Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most destructive pests in protected watermelon production under continuous cropping systems. Although both pepper rotation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation have shown potential for suppressing RKNs and promoting plant growth, their combined effects remain unclear. This study conducted greenhouse pot experiments using continuously cropped watermelon soil over two consecutive cycles. In the first cycle, chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) or watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) was planted, followed by watermelon cultivation in the second cycle with inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae or Glomus versiforme. Compared with continuous watermelon cropping, both rotation and AMF inoculation improved root vitality, osmotic regulation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and photosynthetic performance, thereby enhancing watermelon growth and resistance to RKNs. Among all treatments, chili pepper rotation combined with Glomus versiforme showed the best performance, increasing shoot fresh weight by 31% and reducing disease index (DI), gall index (GI), and egg mass index (EI) by 30.8%, 77.0%, and 57.1%, respectively. In addition, the populations of second-stage juveniles (J2) in soil and roots and adult females in roots decreased by 85.4%, 55.5%, and 50.8%, respectively. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the combined treatment enriched several potentially beneficial microbial taxa, including Ochrobactrum, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, and Delftia. In addition, it enriched predicted metabolic pathways that may be associated with plant growth promotion and stress tolerance. Overall, pepper rotation combined with Glomus versiforme inoculation represents a promising, environmentally friendly strategy for the management of watermelon root-knot nematode disease.

Appropriate deficit irrigation is a water-saving irrigation strategy that can improve tomato fruit quality, but excessive water deficit always leads to yield reduction. It is an urgent task to seek an appropriate strategy that can address the negative impact of deficit irrigation on tomato yields while maintaining high fruit quality. A pot experiment was conducted on drip-irrigated greenhouse tomato to explore the roles of foliar pig blood-derived protein hydrolysates (PP) on the yield, water use efficiency, and fruit quality of tomatoes under normal irrigation (70-75 % field capacity) and deficit irrigation (45-50 % field capacity). The results revealed that PP application strengthened the beneficial effects of deficit irrigation on tomato quality by increasing the levels of soluble solids, sugars, protein, carotenoids, total phenols, and anthocyanins in fruits as well as fruit color and firmness. The negative effects of deficit irrigation on tomato yield were alleviated after PP application, which increased tomato yield by 18.2 % and water use efficiency by 18.8 %, alongside improvements in chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, and photosynthetic parameters. PP also increased the ascorbic acid, glutathione, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents and thereby significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content in tomato leaves caused by deficit irrigation. Therefore, the combined management of protein hydrolysates and deficit irrigation is a win-win method to increase tomato quality and maintain yield in modern sustainable agriculture.

Protein hydrolysates, as a major group of biostimulants, have gained increasing attention because of their remarkable efficacy in enhancing plant stress resistance. However, the mechanism underlying protein hydrolysate-mediated tolerance to osmotic stress remains poorly understood. In this study, the alterations in oxidative damage and the ascorbate and glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle were analyzed to investigate the potential effects of protein hydrolysates derived from pig blood (PP) against PEG-induced osmotic stress in tomato. Osmotic stress triggers excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2·−), leading to increased malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage, and Evans blue uptake, which subsequently reduced photosynthetic efficiency, shoot fresh weight, and relative growth rate in tomato plants. Exogenous application of PP effectively alleviated the stress-induced negative effects by increasing the levels of AsA and GSH and ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG. This protective effect was primarily attributed to the enhanced activity and gene expression of key AsA-GSH cycle enzymes, including glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). In addition, treatment with L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH biosynthesis inhibitor, significantly reduced AsA and GSH levels and aggravated oxidative damage and growth inhibition, while PP application partially reversed the above negative effects caused by BSO addition. Meanwhile, PP application increased the proline accumulation by enhancing the activities of ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) and ornithine-δaminotransferase (OAT), while reducing the activity of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH). Exogenous PP confers tolerance to PEG-induced osmotic stress in tomato plants by activating the AsA-GSH cycle and enhancing cellular redox homeostasis.

