect on egg lipid peroxidation.

Bu araştırma, İzmir ili merkez ve ilçelerinde bulunan hastalıktan ari süt sığırı işletmelerinde ki hayvan besleme uygulamalarını değerlendirmek üzere planlanmıştır. Bu amaçla hastalıktan ari sertifikası olan süt sığırı işletme sahipleriyle anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anket formunda; işletmelerde bulunan hayvan varlığı, süt verimi, buzağı ve düve besleme ile kurudaki ineklerin bakım ve beslenmesine dair sorular yer almıştır. İşletmelerde bulunan hayvanların çoğunluk-la (%93.60) kültür ve/veya kültür melezi olduğu ve genellikle (%66.70) ithal yolla elde edildiği saptanmıştır. Süt veriminin inek başına ortalama 25 lt/gün veya üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin tamamında buzağılara doğumdan sonra 1 veya 2 saat içinde ve genellikle biberonla (%43.5) veya kova (%39.1) ile kolostrum verildiği tespit edilmiştir. Buzağı beslemede; işletmelerin %36.2’sinde süt ile birlikte sadece buzağı başlangıç yemi verilirken, %63.8’inde süt ile birlikte hem buzağı başlangıç yemi hem kaba yem verilmektedir. Buzağılar 2 (%59.6) veya 3 aylık (%40.40) oldukların-da çoğunlukla canlı ağırlık, yem tüketimi ve yaş dikkate alınarak sütten kesilmektedirler. İşletmelerin %93.2’sinde doğuma iki ay kala hayvanların kuruya çıkarıldığı ve %86.42’ında geçiş yemlemesi yapıldığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, İzmir ili merkez ve ilçelerinde bulunan hastalıktan ârî süt sığırı çiftliklerinde bakım ve besleme stratejileri ile süt verimimin Türkiye ortalamalarına göre daha iyi olduğu saptanmıştır.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementary thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TEO) and A, C, and E vitamins on performance, egg quality and some biochemical parameters of laying hens under heat stress (HS). A total of 120 White Leghorn laying hens were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups with 6 replicates and each replicate had 4 laying hens. The HS group was housed at 34°C between 08:00 am and 05:00 pm and the rest of the day at 22°C. The experimental groups were; 1: HS group; 2: HS + TEO (300 mg/kg TEO in diet), 3: HS + TEO + Vit-C (300 mg/kg TEO + 250 mg/kg vitamin C in diet), 4: HS + TEO + Vit-E (300 mg/kg TEO + 250 mg/kg vitamin E in diet), and 5: HS + TEO + Vit-A (300 mg/kg TEO + 15,000 IU/kg vit-A in diet). In the study, body weight, egg weight, feed intake and egg quality of the hens were not affected with treatment groups. Serum glucose level was decreased in the TEO group, plasma MDA was decreased in the TEO and TEO + Vit-C groups and 8-OHdG was decreased in the TEO + Vit-E. It was concluded that it would be more beneficial to use TEO against HS in laying hens with Vit-E and Vit-C instead of using it alone.

