介绍了生物质喷气燃料的3种制备工艺:费托合成法、生物油脂改性法和生物转化法.重点综述了这3种方法的研究进展和应用实例,讨论了生物质喷气燃料未来发展的潜力和技术难题,同时指出生物转化法在3种工艺中发展潜力最大.

碳酸酯由于其物理性质优异且易于合成,在润滑油领域的商业应用中越发受到重视.本文以碳酸二甲酯、 正辛醇及新戊二醇为原料,甲醇钠为催化剂,采用酯交换反应制备了新戊基多元醇碳酸酯(NPCE),优化条件下的产品收率为70.2％.采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、 核磁共振仪及质谱仪对合成产物的结构和组成进行了表征.综合数据分析表明,产物即为新戊基多元醇碳酸酯,且含有部分聚合碳酸酯.

依据电链锯工况条件,参照进口油品,制定了链条油的产品标准.以油脂基合成酯为基础油研制的链条油具有优异的生物降解性、润滑性能及低温流动性,产品性能与进口油相当.经实际使用表明,研制的链条油可满足电链锯的使用要求.

本文以蓖麻油加工合成的生物基基础油和150BS复配为基础油体系,评价并筛选了一种高性能复合剂,研制的生物基GL-575W/90重负荷车辆齿轮油具有优异的极压抗磨性、抗氧化性、防锈防腐性、抗泡性等,是一款可生物降解环保型高性能产品.

The gearbox synchronizer wear failure process using CF-4 15W/40 lube oil was investigated on the self-developed WS2001 synchronizer oil adaptability test bench.The failure mechanism was studied by analysis of the shift-characteristic curve,friction factor curve and the SEM figures of friction pairs before and after test.The results indicate that the shift-displacement goes up with the number of shifts,which leads to synchronizer failure because the shift block wears aggravate,making it difficult to press the sleeve with the cone.During the shift process,new contact surface appears continually due to friction of pairs,leading to a stable friction torque and moderate changes in the friction coefficient.However,in this process the stable oil membrane with enough strength cannot be formed on the surface of the friction pairs,causing wear of friction pairs.The surface of the test pieces has a large wear,the visible wear surface and curled asperities appear on the copper slider,the surface of the cone show scratches,and the synchronizing ring is worn and peeled.

风能是可大规模开发利用的清洁能源,风力发电是将风能转化为电力的重要手段.目前我国风电行业发展迅速,对风电齿轮油的需求量大,风电齿轮油具有良好的市场前景.风电增速齿轮箱是将低的风轮转速转变为高的发电机转速的主要部件.风电增速齿轮箱使用的齿轮油大多是进口产品,价格昂贵,迫切需要国产化.用生物基基础油,聚α-烯烃,齿轮油复合添加剂和破乳化剂研制了一种生物基全合成风电齿轮油,并评价了该生物基金合成的风电齿轮油的抗氧化性能,抗腐蚀性能,防锈蚀性能,破乳化性能,润滑性能和抗微点蚀性能.研制的生物基全合成风电齿轮油综合性能良好,抗微点蚀性能突出(＞10级).生物基全合成风电齿轮油达到了研制目标,与进口风电齿轮油的性能相当,实现了风电增速齿轮油的国产化.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have excellent self-repair properties .But due to the poor dispersion stability in lubri-cant and poor tribological properties under normal conditions ,this self-repair additives have not been widely used .In this paper ,the research results of the modification and tribological properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in recent years are reviewed ,the existing problems are analyzed ,and the prospect of titanium dioxide additives are prospected .

To save the cost of screening the oil,the suitability of manual transmission oils for syn-chronizer were investigated by SRV-Ⅳ testing machine and WS2001 synchronizer bench test. The corre-lation of the two methods was also discussed. The experimental results indicate that (i)the friction co-efficient and the change trend,the wear scar of SRV-Ⅳ were correspondence with WS2001 synchronizer bench test,but not obviously related with WS2001 service life;(ii)The running status and failure mode of manual transmission oils on WS2001 test can be preliminary anticipated by the performance of oil on SRV-Ⅳ testing machine. The oil with high SRV-Ⅳ friction coefficient (>0.131 )and high stability in long-running,measured by ASTM D6425 and variable-frequency method,has a good running stability and a high stable friction coefficient on the WS2001 test as well. While the oils tested by WS2001 syn-chronizer was stable in the early stage with friction coefficient higher than 0.110 and then rapidly reduced to 0.090,the damaged gear occurs. The oils that the wear scar is larger than 1.394 mm2 and 4.43 μm in depth after SRV-Ⅳ test easily cause the wear failure of the WS2001 synchronizer.

Based on the self-built WS2001 inertia lock ring synchronizer test bench,the influences of lubricating oils on the WS2001 synchronizer performance was tested with six kinds of oils:heavy load gear oil GL-5 75W/90,heavy load multifunctional gear oil 75W/90,80W/90,80W/140,diesel engine oil CF-4 15W/40 and universal internal combustion engine oil SJ/CD 15W/40. The experimental results in-dicate that the different lubricating oils have different service lives,resulting in different failure modes of the synchronizer. Though CF-4 15W/40 and SJ/CD 15W/40 possess enough running stability,the synchronizer test parts are easy to fail for wear and tear. While heavy load GL-5 75W/90,heavy load multifunctional gear oils 75W/90,80W/90,80W/140 have a good running stability in the early stage,but miss-engagements occur as the oils being oxidized,resulting in the failure of the test parts. It is concluded that the viscosity,shear resistance and oxidation stability of transmission oils has influences on the performance of the synchronizer. Their influences must be considered when selecting and developing new type gearbox oils.

