The investigation of marine fish biodiversity has become fundamental for a reliable database supporting the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. The east coast regions of India are found suitable for a diverse range of marine fish species. Understanding this biodiversity is necessary for both biological conservation and economic development. The objective of this present study is to assess the marine fish diversity and their nutritional insights across different zones of the east coast of India. This review synthesizes information from various review and research papers regarding marine fish diversity and nutritional profiling of coastal regions in India. This analysis aimed to explore the evolution of scientific understanding and identify key contributors to the field of marine fish diversity. The eastern coastline of India, stretching from West Bengal to Tamil Nadu, hosts a diverse range of marine fish species due to its diverse climatic conditions, habitats, and ecological zones. This region is rich with commercially important species such as Indian mackerel, ribbonfish, tuna, snappers, sparidae, carangidae, pomacentridae, and clupeidae. Fish resources are a vital source of macronutrients and micronutrients. A total of 4752 marine fish species were recorded across four states, i.e. Odisha (2611), Tamil Nadu (1656 species), West Bengal (314), and Andhra Pradesh (171), reflecting the region's ecological richness across estuarine, mangrove, and coral reef habitats. Family-level diversity was particularly high in groups such as Carangidae, Mugilidae, and Pomacentridae. Nutritionally, several species including, Lates calcarifer, Scomberomorus commerson, Rachycentron canadum, and Trichiurus lepturus were identified as rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, protein, vitamin D, calcium, selenium, and zinc. Small pelagic fish like, Indian mackerel and Indian anchovy are especially valuable for micronutrients, benefiting vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. These findings underscore the critical role of regional species in addressing nutritional security. However, conservation assessments reveal that while many species are listed as Least Concern, including Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and Harpadon nehereus face population declines. This study highlights the urgent need for integrated strategies promoting sustainable harvesting, nutritional profiling, and artificial propagation of key species, aligning biodiversity conservation with aquaculture development and long-term food security in the East Coast region of India. The current reports highlight nutritionally valuable marine fish species rich in omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, Vitamin D, Selenium, and Zinc along East coast of India. Species such as Lates calcarifer and Scomberomorus commerson exhibit high potential for enhancing nutritional security. Their availability and suitability for aquaculture underscore the need for sustainable management to balance nutrition, biodiversity, and long-term marine resource use.

Meggitt's goby Bathygobius meggitti (Hora Mukerji, 1936) is reported herewith from, Indian waters along with a morphological description. Specimens were collected from a tidal artificial rocky pool at Arjipalli beach, located near Gopalpur port on the Ganjam coast. The particular artificial rocky shore was purposefully constructed due to the port, which mostly gives shelter to many rocky shore inhabitants like gobies, blennies and parrot fishes etc. This study creates a potential insight regarding further studies in the small artificial rocky habitats and the importance of artificial shoreline rocky barriers for the aquatic environment.

Data on the taxonomic variety of marine organisms is important for understanding the reasons of underpinning species diversification in locations with low physical barriers. Morphology is widely used for the organization of life. Morphometrics is one approach to investigating and characterizing the wide variety of animal shapes and sizes. During April 2022–April 2023, we randomly collected samples of nine important marine mollusc species from the Balramgadi, Bahabalpur, and Talapada coasts in the Balasore district of Odisha, India. In the morphometric analysis, the specimens were categorized into several groups based on their ratios of SL/SW, SL/AL, SL/AW, SL/SPL, and SL/BL. In this research, we examined the distribution of nine mollusc species. Balramgadi shows a higher concentration of Indothias lacerais compared to Bahabalpur. Conversely, Indothias lacerais is also more prevalent in Bahabalpur than in Balramgadi. Additionally, while Paratectonatica tigrina and Purpura bufo are abundant in the both areas, however their distributions vary. Using the study area as a backdrop, principal component analysis (PCA) shows the significant connection between different kinds of organisms. This study demonstrates a favorable correlation between shell length and body size for the available species of Talapada (T. duplicata and I. lacera) and Balaramgadi (C. magus, L. canarium, and P. bufo). Whereas in Bahabalpur, T. telescopium and V. cochlidium are found, there is an inverse association between SL and other factors. Shell widths of C. magus, P. tigrina, and L. canarium are inversely correlated; nevertheless, there is a much more in common across the six species found in both Talapada and Bahabalpur. Body length is positively correlated with total weight in the species P. bufo, T. duplicata, M. trapa, I. lacera, P. tigrina, Teliscopum teliscopium, L. canarium, C. magus, and V. cochlidium, but negatively correlated with shell width, as shown by the Pearson correlation test. The article explores the use of morphometric analysis to differentiate nine mollusc species in significant coastal areas of Odisha, India. The study aims to identify variations in surroundings across sites and establish a benchmarks for future morphometric studies. Morphometric data can be used to quantify population diversity and investigate environmental factors’ impact on shell development and trait selection of selected molluscs.