Calcium plays a crucial role in plant salt tolerance, but conventional inorganic calcium fertilizers are often limited due to their low bioavailability and inefficient transport. In this study, a novel amino acid-chelated calcium (PC) was synthesized using pig blood-derived protein hydrolysates to improve calcium bioavailability and salt tolerance in tomato. Compared with conventional calcium fertilizers, PC more effectively alleviated salt-induced growth inhibition. This superior effect was associated with the upregulation of calcium transport genes (Ca2+-ATPase, H*-ATPase, and SlCAX1), thereby enhancing calcium homeostasis. Moreover, the increased K+ absorption and reduced Na+ and Cl-accumulation were observed, consistent with the enhanced expression of the K* transporter gene SlHAK20 and Na* partitioning genes (SlNHX1, SlNHX2, and SlHKT1;2). Transcriptional analysis showed that PC also activated the AsA-GSH cycle and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, increasing biosynthesis of glutathione and flavonoids, along with enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes. These responses collectively attenuated ROS accumulation and oxidative damage, thereby markedly improving photosynthetic performance and biomass production under salinity. In summary, PC not only increased calcium use efficiency but also strengthened antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolism, providing a more effective approach than traditional calcium sources for enhancing plant salt tolerance.

This study investigated the effects of chlorine-based fertilizers under varying nitrogen solution concentrations in a soilless culture system. The experiment included four nitrogen solution concentration levels, with nitrogen concentrations of 6 mmol/L (C1), 12 mmol/L (C2), 18 mmol/L (C3), and 24 mmol/L (C4). Each nutrient concentration level was further divided into four chloride ion treatments (R1, R2, R3, and R4), where 100%, 60%, 33%, and 0% of the NH4+ and K+ ions were derived from NH4Cl and KCl, respectively. The length, surface area and volume of root were significantly higher by 25.3%similar to 136.9%, 40.1%similar to 173.1%, 27.9%similar to 178.0%, respectively, in the R4 treatment than in the R1 and R2 treatments at flowering stage. The aboveground biomass and yield in the R4 treatment were significantly higher, by approximately 15.6%similar to 43.5% and 16.6%similar to 28.6%, respectively, than in the R1, R2, and R3 treatments at the picking stage. The C3 and C4 treatments significantly decreased biomass and yield by 31.9%similar to 50.2% and 20.7%similar to 50.5%, respectively, compared to the C1 and C2 treatments at the picking stage. Besides, the higher nutrient solution increased the incidence of blossom-end rot. In conclusion, high concentrations of chloride ions in nutrient solutions, especially when the Cl- concentration exceeded 10 mmol/L, have been shown to inhibit tomato growth in soilless culture systems. Therefore, replacing sulfur-based fertilizers by chlorine-based fertilizers is not recommended for tomato production under the studied conditions.

Drought has been recognized as a major threat to crop yields. Protein hydrolysates, a group of plant biostimulants, appear to be a promising eco-friendly strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to various environmental stresses. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of a novel protein hydrolysates derived from pig blood (PP) on growth performances of tomato and its underlying mechanisms under drought stress. The results showed that PEG-induced drought stress significantly increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2·−), and malondialdehyde (MDA), resulting in the obvious reduction of plant height, stem diameter, and shoot or root fresh weight. Exogenous PP stimulated the rapid accumulation of total phenolic, flavonoids, and individual phenolic compounds in tomato plants by regulating the relative expression of genes involved in phenolic biosynthesis, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H), and flavonol synthase (FLS). Meanwhile, PP application also significantly reduced the content of H2O2, O2·−, and MDA, and improved the antioxidant capacity and growth performances of tomato plants under drought stress. However, exogenous phenolic biosynthesis inhibitors, 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), significantly decreased the contents of total phenolic and flavonoids, which partially abolished the positive impacts of PP in reducing ROS accumulation, oxidative damage and increasing drought tolerance under drought stress. In addition, PP treatment also simultaneously enhanced the enzyme activities of superoxide (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and total antioxidant activity of tomatoes under drought stress. In conclusion, PP application might be a useful method in reducing ROS accumulation and oxidative damage by regulating the accumulation of phenolic compounds and activities of antioxidant enzymes, thus enhancing the drought tolerance of tomato.