In order to set up an evaluation method for the frictional characteristics of lubrication oils that adapts to the structure characteristic of transmission gearbox in the common heavy duty vehicle and the requirement of lubrication oil se?lection and use,the WS2001 synchronizer bench was designed,by selecting a representational WS2001 transmission gear?box for the heavy duty vehicle.For studying the influence of transmission oils on the performance of a synchronizer,com?bined with technical characteristics and status in practical application of the heavy duty vehicle, and referenced to the standard methods,such as SH/T 0756?2005,CEC L?66?99,the test method of frictional characteristics was established for the synchronizer test bench.The experimental results of the referencing oil show that the built test bench can satisfy evalua?tion work of lubricant frictional characteristics of the transmission gearbox,and the evaluation method is reliable and has very good repeatability and discrimination.

为了评定手动变速箱油摩擦特性对同步器性能的影响,研制了手动变速箱油摩擦特性评定试验台.阐述了试验台的总体结构与工作原理,设计了试验台的关键子系统,包括动力与传动子系统、换挡子系统、运动控制与数据采集子系统等.在研制的试验台上,对手动变速箱的换挡特性和工况参数进行了分析与测量,对试验台的整体性能进行了测试与评估.结果表明:试验台能够模拟变速箱同步器的实际运行工况,试验结果具有良好的重复性和区分性,能够评定出手动变速箱油的摩擦特性.

润滑油对变速箱同步器的性能有重要影响,开展其相适性评定工作可为变速箱同步器的合理用油提供技术支持。综述了目前国内外有关相适性评定技术在试验台架、试验部件、试验结果判定标准等方面的研究现状,讨论了现有评定技术中所用试验部件和模拟工况与我国变速箱同步器的结构类型和实际工况存在的相似点与差别,介绍了国内手动变速箱同步器油品评定技术的研究进展,展望了我国在润滑油与变速箱同步器相适性评定技术方面需要进一步完善的地方。

To better understand the effects of interface material/lubricant combinations on the failure mechanism of a certain type of manual transmission synchronizer, a gear shift experiment was performed on the custom-built apparatus. After the experiment which ran for thousands of simulated shifts, the surfaces of friction material were analyzed by a non-contact surface profiler, and the Fe content contained in gear oil was measured by atomic emission spectrometry. The results show that with an increase of the number of shifts the surfaces became smoother, which in turn caused a decrease in the contact temperature and local asperity pressure. The increment of Fe content in the gear oil decreased gradually, which signified that a thick oil film had formed between the contact surfaces. Therefore, the oil film became very much stable. The contribution of solid/solid interactions on the friction coefficient continued to reduce as the liquid gradually dominated performance. Due to the low friction coefficient, quick synchronization became unavailable and when any gear shocks occurred, it meant that the synchronizer was not performing as intended.

本文以某型车辆分动器的转子式油泵为研究对象,建立了基于液体连续性方程、动量方程的单相湍流仿真计算模型.通过改变油液的粘度和入口的压强来模拟外部环境参数的变化,分析油泵出口流量分别随油液粘度和压强变化的关系,并通过对比实验结果对模型进行了验证,结果表明:本文依据如表1所示的计算条件,得出的仿真分析结果(见图4～图9)符合实际试验结果(如表2),证明所建立的计算仿真模型能够较好地对复杂结构内部的油液流动情况进行分析,但要得到更精确的结果,还需要对模型进行进一步修正.

文章系统地阐述了国内外关于变速箱同步器性能的评价技术的研究现状,分析了目前我国变速箱同步器的结构特点和选油用油要求,指出现有方法不能准确反映齿轮油在变速箱同步器中的实际情况,对研制新油和选油用油参考价值不足,建议针对我国变速箱同步器的结构特点和选油用油要求,研制新的试验台架,制定新的评定方法和标准,并进行摩擦学机理研究,为研发新规格的变速箱油提供技术支持.

选取GL-575W-90、80W-90、85W-90重负荷车辆齿轮油在不同车型车辆上进行了总里程5.95×106km的行车试验,考察了油品在使用过程中的质量衰变情况。通过对监测数据进行统计分析,确定了GB/TXXXX—XXXX《重负荷车辆齿轮油(GL-5)换油指标》的换油项目及指标限值。

<正>对锁环式同步器的热-应力耦合场进行了直接耦合仿真数值模拟计算,并以有限元软件为工具,建立了同步环与齿圈摩擦副的有限元分析模型,研究了不同摩擦系数下同步环摩擦副对磨表面的温度分布。研究结果表明,随着摩擦系数的增加,摩擦副对磨表面温度呈线性增加。在摩擦系数为0.01～0.1时,同步环摩擦表面最高温度在78.7～159.5℃,齿圈表面最高温度在84.9～186.2℃。根据研究结果,某型变速箱同步器摩擦副对磨表面温度理论值最高可达146℃左右,远高于变速箱温度。制定手动变速箱油的热稳定性指标时,应充分考虑同步环的局部最高使用温度对油品性能的影响。

为了避免变速箱在换挡时产生齿轮冲击和提高换挡的平顺性,改善和提高变速箱同步器的性能一直是人们关注的热点。通过对同步器主要技术参数进行分析,提出了当前改善和提高同步器性能的主要研究方向。根据主要研究方向,讨论了同步器在结构优化设计、同步环摩擦材料以及与润滑油兼容性方面的发展现状、相关方法和影响因素,并展望了同步器需要进一步完善的地方。

本文详细介绍了美军和我军在用油液监测技术发展现状,指出了我军在用油液监测技术与美军的差距,对我军在用油液监测技术的发展提出了建议。