We report the genome sequence of a tetracycline-resistant Serratia marcescens, IFSMLMEK1, isolated from the freshwater bivalve Lamellidens marginalis. The genome (5,185,668 bp, G+C% 59.65) reveals antibiotic resistance determinants, including tetracycline efflux genes, providing valuable insights into prodigiosin production and tetracycline resistance in environmental isolates.

The most significant limiting factors in aquaculture, which comprise the majority of the rapidly expanding seafood industry, are infectious diseases of various origins, including viral, bacterial, mycotic, and parasitic infections. As a result, the global aquaculture industry has undergone a significant economic transformation in recent years. The vaccination tactics were also highly effective and affordable, protecting the fish from numerous pathogens, which is crucial for fish culture and societal issues. For over 50 years, researchers have widely recognized fish vaccination as an effective method for preventing many bacterial and viral infections. Vaccination programs enhance the environmental, social, and economic viability of global aquaculture. Science has made significant strides in both fundamental and applied research fields, opening up new paths for creating and improving innovative and efficient vaccines that protect against various infectious diseases. Therefore, recent advancement in vaccines and immunization recommend excellent opportunity to discover new vaccine alternatives these may be effective in combating viruses that cause disease in aquatic creatures. This study highlights the scientific discoveries, current understanding, and prospects for utilizing several vaccines in the aquaculture sector. This review discusses the current generation of vaccinations, including subunit, recombinant, mucosal, synthetic peptide, DNA, vectored, monovalent and polyvalent vaccine and reverse vaccinology. It also discusses the historically inactive and attenuated vaccines. This paper overview to traditional vaccines used in aquaculture and present a comprehensive outline of the more recent approaches and innovative technologies in aquaculture vaccine production.

Air pollution is a global affair, as it is directly related to the health of humanity. Both indoor and outdoor atmospheric contaminants cause several carcinogenic, asthmatic, and cardiopulmonary disorders. However, a number of epizootic and clinical investigations have promoted potentially lethal effects of ambient air pollution and human physiology in the past. Nearly all studies have found positive leads between several different air pollutants with heart diseases and stroke. High to critical levels of atmospheric air pollution and particulate matters (PM2.5, PM10), NOX, SO2, O3, CO, Pb, and secondhand smoke give rise to various health hazards. Both short-term and long-term elevations in pollutants increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which favor acute vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, cardiac dysrhythmias, plaque instability, and deep-rooted atherosclerosis. In many international studies, socioeconomic parameters are among the most important drivers of population health. Statistical analysis in the developed countries said that airborne diseases are negatively correlated with the per head capita of the population, which means low income amplified heart disease risk. But emergent nations face adverse challenges as economically weaker countries often lack the technologies and resources to fight against pollution. The trouble seems to worsen with more industrialization, urbanization, and the decolonization process. Even though there are improvements in certain regions of the planet and air pollution has gone downhill, there is a higher risk of lung cancer, heart diseases, stroke, and other disorders among the citizens of developing nations. This chapter aims to provide an inclusive report on air pollution and cardiovascular diseases addressed to public health and regulatory policies. Our study will provide knowledge about various heart diseases that air pollutants affect. It helps to create awareness in socioeconomic people and is helpful for future research perspectives and policy advocacy for better ideas and development strategies in developing countries.

The river Ganges in India has faced considerable issues due to water quality degradation caused by various anthropogenic activities. This study employs metagenomic analysis to comprehensively characterize bacterial communities, explore functional genomics, and investigate the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) within the sediment environment of the river Ganges. Taxonomic profiling revealed that Proteobacteria were the most dominating phyla found in all samples, whereas the abundance of Pseudomonas at the genus level was the highest in all the samples. Functional annotation and pathway analysis uncover the genomic potential of sediment associated bacteria, shedding light on metabolic pathways, biogeochemical processes, human diseases and adaptive mechanisms within the riverine ecosystem. Moreover, identifying the highest number of genes related to virulence factors was observed in K1 samples (3), and the highest number of genes related to ARGs found in K3 (25) samples emphasizes the need to understand potential pathogenicity in these environments. Characterization of ARGs provides crucial insights into the prevalence of resistance determinants, their genetic contexts, and potential sources of antibiotic resistance in this vital aquatic ecosystem. Overall metagenomics analysis in different sampling sites of river Ganga observed nearly the same OTUs at microbial communities at the taxonomic level but not at a functional level. This research can be a critical foundation for assessing the ecological implications of microbial communities, functional genomics, and the resistome in the river Ganges sediments. The findings underscore the importance of metagenomic approaches in elucidating the intricate microbial ecology and the prevalence of genetic elements relevant to environmental health and antimicrobial resistance in aquatic ecosystems. Further investigation would be required to understand the underlying cause behind the restoration of microbial functional profiles, including ARGs and VFs, to unravel the rejuvenation aspects of this unique ecosystem.

