Magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) based on spintronic technology boasts non-volatility, high read/write speed and efficiency, compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing processes, excellent endurance, and high integration density, emerging as one of the most promising storage technologies in the post-Moore era. Magnetization switching, the core operation of MRAM devices, directly determines device performance through its energy consumption, speed, and stability. Among the commonly used switching mechanisms for MRAM, the conventional magnetic field-driven magnetization switching relies on an external strong magnetic field, facing bottlenecks of high integration difficulty and high energy consumption; spin-transfer torque (STT)-driven switching requires a high critical current density, leading to severe Joule heating loss, and direct current penetration through the magnetic layer easily induces interface scattering and material damage, limiting device miniaturization, long lifespan, and stability; spin-orbit torque (SOT)-driven switching alone also requires a relatively high critical current density, which not only causes significant Joule heating loss but also aggravates spin scattering and electromigration damage at the heavy metal/ferromagnetic layer interface, reducing device writing endurance and long-term stability; voltage-controlled strain-driven switching alone can only induce a 90 degrees magnetization rotation, requiring additional magnetic field or current assistance to achieve 180 degrees deterministic magnetization reversal. To address these issues, this paper proposes an MRAM cell structure based on the synergistic regulation of voltage-controlled strain and SOT clocking, and conducts a detailed analysis of the optimized design of device materials and dimensional parameters. A magnetization dynamic model of the device is established using the MuMax3 micromagnetic simulation software, and the magnetization switching behaviors of the nanomagnet under individual regulation and synergistic regulation of the voltage-controlled strain clocking and the SOT clocking were investigated. The simulation results show that, in contrast to the inability of voltage-controlled strain alone to achieve deterministic magnetization reversal of the nanomagnet, the proposed method can realize deterministic magnetization reversal without applying an auxiliary magnetic field, thereby enhancing the reliability of device operation. Based on the synergistic effect of the voltage-controlled strain clocking and the SOT clocking, no special device structures or materials are required, which does not increase the difficulty of the fabrication process. This synergistic strategy exhibits significant advantages of ultra-low power and fast switching speed. The research findings indicate that compared with the high energy consumption of the SOT clocking alone, the synergistic regulation achieves ultra-low power for nanomagnet switching, and the operating frequency can reach more than 6 times that of the SOT-only regulation. Calculations show that the energy consumption of the multiferroic nanomagnet device per cycle is approximately 6.4 aJ/bit, which is reduced by three orders of magnitude compared with the traditional SOT regulation method, with a faster writing speed. This study provides important theoretical guidance and technical support for the design of low-power MRAM and magnetic storage applications.

Reservoir computing (RC), a neuromorphic computing paradigm enabling universal approximation, faces challenges in structural complexity and energy efficiency, particularly in hardware implementations. Specifically, spintronic reservoir has attracted great interest due to its nanoscale integration, high durability, and physical mapping of nonlinear dynamics. Here, we propose a skyrmion-based physical reservoir with energy-efficiency based on simulation methods, leveraging the oscillatory relaxation dynamics triggered by the voltage for sub-femtojoule (0.15 fJ) nonlinear transformations. The skyrmion breathing mode—driven by voltage-tunable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy—exhibits robust nonlinear oscillations, emulating the dynamic behavior of reservoir neurons to capture high-dimensional temporal features. Moreover, a rectified linear unit (ReLU) neuron and high linear synapse based on this skyrmion device enhance classification performance in fully connected layers. By constructing an all-spin RC network, we demonstrate effective pattern recognition, achieving 91.7% accuracy on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) dataset. Our work offers a pathway toward high-density, energy-efficient RC by voltage-controlled nonlinear dynamics.

