When Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) was detected in faecal samples collected within the Swedish Salmonella surveillance program from a gilt multiplying herd in September 2020, S. Choleraesuis had not been detected in domestic pigs or wild boar in Sweden for over 40 years. This report describes the subsequent investigation, identification of possible entry routes and measures undertaken to eliminate the pathogen from the herd. In accordance with Swedish regulations, pig movements to and from the farm were restricted, internal biosecurity measures were enhanced, and a test-and-remove strategy was implemented. Testing included repeated faecal sampling, tissue samplings from all dead or euthanized pigs, and serological sampling of replacement gilts. Epidemiological investigations included scrutinising of production records, employee interviews, analysing feed and environmental samples, faecal samples from the herd’s purebred gilt supplier, and tissue and faecal samples from wild boars in the adjacent area. Testing of in-contact herds receiving gilts (n = 15) or 30-kg pigs (n = 7) from the multiplier included whole-herd faecal sampling and tissue cultures from pigs that died with signs of septicaemia. In total, S. Choleraesuis was detected in 12/4200 faecal and 5/1350 tissue samples from the herd, and the corresponding groups of pigs were euthanized. All feed and environmental samples as well as samples from the gilt supplier were negative. Testing of contact herds resulted in the identification and culling of one group of S. Choleraesuis-positive gilts. Replacement gilts introduced to the herd from January until May 2021 remained serologically negative during a surveillance-period of five months. Although speculative, the epidemiological investigation identified indirect transmission from wild boar as possible source of introduction to the herd. Whole-genome sequencing of S. Choleraesuis isolates from wild boar in the area showed that they clustered with isolates from the herd. Repeated testing of the herd indicated that the test-and-remove strategy was successful. In August 2021, all restrictions were removed, and the herd was re-instated as a gilt producing herd. Compensation from the Swedish state to the farmer for production losses, culled animals and extra costs associated with the elimination cost totalled SEK 7 992 234.

In 2014, EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission (EC) to assess the risk and consequences of introduction of new vector-borne diseases (VBDs), and to determine if further measures were needed. To support the work, a comprehensive and systematic extraction of data from the literature was conducted, covering 36 VBDs in 18 host mammalian species. Regular updates of this corpus of scientific evidence are needed to support risk assessments. The foundation set by the previous rounds of literature review for VBDs can be reused to provide efficient and reliable collection of scientific evidence to support EFSA needs in various areas of knowledge. EFSA has been requested to provide support to the EC via scientific opinions that would form the basis for the production of amending and implementing acts supporting Regulation 2016/429 (of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health – the “Animal Health Law”), which lays down rules for the prevention and control of animal diseases which are transmissible to animals or to humans. To support EFSA in keeping the available VBD knowledge as an up-to-date source of information for risk assessors, and in providing scientific opinions in matters related to Regulation 2016/429, the methodology for literature review has been further consolidated in seven specific areas of knowledge: experimental infections, pathogen survival, diagnostic tests performance, vaccines, preventive and curative treatments, vector treatments and geographical distribution. This document details the review protocol to update the available knowledge about the 36 VBDs within those seven areas since the last systematic literature reviews were carried out in 2017; as well as extend them to the terrestrial animals category A diseases in the “Animal Health Law”.

This review addresses ways to prepare for and to mitigate effects of biohazards on primary production of crops and livestock. These biohazards can be natural or intentional introductions of pathogens, and they can cause major economic damage to farmers, the agricultural industry, society, and international trade. Agroterrorism is the intentional introduction of animal or plant pathogens into agricultural production systems with the intention to cause socioeconomic harm and generate public fear. Although few acts of agroterrorism are reported, the threat of agroterrorism in Europe is real. New concerns about threats arise from the rapid advancements in biotechnology and emerging technologies. FORSA, an analytical framework for risk and vulnerability analysis, was used to review how to prepare for and mitigate the possible effects of natural or intentional biohazards in agricultural production. Analyzing the effects of a biohazard event involves multiple scientific disciplines. A comprehensive analysis of biohazards therefore requires a systems approach. The preparedness and ability to manage events are strengthened by bolstered farm biosecurity, increased monitoring and laboratory capacity, improved inter-agency communication and resource allocation. The focus of this review is on Europe, but the insights gained have worldwide applications. The analytical framework used here is compared to other frameworks. With climate change, Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine, the supply chains are challenged, and we foresee increasing food prices associated with social tensions. Our food supply chain becomes more fragile with more unknowns, thereby increasing the needs for risk and vulnerability analyses, of which FORSA is one example.

EFSA Supporting PublicationsVolume 14, Issue 1 1171E External scientific reportOpen Access Data collection for risk assessments on animal health (Acronym: DACRAH) : Final Report Fernanda C. Dórea, Fernanda C. Dórea National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorManon Swanenburg, Manon Swanenburg Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorHerman van Roermund, Herman van Roermund Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorVerity Horigan, Verity Horigan Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), UKSearch for more papers by this authorClazien de Vos, Clazien de Vos Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorPaul Gale, Paul Gale Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), UKSearch for more papers by this authorTobias Lilja, Tobias Lilja National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorArianna Comin, Arianna Comin National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorCéline Bahuon, Céline Bahuon French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), FranceSearch for more papers by this authorStéphan Zientara, Stéphan Zientara French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), FranceSearch for more papers by this authorBeth Young, Beth Young National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorFlavie Vial, Flavie Vial National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorRowena Kosmider, Rowena Kosmider Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), UKSearch for more papers by this authorAnn Lindberg, Ann Lindberg National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this author Fernanda C. Dórea, Fernanda C. Dórea National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorManon Swanenburg, Manon Swanenburg Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorHerman van Roermund, Herman van Roermund Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorVerity Horigan, Verity Horigan Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), UKSearch for more papers by this authorClazien de Vos, Clazien de Vos Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), The NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorPaul Gale, Paul Gale Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), UKSearch for more papers by this authorTobias Lilja, Tobias Lilja National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorArianna Comin, Arianna Comin National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorCéline Bahuon, Céline Bahuon French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), FranceSearch for more papers by this authorStéphan Zientara, Stéphan Zientara French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), FranceSearch for more papers by this authorBeth Young, Beth Young National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorFlavie Vial, Flavie Vial National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorRowena Kosmider, Rowena Kosmider Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), UKSearch for more papers by this authorAnn Lindberg, Ann Lindberg National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SwedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 31 January 2017 https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1171Citations: 2 Question number: EFSA-Q-2015-00741 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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