Water contamination is considered a bigger problem for our civilization on a global scale because of newer and diverse human contaminants. Emerging organic contaminants (ECs) are vital elements since they are freshly generated and discovered as environmental poisons. Pesticides and their degradation products, pharmaceuticals, industrial effluents, personal care products, fragrances, wastewater treatment by-products, anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine, antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, surfactant, and flame retardants, as well as "lifestyle" products like nicotine and caffeine, are just a few of the ECs that are now prevalent almost everywhere. Impacts of photosynthetic species are also harmed when water turbidity increases and oxygen levels become scarce. Every year, 297,000 children under the age of five die in different parts of the world due to the lack of cleanliness and exposure to contaminants in drinking water. The best methods for removing organic pollutants from wastewater included oxidative and reductive processes, membrane separation, liquid-liquid extraction, bioremediation, and phytoremediation. Here, our main points of interest are the degree of pollution, exposure sources, cleanup plan, and its accurate implications for the aquatic environment.

The microbiota, which includes microorganisms in the human body's skin, mucosal surfaces, and tissues, is a crucial determinant of health. Diet, family history, and the environment can all impact its components. Pathophysiological changes can occur when these components are altered, leading to various health related issues, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The microbiome, or metagenome of the microbiota, is an intricate ecosystem. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), non-coding RNAs, interact with gut microbes to control host gene expression. These specialized RNAs, which are short chain around 22 nucleotides long, can affect gene expression by modulating mRNA degradation and protein levels. These are play numbers of significant role in cardiovascular diseases and are protected from destruction by extracellular vesicles. In future days permanent care may include controlling the gut microbiota composition and targeted therapy against specific miRNA expressions as this topic gains more attention in scientific studies. Potentially, this might pave the better way for more effective therapies for cardiovascular diseases.

Since the 1800s, human activity has been the major driver of climate change. Long-term shift of weather is known as climate change. We are responsible for changing the climate now, so there is no doubt that climate change has a significant challenge to our society over the 21st century. Many developing countries poverty their industry, excess use of oil, and emission of greenhouse gases that have the main cause of climate change. Now many scientists and several governments agreed that global temperature will be rise 1.4°C–5.8°C and sea-level increase 9–88 cm in the 2050s. CO2 emission will increase the global temperature by 3–5°C at the end of the century. Most of the flora and fauna live in a natural habitat with a specific climate that enables them to thrive. Any change in the climate can affect them like multiple hazards, several disasters, and loss of wetland. Due to climate change, many species migrate their habitat to a new geographical area, threatening native, and invasive species to expand into their range and disease outbreak. Over 1.6 million flora and fauna are identified in the world. Due to climate change, 134,425 species are red list and 38,459 are threatened and extinct. Several researchers found that current and future climate impact on human society such as health, food, and economic. Due to anthropogenic activity, Odisha possesses historically climate changes are seen in last decades. It has a distinct identity of geography, history, and culture and also a great diversity of natural ecosystems is present. Last 105 years Odisha has been declared disaster-affected area. Impact of climate change about 9616 flora and fauna are identified out of which 425 threaten species and every year Odisha has to lose 5 km land due to the sea rising. Last 50 years, climate change decreased 40% of food production in Odisha. Climate change is an extra burden of socioeconomic of the Odisha. Due to the lack of study impact of climate change on Odisha biodiversity so our studies focus on different climate-induced calamity issues on flora and fauna. Various policy implications and development strategies are urgently needed for future research on climate change and its impact on the natural system.