To circumvent the"storage wall"and"power consumption wall"limitations inherent in traditional visual information processing systems,this study develops an ultra-low power two-terminal photoelectric synaptic device leveraging the pronounced persistent photoconductive effect of two-dimensional ReS2.Employing a combination of first-principles calculations and experimental characterizations,we elucidate the regulatory mechanism of sulfur vacancies on the electronic density distribution and band structure of ReS2.The introduction of sulfur vacancies induces defect energy levels within the band gap,elevates the local density of states,and promotes the separation and trapping of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.These mechanisms significantly amplify the persistent photoconductive effect,establishing a robust physical foundation for synaptic weight implementation.Notably,the device achieves an ultra-low energy consumption of 49 fJ per synaptic event,comparable to the energy efficiency of biological synapses.The synaptic weights can be continuously and controllably modulated by varying the intensity,number,and timing of optical pulses,accompanied by typical frequency-dependent plasticity.Leveraging its high-pass filtering characteristics,the device demonstrates effective edge enhancement in image preprocessing.Furthermore,by exploiting wavelength-dependent photo responses,the device successfully emulates the"Pavlovian dog"conditioned reflex,validating its capability for associative learning.This work unveils the sulfur vacancy-mediated photoelectric synaptic mechanism in ReS2 at the atomic and electronic structure levels.It offers novel insights into balancing structural intricacy with ultra-low power performance,holding significant implications for the advancement of high-performance neuromorphic vision systems in edge computing.

Neuromorphic vision with integrated sensing, memorizing, and computing is considered a potential way to break through the high latency and storage bottlenecks of existing machine vision. However, simulating the human vision system with a single device to achieve spatiotemporal visual information perception remains a challenge. Hence, we demonstrated a bioinspired optic-neural device that achieves dynamic object recognition by simultaneously implementing encoding and sensing functions on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). This device exhibits excellent optical synaptic plasticity originating from charge trapping and recombination in the device. The electrical output is weighted by the number of optical inputs, which reflects the history information on optical inputs. This mechanism is similar to the spatiotemporal information encoding ability of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the human vision system, enabling the device to remember historical visual information as well as achieve spatial resolution. Benefiting from the optic-neural device nonlinearly encoding and mapping a series of light inputs when arranged in an array, we achieved spatiotemporal visual information perception for dynamic object recognition similar to that of the human vision system. High classification accuracy up to 96.3% in five dynamic object data sets with high energy efficiency and low computational load are achieved based on such neuromorphic vision system. Our research findings have profound significance for promoting the advancement of existing machine vision systems.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is indispensable for high-throughput quantitation of protein expression. But protein function is regulated by factors beyond abundance alone. Here, we evaluate two supercharging reagents, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and m-nitrobenzyl alcohol (mNBA), in narrow-window data-independent acquisition (nDIA)-MS. DMSO markedly enhances MS signal and protein identification, whereas mNBA primarily increases peptide identifications. Optimizating nDIA-MS with 3

The dipole interaction between multiferroic nanomagnets is expected to achieve information transmission and logical operations, breaking through the limitations of traditional magnetic memory devices relying on physical wires. The complex micromagnetic equation (stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation) is simplified to an equivalent circuit model based on single-domain approximation, and a scalable compact model of multiferroic nanomagnet is established. The dynamic simulation and Monte Carlo simulation of signal transmission line composed of multiferroic nanomagnets are realized in SPICE. Simulation results show that a single simulation of a single nanomagnet only takes 0.05 s. Even if the scale is expanded tenfold, a single simulation still only takes 0.65 s. Compared with numerical methods, the computational cost has been significantly reduced while demonstrating a considerable root mean square error (RMSE) value, showing significant superiority in time-consuming Monte Carlo simulation and large-scale nanomagnetic logic circuit simulation, removing the obstacle of magnetoelectric coupling system design in future.

The development of multifunctional optoelectronic logic gates (OELGs) with bipolar optical responses controlled by parameters such as wavelength, gate voltage, polarization, and light intensity has emerged as a key research direction in optical computing. Among these approaches, single-wavelength light-intensity modulation offers distinct advantages by enabling logic reconfiguration without additional electronic components or complex optical configurations. In this work, we integrate seven fundamental OELGs—AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XNOR, and XOR—into a single photoconductive photodetector based on a band-engineered graphene/InP heterostructure under 850 nm laser irradiation . The work-function mismatch between graphene and InP establishes a built-in electric field that directs photogenerated carrier flow across the heterointerface. As the incident light intensity increases, photogenerated carriers progressively shift the Fermi level in graphene, inducing a transition of the dominant charge carriers from holes to electrons. This light-intensity-dependent bipolar optical response enables reconfigurable logic functions. The as-fabricated device operates at an ultralow bias of 0.1 V and maintains stable logic performance across the visible-to-near-infrared (Vis–NIR) spectral range. This work presents a compact and scalable strategy for implementing all-in-one OELGs, which significantly reduces transistor count compared with conventional electronic logic devices, offering a promising route toward low-power, highly integrated optical computing chips.