This paper proposes an error quantification methodology for mechanics computational models. The error of a computational model prediction consists of two parts: model form error and numerical error. Numerical error is affected by various sources. This paper focuses on input/output data measurement error, discretization error in FEA, surrogate model error, and uncertainty quantification error. The input/output data measurement error can be characterized based on knowledge about the instruments and the measurement processes. The discretization error in FEA is quantified by the Richardson extrapolation technique. The surrogate model error is quantified using regression analysis results. The overall numerical error is obtained through a nonlinear combination of these error components, some of which can be nested. A sensitivity analysis is performed to asses the contribution of each error component to the variance of the model prediction. Further, uncertainty quantification error arises from sampling techniques used to quantify the above errors, and is also quantified as a second level error in the proposed methodology. Once the overall numerical error is quantified, the model form error is then quantified using observed output data. Numerical examples using structural problems are presented to illustrate the proposed methodology.

【Objective】Asparagus lettuce is widely cultivated in the Erhai Lake Basin. Based on a field experiment, this paper investigates the effects of precision water and fertilizer management on resource use efficiency, yield, and quality of the lettuce.【Method】The field experiment compared two irrigation methods: traditional irrigation that maintained soil moisture at 60%-95% of the field capacity, and precision irrigation that maintained soil moisture at 70%-75% of the field capacity. Each irrigation treatment was paired with a conventional fertilization (local practice) and a reduced fertilization. An intelligent in situ monitoring system was used to evaluate yield, quality, and resource use efficiency of the crop.【Result】Compared to traditional irrigation, precision irrigation increased the frequency of irrigation and fertilization by 40 and 41 events, respectively, reduced total irrigation amount by 21%, increased lettuce yield and water use efficiency by 18% and 49% respectively, and reduced nitrogen loss by 30%. Compared to conventional fertilization, reduced fertilization reduced nitrogen and phosphorus pentoxide application by 29% and 61%, respectively, without significantly affecting yield; it also increased dry matter accumulation and improved nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency by 9%, 55% and 190%, respectively. Compared to the conventional approach, combining precision irrigation with reduced fertilization increased yield, nitrogen use efficiency, phosphorus use efficiency, and water use efficiency by 12%, 60%, 201%, and 42%, respectively; it also reduced nitrate content in the lettuce and nitrogen loss w by 19% and 53%, respectively.【Conclusion】Precision irrigation combined with reduced fertilization effectively reduces water and fertilizer inputs while enhancing resource use efficiency, yield, and quality of asparagus lettuce. It offers a promising agronomic practice for sustainable asparagus lettuce production in the Erhai Lake Basin.

Astaxanthin is a highly effective antioxidant and its application in agricultural production is still unclear. The effects of foliar astaxanthin application on nitrate content, antioxidant quality, and biomass of hydroponic two lettuce genotypes were investigated in present study. The 1.0 g L-1 astaxanthin showed the maximum positive effects on gene expression levels of the nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase, and thus significantly reduced nitrate content. Astaxanthin also improved levels of total phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and most identified individual phenolic compounds by increasing the gene expression levels of main enzymes involved in phenolic biosynthesis. In addition, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and various essential elements of lettuce significantly enhanced after astaxanthin treatment. Interestingly, these positive impacts obviously increased the photosynthesis and subsequent biomass of lettuce. In conclusion, astaxanthin application effectively improved the quality and yield of lettuce, showing great potential value in hydroponic lettuce production.

Intelligent fertigation is a sustainable solution for optimising water and fertiliser input, thus minimising environmental pollution in vegetable cultivation facilities and reducing labour costs in agricultural practices. It is important to optimise irrigation scheduling parameters to specific crops to ensure water and nutrient use efficiency. A field experiment was conducted in Shouguang, Shandong Province, to investigate the effects of irrigation scheduling with different treatments (farmer drip irrigation FI, intelligent irrigation II1, and intelligent irrigation II2) on tomato growth, irrigation water and nutrient use efficiency over two growth seasons. Intelligent irrigation II1 and II2 utilised FDR sensors to control the moisture range within 80-95% and 80-85% field capacity (FC) for automatic irrigation scheduling, respectively. Intelligent irrigation (II1 and II2 treatments) reduced irrigation rate by 24.3-63.8% in comparison with FI treatment, significantly increasing total dry matter accumulation, nutrient uptake, yield and fruit quality of tomato. II2 treatment further reduced the irrigation rate by 31.6-32.3% compared to II1 treatment, with no significant difference in tomato yield and quality. Root dry matter, root-shoot ratio, 0-2 mm diameter root length and root surface area, 0-1.5 mm diameter root tips, and >3.5 mm diameter root volume were significantly increased under intelligent irrigation treatments. Positive correlations between irrigation water productivity; nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiency; and the indices of length, surface area, tips, and volume of roots were highly significant. Intelligent fertigation system (IFS) maintained soil moisture within a suitable range through high-frequency irrigation scheduling, promoted the growth of 0-2 mm diameter roots, which were responsible for absorbing, acquiring, and transporting water and nutrients in the soil, and reduced water loss and nutrient leakage. Taken together, the intelligent fertigation system presented herein is an effective fertigation strategy to improve irrigation water and nutrient use efficiency.