This study aims to determine the effect of thyme essential oil (TEO) and a combination of TEOwith different vitamins (A, C and E) on performance, carcass quality, oxidation parametersin broilers exposed to heat stress (HS). A total of 300, 21 days old, male Ross-308 chicks were distributed in six experimental groups with five replicates. The broilers in HS groups were exposed to 34oC for nine hours per day between 21 and 41 days of the experiment. The experimental groups were as follows: 1: Thermoneutral control (TNC, 22oC), 2: Heat stress control (HSC, 34oC), 3: TEO(300 mg/kg TEO, 34oC), 4: TEO+ Vit C (300 mg/kg TEO+ 250 mg/kg Vit C, 34oC), 5: TEO+ Vit E (300 mg / kg TEO+ 250 mg/kg Vit E, 34oC) and 6: TEO+ Vit A (300 mg / kg TEO+ 15000 IU / kg Vit A, 34°C). As a result, it was determined that HS significantly reduced live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG), and feed intake(FI) values compared to the TNC group (P<0.05). Supplementation of TEOor TEOand vitamin (A, C, E) combinations to the feed of broilers exposed to HS had no significant effect on performance, carcass quality, carcass part yields, and serum parameters. Economically, the highest profitability was obtained in the TNC group (P<0.001), In conclusion, HS negativelyaffected the performance of broilers, and the supplementation of TEO+ Vit E to the diet had slightly reduced the adverse effects of HS.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, İzmir ili merkez ve ilçelerinde bulunan hastalıktan ari süt sığırı işletmelerinin yapısal özel-liklerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla hastalıktan ari sertifikası olan süt sığırı işletmesi sahipleriyle anket çalışması yapılmış-tır. Anket formunda; işletme yapısına ve personele yönelik bilgilerle, yemler ve yemleme yöntemlerine dair sorular yer almıştır. Çalışmada, işletme sahiplerinin %58.8’inin 50 yaş ve üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. İşletme sahiplerinin önem-li bir kısmının lisans veya lisansüstü (%54.7) eğitime ve 10 yıl veya üzeri (%57.8) deneyime sahip oldukları saptanmış-tır. İşletmelerin %82.6’sı modern ahırlara sahip olup, %70.2’sinde buzağı kulübesi kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca işletmelerin %93.5’inin silajını kendi imkanları ile yaptığı ve silajların havuz tipi beton silolarda hazırlandığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmele-rin %40.5’inde yonca ekildiği ve yonca hasadının genellikle çiçeklenme başlangıcında (%64.7) yapıldığı tespit edilmiş-tir. Bunun yanında işletmelerin %60.5’inde silajlık mısır ekimin yapıldığı ve hamur olum (%48) veya sert dane (%44) döneminde hasat edildiği belirlenmiştir. Kaba yemler hayvanlara genel olarak parçalanmış halde ve iki öğünde veril-mektedir. Yemler, hayvanlara genellikle ölçülü olarak verilmekte olup, işletmelerin %59.5’inde verilecek yem miktarı süt verimi göz önüne alınarak belirlenmektedir. Sonuç olarak, İzmir merkez ve ilçelerinde bulunan hastalıktan ari süt sığırı işletmelerinin genel olarak ortalamanın üzerinde standartlara sahip oldukları söylenebilir.

Extruded commercial dog foods contain high levels of carbohydrates. The limited starch digestive capacity of dogs can change with age. The effectiveness of the extrusion (heat-steam pressure) process applied to raw/by-product feedstuffs (different starch sources in terms of starch digestion) may also differ. Therefore, in this study we determined the effects of age and the heat-steam pressure process on the in vitro digestion of different starch sources in dogs. The in vitro digestion was done in faecal inoculums from Labrador Retrievers of different ages (puppy; six months, mature; two years, and geriatric; eight years). The substrates (barley, corn, wheat, rice, oat and potato flours) were studied for in vitro digestion after both extrusion processes (processed; 2.4 bar and 134° C for 14 min) and a non-extrusion (unprocessed). The extrusion process generally increased the in vitro total gas production and true organic matter disappearance (T-OMd) (at 6-48 h) of barley, corn, wheat, rice, and oat flours (P < 0.05). The extrusion process increased T-OMd of potato flour at 6 h (P = 0.005), but did not change at 12-48 h (P > 0.05). The T-OMd at 6-12 h of barley flour by faecal inoculums of ≥ two-year-old dogs was higher than that of six-month-old dogs. The T-OMd and gas production of starch sources cumulatively increased with incubation time (P < 0.05). The molarities of acetic acid, butyric acid and toal volatile fatty acids in the fermentation fluids of barley, rice and wheat flours increased with the extrusion process or faecal inoculums of two- and eight-year-old dogs (P < 0.05). As a result, the extrusion process positively affected digestion of starch sources for medium to large breed dogs at ≥ six months of age. We advise that food meant for medium-size breed dogs that are six months and older should be made with more potato, oat and wheat flours rather than other sources.