This study reveals the physicochemical, microbial, flavor, and sensory changes in sauced duck from the marinating phase to the end of storage, divided into six stages (stages A-F). The changes in color, total plate count, total volatile basic nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance at different stages were clarified. We utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing, GC-IMS, and GC-MS to explore the changes in bacterial flora, fatty acid composition, and flavor characteristics. The dominant bacteria identified in stages A-C included Psychrobacter, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas, while Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus dominated during stages D-F. Aldehydes, esters, alcohols, and ketones emerged as the main flavor compounds. Several unsaturated fatty acids significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from stage A to stage F. The sensory quality of sauced duck improved. The potential reactions were determined, and correlation analysis of sauced duck samples across different stages was performed. 3-Methy-1-butanol could be a crucial indicator of sauced duck's overall quality. This research could support the treatment optimization of sauced duck products.

This study aimed to explore the quality characteristics and lipid profiles of egg yolks from Linwu and Shaoxing ducks using untargeted lipidomics based on UPLC-MS/MS. No significant difference in shell strength and Haugh unit between Linwu and Shaoxing duck eggs. The appearance of Linwu and Shaoxing duck eggs are markedly different, Linwu duck egg yolks exhibited higher total cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Shaoxing duck egg yolks had higher water content and monounsaturated fatty acids levels. Lipidomics analysis revealed that triglyceride (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were the most abundant lipids, followed by phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ceramides in Linwu and Shaoxing duck egg yolks. Linwu duck egg yolks had higher TG and PC levels, whereas Shaoxing duck egg yolks had higher PE level. The differential lipids between the Linwu and Shaoxing duck egg yolks exhibited higher carbon chain lengths and were mainly enriched in membrane components, lipid-mediated signaling, and transition functions. Furthermore, integrating of lipidomics with co-occurrence network analysis indicates that TG (19:1_18:1_20:3), PC (16:0_22:6), and PE (18:0e_18:1, 18:1e_20:1, and 18:1e_22:3) were potential indicators for differentiating Linwu and Shaoxing duck egg yolks. This study provides an important data support for improving quality and nutrition of egg products.

In the yellow wine (YW) brewing industry, yellow wine lees (YWL) are the main by-product. YWL consists of high crude protein content at a lower price than soybean meal (SBM). Using whole re-sequencing, an abundance of genes and pathways relating to amino acid metabolism were detected in the genome of C. utilis KF01 and B. subtilis KF02. The genes and pathways related to fatty metabolism were relatively less. The fermentation of YWL was conducted with a specified ratio of C. utilis to B. subtilis, set at 2:1. The control group contained 28 volatiles (totaling 89.19 ng/mL); the YWL group contained 22 volatiles (41.36 ng/mL); 25 compounds (146.33 ng/mL) were detected in the FYWL group. Fatty acids and hydrolyzed amino acids significantly differed between each group. YWL and FYWL groups contained higher unsaturated fatty acid contents, while essential amino acids significantly increased. Feeding FYWL had a favorable impact on milk quality.

Yellow wine lees (YWL) are the main byproduct in the yellow wine brewing and can be used as animal feed. The deficiencies in fiber digestibility and amino acid equilibrium of YWL limited its utility value in animal feeding. The nutritional profile of YWL could be moderated after fermentation treatment. We fermented YWL with Candida utilis KF01 and Bacillus subtilis KF02, whose genomes were sequenced. We set three groups in the animal test with 15 Holstein cows: control, YWL, and fermented yellow wine lees (FYWL) group. 206 and 5 amino acid metabolism-related KEGG pathways, as well as 5257 (639 GO and 4618 eggNOG annotations) and 1579 (372 GO and 1207 eggNOG annotations) amino acid metabolism-related gene annotations were found in C. utilis KF01 and B. subtilis KF02. The collected milk samples were analyzed for composition. The contents of mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA, 36.90% relative content), poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA, 5.63% relative content), and essential amino acid (EAA, 2.01%) in the FYWL group milk were significantly (P < 0.05) higher. The content of flavor substances in the FYWL group (146.33 ng/mL) was the highest, followed by the control (89.19 ng/mL) and the YWL group (41.36 ng/mL). The principal component analysis (PCA) result presented the intra-group variations in flavor substances and differences in single substance among all groups. Feeding FYWL had significant effects (P < 0.05) in the Holstein cows on the milk composition.