To clarify the migration and accumulation of nitrogen (N), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) in soil profiles of plastic-greenhouse vegetable fields with cultivation years, soil samples from the 0–7 m soil profiles were collected from 10 pepper greenhouses with 10 and 20 years planting history, and parallel soil samples were taken from adjacent wheat-maize fields as controls. The results showed that: (1) Compared with wheat-maize fields, the total N amount in the 0–7 m soil layers from the greenhouses increased by 6.19 ± 1.16 and 9.11 ± 3.43 t ha−1 at 10 and 20 years, respectively, accounting for about 30.4% and 17.5% of the N input. (2) The N amount that entered the environment outside the 0–7 m soil layers were 6.95 t ± 2.76 and 29.10 ± 10.14 t ha−1 after 10 and 20 years of continuous planting, accounting for approximately 34.2% and 55.9% of the N input, respectively. (3) The concentration of water-soluble Ca and Mg in the 0–7 m soil layers increased significantly with cultivation years, and correlated positively with mineral N concentration. (4) Moreover, K mainly accumulates in the form of non-exchangeable K in the surface layers (0–50 cm). Our results demonstrated that huge amounts of N migrate to the deep soil with the extension of cultivation years in plastic-greenhouse pepper production systems, accompanied by significant leaching of Ca and Mg, while K mainly accumulates in the surface layers.

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency frequently occurs in tomato leaves grown in plastic greenhouses during winter in northern China. In this study, field experiments were conducted to test the effects of soil temperature and the potassium (K) fertilizer application rate on tomato K and Mg absorption and fruit yield. The treatments were soil non-heating (control) and soil heating with electric hotlines, with three K2O application rates (180 kg ha−1, 580 kg ha−1, and 980 kg ha−1). The soil heating treatments increased the average soil temperature by 2.1 °C during the day, significantly increasing leaf Mg and chlorophyll concentrations by 21.3% (from 6.86 to 8.32 g·kg−1) and 12% (from 1.25 to 1.40 mg·g−1), respectively, and fruit yield by 5.5% (from 150 to 158.2 t·ha−1) and significantly decreasing the leaf K concentration by 10.5% (from 29.4 to 26.3 g·kg−1). However, the K fertilizer application rate had no significant effect on fruit yield and leaf K and chlorophyll concentrations. Moreover, the soil non-heating treatments showed a significant negative correlation between leaf K and Mg concentrations. Low soil temperature exacerbates K–Mg ion antagonism, which is the main driving factor for Mg deficiency in winter greenhouse tomatoes. Soil heating can significantly promote Mg absorption and improve fruit yield in tomatoes produced in plastic greenhouses during winter. The results of this study provide theoretical and technical support for regulating Mg nutrition in tomatoes grown in plastic greenhouses in northern China.