The global rise in antibiotic resistance, fueled by indiscriminate antibiotic usage in medicine, aquaculture, agriculture, and the food industry, presents a significant public health challenge. Urban wastewater and sewage treatment plants have become key sources of antibiotic resistance proliferation. The present study focuses on the river Ganges in India, which is heavily impacted by human activities and serves as a potential hotspot for the spread of antibiotic resistance. We conducted a metagenomic analysis of sediment samples from six distinct locations along the river to assess the prevalence and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the microbial ecosystem. The metagenomic analysis revealed the predominance of Proteobacteria across regions of the river Ganges. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors were determined by various databases. In addition to this, KEGG and COG analysis revealed important pathways related to AMR. The outcomes highlight noticeable regional differences in the prevalence of AMR genes. The findings suggest that enhancing health and sanitation infrastructure could play a crucial role in mitigating the global impact of AMR. This research contributes vital insights into the environmental aspects of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the importance of targeted public health interventions in the fight against AMR.

Emerging diseases are infectious diseases that pose significant threat to human health, causing millions of deaths and disabilities in the upcoming days. Periodic epidemics of new infections and old reinfections increase the global burden of disease prevalence. They can be caused by new pathogens or evolving ones, which change human behavior and environmental factors. Researchers have studied the dynamic connections between microbes, hosts, and the environment, but new infectious diseases like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), re-emerging diseases, and deliberately disseminated diseases persist despite earlier hopes of elimination. With heavy privatesector investments, Indian pharmacology now provides core Expanded Programme on Immunization vaccines to United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, producing previously unattainable vaccines for diseases like meningitis, hepatitis B, pneumococcal conjugate, rotavirus, influenza A (H1N1), and COVID-19. India's vaccine sector has emerged, among the oriented leaders of the Bharat Biotech, Serum Institute of India, Panacea Biotech and Biological E. Specifically, the technology transferred from Western countries has benefited the sector, which produces 1.3 billion doses annually. The Serum Institute is the world's largest manufacturer of vaccines, providing measles and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines to United Nations. The Serum Institute has developed several vaccines, including Nasovac, MenAfriVac, Pentavac, and an inactivated polio vaccine. India's success in vaccinations can be attributed to attractive investment conditions, government assistance, international alliances, and rising domestic technical talent. Despite its booming economy and technical advances, India's disproportionate share of the world's child mortality rate remains unchanged. However, the growing production and distribution of vaccinations in developing nations has initiated a new era, leading to a worldwide decline in childhood death and disease.

Heavy metal pollution poses a great threat to aquatic ecosystem, ultimately threatening the survival of safe and healthy life on earth. Contaminated water persuades pathological alterations and behavioural changes in fish. Mercury is highly toxic and seriously affects aquatic organisms, ultimately affecting humans.The present study aimed to assess the histological alterations in tissues like gill, liver and stomach of Indian catfish Clarias batrachus. The fish were divided in to four groups i.e. one control (Group I) and three groups of different concentration of mercury chloride treated groups, i.e.0.0002mg/l (Group II), 0.002mg/l(Group III), and 0.02mg/l (Group IV) for 14 days. Each group contained 25 number of fish.The results indicated degenerative changes in gill, liver and stomach tissues of exposed fish. Level of changes were higher with respect to higher in concentration. Rupture of epithelial layer, club shaped gill filament, broken gill lamellae, hyperplasia of interlamellar epithelium, deletion of secondary lamellae, formation of vacuoles, blood conjugation and necrosis in gill filaments were observed in gill tissues of exposed fish. Liver damage included hepatocellular dissociation, inflamed hepatocytes, cloudy swelling, vacuole formation and hydropic degeneration. Besides, stomach tissues showed alterations such as thinner serosa, vacuolization, muscle damage, and necrosis at several points. The study confirmed that mercury is life hazardous even at very low concentration.

The rapid growth of antimicrobial resistance (also known as AMR) is a major reason for concern when it comes to public health around the world. The rise of AMR is a result of the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics. India is indeed one of the world's top consumers of antibiotics and has its own unique set of constraints related to its large population and diverse cultural, social and economic landscape. Major obstacles to the application of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) containment strategies include self-medication, the use of antibiotics for growth promotion in animals and the development of residual antibiotics in the environment. The use of antibiotics in various sectors, including aquaculture, medicine, agriculture and the food industry, has contributed to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments is of particular concern because it increases the risk of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. ARGs can spread from aquatic environments to humans through contaminated seafood, and they can also spread from humans to aquatic environments through wastewater discharge. The pollution due to antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes vary greatly between low-middle and high-income countries, as well as between different regions within a given country. The presence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes are also influenced by several factors, including the presence of antibiotic residues, microbial communities and environmental variables. The presence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment can have significant impacts on microbial communities, biogeochemical cycles and both marine organisms and human health.