抗生素的过度使用严重威胁着鸭产业的发展,甚至危害人类健康,因此寻找可靠的抗生素替代物已成为当务之急.免疫增强剂可以通过提高自身非特异性免疫能力,增强机体应对病原微生物或病原体的防御.本研究旨在对5种不同的免疫增强剂对绍兴雏鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)胸腺组织凋亡及免疫因子相关基因表达的影响进行研究.将150只1日龄的绍兴雏鸭随机均分为6组,连续3 d分别于颈部皮下注射生理盐水、绿原酸、β-葡聚糖、黄芪黄酮、未甲基化CpG的核苷酸(CpG-containing DNA,CpG DNA)和鸡免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG),18日龄采集胸腺组织,通过qPCR结合Western blot检测炎症相关基因和凋亡基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果发现,与对照组相比,分别注射绿原酸、β-葡聚糖、黄芪黄酮、CpG-DNA和鸡IgG的绍兴雏鸭胸腺组织中,B淋巴细胞瘤2(B-cell lymphoma 2,Bcl2)mRNA和蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.05),半胱天冬酶-3(Caspase3)的表达水平均在不同程度上调.此外,分别注射五种免疫增强剂后均在不同程度上提高了胸腺组织中诱生型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和环氧化酶2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX2)的表达水平,干扰素-α(interferon-α,IFN-α)、干扰素-β(interferon-β,IFN-β)、白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、视黄酸诱导基因Ⅰ(retinoic acid-inducible gene-Ⅰ,RIG-Ⅰ)、Toll样受体3(toll-like receptor 3,TLR3)和Toll样受体7(toll-like receptor 7,TLR7)基因的mRNA水平均呈现不同程度的上调表达.综上所述,绿原酸、β-葡聚糖、黄芪黄酮、CpG-DNA和鸡IgG可作为免疫增强剂调控鸭先天性免疫.本研究为预防鸭重要传染性疾病提供新途径,同时也为动物生产过程中抗生素替代物的应用提供一定的参考.

The genome-wide DNA methylation assay was used to analyze the difference in methylation between the breeding and conservation populations of Shaoxing ducks. The methylation level of the breeding population was higher than that of the two conservation populations, and the proportion of CG methylation sites was the largest in the three populations, most of the methylation sites were located in the exon region. There were 1247 different methylation regions in the two populations (group A and B), and 927 different methylation regions in the two groups (group A and group C). The differential methylation regions of the three groups were evenly distributed in the gene and intergene regions. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes in the A and B groups were mainly involved in synaptic and cell connections and the signaling pathways were significantly enriched in cAMP and oxytocin signaling pathways. The results showed that the group C was significantly enriched in eight signaling pathways, including the cAMP signaling pathway and long-term enhancement, compared to the group A. There were thirty-five differentially methylated genes, including CACNA1C, GRIA1, GRIA2, GABBR2, PDE10A, BRAF, GRM5, CPEB3, FMn2, GABRB2, PTK2, and CNTN1. These genes were involved in the development and ovulation of ovaries and follicles and were closely related to the excellent production performance of the breeding population. In addition, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, and other genes related to eggshell quality were identified, which can be used as molecular markers to improve eggshell quality in the future.