Soil tillage and maize residues return are important practices for tackling and promoting soil quality and improving crop yield in the North China Plain (NCP), where winter wheat production is threatened by soil deterioration. Although maize residues incorporation with rotary tillage (RS) or deep plowing tillage (DS) is widespread in this region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. Four practices, namely RT (continuous rotary tillage without maize residues return), RS, DS, and RS/DS (rotary tillage every year and deep plowing interval of 2 years), were evaluated under field conditions lasting a period of 5 years. After a 5-year field experiment, the mean soil bulk density of the 0–30 cm soil layer decreased significantly with RS, DS, and RS/DS, i.e., by 4.19%, 6.33%, and 6.71% compared with RT, respectively. The treatments greatly improved the total soil porosity, soil aggregate size distribution, soil aggregate stability, and the root length density in the 0–30 cm soil layers. Residues return with DS and RS/DS treatments significantly increased the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) storage in the 0–30 cm soil layer, mainly owed to the increases in the SOC and TN pool associated with the macro-aggregate. A positive trend in the grain yield was noted under both DS and RS/DS conditions, whereas a decreasing tendency was presented in continuous rotary treatments. In summary, RS/DS treatment significantly increased the amount of SOC and TN, improved the particle size distribution of soil aggregates, and thus improved the soil’s physicochemical properties, which is beneficial for wheat to achieve high yields. Our results suggested that RS/DS was a highly efficient practice to improve soil quality and increase crop production in the NCP.

Long-term excessive fertilization and irrigation under greenhouse cultivation systems cause nitrogen leaching, while the residual content varies at different soil depths with cultivation durations. However, it remains unclear whether it changes the composition and assemblage of the soil bacterial community, especially at deeper layers (as deep as 4 m), after long-term intensified cultivation. This study selected soils from three sites in Shouguang (a typical representative intensive planting area), i.e., greenhouse monoculturing for 20 years (G20), greenhouse monoculturing for 10 years (G10), and an adjacent rotation field (F) for physicochemical property determination and high-throughput pyrosequencing. The results showed that, contrary to the vertical characterization of soil bacterial community composition, the 2-m soil was dominated by Methylomirabilota, a nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizer, uncovered for the first time in the soil habitat. This was attributed to the high levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 201.2-255.7 mg kg- 1), proving that applying C-rich organic fertilizers, e.g. plant residues, is effective in preventing accumulated nitrate from moving downward and threatening groundwater in greenhouse soils. Besides, greenhouse cultivation increased the inter-layer composition differences of the bacterial community, and compared with the abundant, the rare subcommunity showed higher sensitivity to environmental changes. The total nitrogen most significantly affected the bacterial community composition and assemblage. Therefore, 20 years of consecutive monocropping significantly decreased the microbial cooccurrence network complexity and species dispersal rate, yielding a low-fitted neutral community model (NCM) and more specialized ecological niches, especially for the rare subcommunity. As far as is known, this is the first study that explores the likely changes in the bacterial community composition and quantifies the responses of the rare subcommunity to long-term greenhouse cultivation at this soil depth. Discovery of Methylomirabilota broadens our understanding of micro-biodiversity in deep-soil ecosystem, and hints its application potential in soil remediation.

Soil pH is important for influencing soil properties. High input of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and irrigation water has accelerated the soil acidification in plastic-shed greenhouses. However, little is known about the dynamics of soil pH buffering system, especially the base cations, and its response mechanisms under different N management practices. In this study, we investigated the responses of soil Ca2+ and Mg2+ leaching loss to nitrate leaching under different N application rate, N forms, or straw addition. Our long-term experiment in typical greenhouses showed that N application significantly decreased soil pH and increased Ca2+ and Mg2+ leaching loss by 43.1–73.6%, which correlated significantly and positively with nitrate leaching loss. However, optimizing N application and straw incorporation alleviated the leaching loss of Ca2+ and Mg2+ not only by alleviating the accompanying nitrate leaching caused by reduced N input, but also by reducing the conversion of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ to water-soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ caused by alleviating soil pH reduction. The laboratory microcosm experiment showed that nitrate application did not reduce soil pH, but significantly increased the leaching loss of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Ammonium sulfate application also significantly increased the leaching loss of Ca2+ and Mg2+, whereas the effects were significantly reversed by nitrification inhibitors. These results further supported the importance of nitrate leaching in promoting the Ca2+ and Mg2+ losses. Together, this study revealed new insights into the dynamics of cation losses mainly regulated by nitrate leaching loss, highlighting that optimizing N management is an effective strategy to alleviate base cation losses and subsequent soil acidification for sustainable agricultural management.