The study investigated the role and mechanism of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism in acute myocardial injury and ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction. This research employed an integrated approach, combining molecular biology with metabolomics, to investigate the influence of BCAA on acute and chronic myocardial injury both in vivo and in vitro, respectively. In acute myocardial injury, BCAA significantly aggravated acute myocardial injury as demonstrated by remarkably worsen cardiac function and exacerbated biochemical abnormalities, and increased infarct size. Furthermore, BCAA supplementation aggravated the defective metabolism of BCAA by inhibiting the activities of BCAT2, BCKDH and PP2Cm. Interestingly, BCAA dose-dependently promoted pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes via NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 activation and cleaved GSDMD in acute myocardial injury. On the other hand, in long-term myocardial infarction (L-MI) induced remodeling, BCAA aggravated the ventricular remodeling in L-MI, and exacerbated the impairment in BCAA metabolism by inhibiting the activities of BCAT2, BCKDH, and PP2Cm. Interestingly, BCAA promoted inflammation in cardiac fibroblasts (CF) in dose-dependently. This process was mediated by inhibiting Sirt1 and enhancing NLRP3 acetylation, thereby activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting CF migration, but without the trigger of pyroptosis. While Knockdown of Sirt1 markedly inhibited NLRP3 activation induced by BCAA in CF. In summary, this study provided a theoretical foundation for developing novel strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, and offered valuable guidance for the dietary management of patients with myocardial injury.

Cancer creates an immunosuppressive environment that hampers immune responses, allowing tumors to grow and resist therapy. One way the immune system fights back is by inducing ferroptosis, a type of cell death, in tumor cells through CD8 + T cells. This involves lipid peroxidation and enzymes like lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (Lpcat3), which makes cells more prone to ferroptosis. However, the mechanisms by which cancer cells avoid immunotherapy-mediated ferroptosis are unclear. Our study reveals how cancer cells evade ferroptosis and anti-tumor immunity through the upregulation of fatty acid-binding protein 7 (Fabp7). To explore how cancer cells resist immune cell-mediated ferroptosis, we used a comprehensive range of techniques. We worked with cell lines including PD1-sensitive, PD1-resistant, B16F10, and QPP7 glioblastoma cells, and conducted in vivo studies in syngeneic 129 Sv/Ev, C57BL/6, and conditional knockout mice with Rora deletion specifically in CD8+ T cells, Cd8 cre;Rorafl mice. Methods included mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, targeted lipidomics, Oil Red O staining, Seahorse analysis, quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, PPARγ transcription factor assays, ChIP-seq, untargeted lipidomic analysis, ROS assay, ex vivo co-culture of CD8+ T cells with cancer cells, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation assay, flow cytometry and Imaging Mass Cytometry. PD1-resistant tumors upregulate Fabp7, driving protective metabolic changes that shield cells from ferroptosis and evade anti-tumor immunity. Fabp7 decreases the transcription of ferroptosis-inducing genes like Lpcat3 and increases the transcription of ferroptosis-protective genes such as Bmal1 through epigenetic reprogramming. Lipidomic profiling revealed that Fabp7 increases triglycerides and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), which impede lipid peroxidation and ROS generation. Fabp7 also improves mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), enhancing cancer cell survival. Furthermore, cancer cells increase Fabp7 expression in CD8+ T cells, disrupting circadian clock gene expression and triggering apoptosis through p53 stabilization. Clinical trial data revealed that higher FABP7 expression correlates with poorer overall survival and progression-free survival in patients undergoing immunotherapy. Our study uncovers a novel mechanism by which cancer cells evade immune-mediated ferroptosis through Fabp7 upregulation. This protein reprograms lipid metabolism and disrupts circadian regulation in immune cells, promoting tumor survival and resistance to immunotherapy. Targeting Fabp7 could enhance immunotherapy effectiveness by re-sensitizing resistant tumors to ferroptosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS:Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), derived from fish oil are widely used as dietary supplements and are United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for treating hypertriglyceridemia. However, studies evaluating their effects on colorectal tumorigenesis (CRT) have produced conflicting results, and the underlying reasons for this variability remain unclear. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15), a key enzyme involved in the generation of resolvins from EPA and DHA, is frequently lost in the human colon during CRT. We therefore investigated whether ALOX15 expression in the colon influences the effects of EPA and DHA on resolvin production and CRT. METHODS:The effects of intestinal transgenic ALOX15 expression on resolvin generation and colorectal tumor formation in response to various formulations of EPA and DHA dietary supplementations were evaluated using multiple mouse models that closely recapitulate human CRT. Transgenic human ALOX15 was expressed in colonic epithelial cells under the control of various promoters in the mice. EPA, DHA and their metabolite resolvin levels were assessed in colonic epithelial cells and sera by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, whereas production of chemokines and cytokines (eg, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3-5 [CCL3-5], interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6]) was measured. Abundance of tumor-associated macrophages and CD8+ T cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS:Dietary EPA and DHA supplementation in control mice lacking transgenic human ALOX15 expression resulted in minimal changes in resolvin production and had variable effects on CRT. In contrast, EPA and DHA uniformly inhibited colorectal tumor formation in mice engineered to express human ALOX15 in their intestinal epithelial cells. These antitumorigenic effects were associated with increased resolvin production, reduced colonic expression of CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6, decreased tumor-associated macrophages, and enhanced infiltration of CD8α+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro, resolvin E (RvE)1 and resolvine D (RvD)5-the predominant resolvins generated by ALOX15-suppressed CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6 production and promoted phagocytic activity in murine macrophages. CONCLUSIONS:Colonic ALOX15 expression is essential for enabling EPA and DHA to generate resolvins and consistently suppress CRT. The status of colonic ALOX15 expression should be taken into account when developing prevention strategies that utilize EPA and DHA to decrease the risk of colon cancer.