The abuse of antibiotics for agricultural purposes has been under scrutiny. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find antibiotic substitutes in animal production. The effects of chlorogenic acid, β-D-Glucan, astragalus flavone, CpG-DNA, and chicken IgG on spleen antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, and the immune response in Shaoxing ducklings were investigated in this study. The ducklings treated with β-D-Glucan, astragalus flavone, CpG-DNA, and chicken IgG showed significant reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. The five immunopotentiators facilitated caspase 3 expression and reduced Bcl2 expression in the spleen. Compared to the control group, the protein level of COX2 was significantly upregulated in the chlorogenic acid, CpG-DNA, and chicken IgG groups. The protein level of iNOS expression was significantly improved in all immunopotentiator groups, except for the astragalus flavone group. The five immunopotentiators induced IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR7 gene expression. In summary, chlorogenic acid, β-D-Glucan, astragalus flavone, CpG-DNA, and chicken IgG, as immunopotentiators, improved the innate immune response in the ducklings, which not only provides a new avenue for the development of efficient approaches to prevent pathogen infections, but also offers an alternative to antibiotics in animal production.

本文主要介绍了微生态制剂、中草药制剂、发酵饲料、抗菌肽、酸化剂等替抗饲料添加剂的作用机制及其在蛋鸭生产中的应用研究进展,以期为替抗饲料添加剂在蛋鸭生产中的应用提供参考.

随着社会的进步和农业科技的发展,传统的蛋鸭饲养模式已无法满足蛋鸭产业化的市场需求,蛋鸭的生产模式已经从小规模饲养向大规模集约化养殖转变.蛋鸭笼养不仅可以提高土地利用率,减少水体污染,还能有效地预防外来疾病的传播.本文旨在探讨当下我国蛋鸭笼养现状、 蛋鸭笼养技术优势、 蛋鸭笼养关键技术要点以及未来发展趋势,对其进一步开展和推广数字智能健康养殖模式进行了总结,以期为蛋鸭养殖提供参考.

The efficiency of industrial poultry farming within the optimization of poultry technology, depends on the level of genetic potential of the flock. Selection features of Shaoxing ducks make this kind optimal for its breeding in the People's Republic of China. The study aims to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of Shaoxing duck eggs, which are bred on the breeding farm of Zhejiang Generation Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd in Zhuji, Zhejiang Province, China. The weight, length, width of the eggs and the index of the egg shape have been determined. An individual method of counting the number of eggs laid by ducks of the Shaoxing breed for 4 adjacent months has been implemented. The average weight of the egg is 67.45 ± 0.22 g with limit values lim max = 89 g lim min = 45 g. The average value of egg length is 6.02 ± 0.01 cm, width – 4.45 ± 0.01 cm. The duck egg shape index is 74.01 ± 0.12. Thereby systematic individual studies of morphometric parameters of eggs will increase the effect of selection by expanding the indicators of lifelong assessment of the uterine population of ducks. Selection of queens for the breeding core of the breed according to the indicators of manufacturability of morphometric parameters of eggs will increase the incubation yield of ducklings and, accordingly, will be one of the effective mechanisms to ensure economic profitability of breeding Shaoxing ducks.

本试验旨在分析不同剩余采食量(RFI)的蛋鸭盲肠微生物组成及多样性差异.试验选取300只400日龄的绍兴鸭,单笼饲养,期间记录个体初始体重、终末体重、采食量和产蛋重,利用多元线性回归方程计算个体RFI.选择RFI最高和最低的各15只鸭,分别为高RFI组(HRFI组)和低RFI组(LRFI组).采集盲肠内容物后利用16S rDNA技术提取微生物基因组DNA进行高通量测序,分析其菌群结构.结果表明:1)HRFI组RFI、采食量、料蛋比均极显著高于LRFI组(P<0.01).2组增重、平均蛋重、产蛋率和体重均无显著差异(P>0.05).2)LRFI组Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于HRFI组(P<0.05).3)在门水平上,LRFI组盲肠优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),HRFI组优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),而拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)在2组中差异较小.4)在属水平上,LRFI组与HRFI组共有18个差异菌群,2组相对丰度排名前10的微生物菌属组成相同.LRFI组盲肠克里斯滕森菌科_R-7(Christensenellaceae_R-7_group)、颤杆菌克属(Oribacterium)、乳头杆属(Papillibacter)相对丰度极显著高于HRFI组(P<0.01),HR-FI组支原体属(Mycoplasma)相对丰度极显著高于LRFI组(P<0.01).综上所述,LRFI组蛋鸭盲肠微生物多样性较高,2组菌群结构存在差异.门水平上,LRFI组蛋鸭盲肠优势菌群为Firmi-cutes,HRFI组优势菌群为Proteobacteria;属水平上,LRFI组Christensenellaceae_R-7_group、Ori-bacterium、Papillibacter等17个菌群相对丰度高于HRFI组,而HRFI组仅Mycoplasma相对丰度高于LRFI组.