[背景]丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌能够和大多数植物形成互利共生体系,以促进植物生长、提高抗逆能力,在生产中具有重要作用,但AM真菌的繁殖技术限制了其应用.[目的]构建AM真菌的高效繁殖体系.[方法]于温室盆栽条件下,将根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradice)接种于由 3 种寄主植物高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、玉米(Zea mays)、红三叶草(Trifolium repens)与 5 种培养基质(沸石、河砂、草炭、珍珠岩和蛭石)构建的 4 种繁殖体系中进行培养.研究不同繁殖体系对根内根孢囊霉侵染程度、产孢量的影响;然后利用高粱接种扩繁的菌剂进行 AM真菌侵染能力的测定以验证其扩繁效果;最后基于筛选出的最优扩繁条件探讨对其他种类AM真菌摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、幼套近明球囊霉(Clariodeoglous etunicatum)、地表多样孢囊霉(Diversispora versiformis)和脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicate)的扩繁效果.[结果]基质为河砂+蛭石+草炭(体积比为 1:4:1),寄主植物为玉米+红三叶草处理的根内根孢囊霉产孢量最高,达到1912 个/g-基质且接种高粱后表现出较好的侵染潜力,同时显著提高了高粱的地上部生物量.此外,利用该组合扩繁其他种类AM真菌,发现孢子数均得到了显著的提高,扩繁后摩西斗管囊霉、幼套近明球囊霉、地表多样孢囊霉和脆无梗囊霉的孢子数较扩繁前分别增加了 6.24、2.92、35.18和 4.18倍.[结论]以玉米+红三叶草为寄主植物,以河砂+蛭石+草炭(1:4:1)为基质,即通气孔隙为 3.57%、持水孔隙为 48.19%、容重为 1.03 g/cm³、电导率为 152.5 μS/cm、pH值为 5.61、速效磷为 5.6 mg/kg、碱解氮为 80 mg/kg、速效钾为 449.8 mg/kg、有机质为 56.11 g/kg的条件有助于根内根孢囊霉达到最佳的扩繁效果,同时对其他AM真菌扩繁效果也相对较好,能够达到高效扩繁AM真菌繁殖体的目的.

A total of 18 pathogenic strains（SG1-SG18） were isolated and purified from tomato plants infected by Fusarium wilt from greenhouses in Shouguang City of Shandong Province.Koch’s Postulates was used to verify the pathogenicity of the strain.Furthermore,the strains were identified by morphological and molecular biological identification methods.The results showed that the isolated and purified pathogenic strains were Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.The disease was tomato Fusarium wilt.Among all strains,SG6,SG7 and SG17 were physiological race 1 of tomato Fusarium wilt,and the rest were physiological race 3 of tomato Fusarium wilt.Results of pot experiment by inoculating 3 physiological varieties of tomato fusarium wilt to different tomato varieties showed that’Busan 88’was a relatively typical susceptible variety of 3 physiological races of tomato Fusarium wilt.While’Saint Anne’and’Strawberry tomato’were more resistant varieties to Fusarium wilt suitable for cultivation in Shouguang area.

Objective Recently, circulating donor-derive cell free DNA (dd-cfDNA) has gained growing attention in the field of solid organ transplantation. The aim of the study was to analyze circulating dd-cfDNA levels in graft rejection, ACR and AMR separately for each rejection type compared with non-rejection, and assessed the diagnostic potential of dd-cfDNA levels in predicting graft rejection after lung transplantation.Methods A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted on Medline, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases without restriction of languages. The search date ended on June 1, 2023. STATA software was used to analyze the difference between graft rejection, ACR, AMR and stable controls, and evaluate the diagnostic performance of circulating dd-cfDNA in detecting graft rejection.Results The results indicated that circulating dd-cfDNA levels in graft rejection, ACR, and AMR were significantly higher than non-rejection (graft rejection: SMD=1.78, 95% CI: 1.31-2.25, I-2 = 88.6%, P< 0.001; ACR: SMD=1.03, 95% CI: 0.47-1.59, I-2 = 89.0%, P < 0.001; AMR: SMD= 1.78, 95% CI: 1.20-2.35, I-2 = 89.8%, P < 0.001). Circulating dd-cfDNA levels distinguished graft rejection from non-rejection with a pooled sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.80-0.92) and a pooled specificity of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.76-0.86). The corresponding SROC yield an AUROC of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87-0.93).Conclusion Circulating dd-cfDNA could be used as a non-invasive biomarker to distinguish the patients with graft rejection from normal stable controls.Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023440467.