通过对不同保种时间的带圈白翼梢绍兴鸭和白羽绍兴鸭的体尺及蛋肉品质的各项指标进行测定,比较不同保种时间(相同品系)的绍兴鸭生产性能,发现保种T10(保种时间为10 a)的绍兴鸭的蛋白高度、哈氏单位、龙骨长均显著大于保种T40(保种时间为40 a)的绍兴鸭.不同品系(相同保种时间)的绍兴鸭生产性能比较显示,带圈白翼梢绍兴鸭其蛋重、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、体斜长、公鸭胸宽均显著大于白羽绍兴鸭;白羽绍兴鸭蛋黄色泽和蛋黄比例均大于带圈白翼梢绍兴鸭,但未出现显著性差异.结果表明,不同保种时间下的绍兴鸭部分指标具有一定差异性,但总体生产性能差异较小;不同品系绍兴鸭生产性能也具有一定差异.

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加黄芪多糖和丁酸梭菌及其复合剂对蛋雏鸭生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选取1日龄健康绍兴公鸭600只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只.Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮(对照组),Ⅱ～Ⅴ组分别在基础日粮中添加40 mg/kg的杆菌肽锌(抗生素组)、800mg/kg的黄芪多糖、250 mg/kg丁酸梭菌、800mg/kg黄芪多糖+250mg/kg丁酸梭菌复合剂,试验期为28 d.结果 显示:①1～14日龄时,各组平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)差异均不显著(P＞0.05).15～21日龄时,与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组ADG显著提高(P＜0.05)、F/G显著降低(P＜0.05);22～28日龄时,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组ADG显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅴ组ADFI显著高于其他组(P＜0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组F/G显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).1～28日龄时,与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组ADG显著提高(P＜0.05)、F/G显著降低(P＜0.05).②试验第28天时,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅴ组三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)含量显著提高(P＜0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅴ组甲状腺素(T4)、生长激素(GH)含量显著提高(P＜0.05);各组间血清皮质醇(CORT)含量无显著差异(P＞0.05);Ⅳ、Ⅴ组白细胞介素-2(IL-2)显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).Ⅲ、Ⅴ组干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)显著高于其他组(P＜0.05).综上所述,日粮中添加黄芪多糖和丁酸梭菌可一定程度上提高蛋雏公鸭生长性能,改善血清生化指标,黄芪多糖和丁酸梭菌复合添加效果优于单独添加.

由于壳厚不易碎、营养价值高等优点,青壳鸭蛋更加受到消费者的青睐。浙江省诸暨市国伟禽业发展有限公司（以下简称国伟禽业）在提高鸭蛋青壳率上获得了重大突破,经过近10年的努力,成功培育出了国绍Ⅰ号蛋鸭配套系新品种,鸭蛋青壳率高达98%以上。5月25日,国绍Ⅰ号蛋鸭配套系新品发布会举行,会上正式宣布该品种通过了国家畜禽遗传资源委员会的审定,成为国内第二个,也是浙江省内首个"国字号"的蛋鸭配套系新品。