Optoelectronic synapses that integrate visual perception and pre-processing hold significant potential for neuromorphic vision systems (NVSs). However, due to a lack of wavelength sensitivity, existing NVS mainly focuses on gray-scale image processing, making it challenging to recognize color images. Additionally, the high power consumption of optoelectronic synapses, compared to the 10 fJ energy consumption of biological synapses, limits their broader application. To address these challenges, an energy-efficient NVS capable of color target recognition in a noisy environment was developed, utilizing a MoS2 optoelectronic synapse with wavelength sensitivity. Benefiting from the distinct photon capture capabilities of 450, 535, and 650 nm light, the optoelectronic synapse exhibits wavelength-dependent synaptic plasticity, including excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and long-term plasticity (LTP). These properties can effectively mimic the visual memory and color discrimination functions of the human vision system. Results demonstrate that the NVS, based on MoS2 optoelectronic synapses, can eliminate the color noise at the sensor level, increasing color image recognition accuracy from 50

Machine vision, serving as the "eyes" of artificial intelligence (AI), is one of the key windows for AI to acquire external information. However, traditional machine vision relies on the Von Neumann architecture, where sensing, storage, and processing are separated. This architecture necessitates constant data transfer between different units, inevitably leading to high power consumption and latency. To address these challenges, A PtSe2 photosynaptic device with negative light response was prepared. The device showed an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) under light pulse stimulation, and achieved optically tunable synaptic behaviors, including double pulse facilitation (PPD), short-range plasticity (STP), and long-range plasticity (LTP). In addition, the device exhibits dependence on light duration, and the image in-situ sensing and storage functions are demonstrated and verified using a 3×3 sensor array. By using 28×28 device array combined with artificial neural network (ANN), the integrated perception-storage-preprocessing function of visual information is realized. The experimental results show that the image after preprocessing (denoising) reaches 91% accuracy after 100 epochs training. Finally,lasers with two representative wavelengths of 405 and 532 were chosen as the light sources in the experiment, and the I-V characteristic curves changes most under the blue light pulse of 450 nm, which is because the blue light has higher photon energy to produce negative light effect. Based on the different photocurrent of the device responding to different wavelengths of light, the photoelectric synaptic logic gates 'NOR','NAND' and 'XOR' are established, which enables image processing functions such as dilation, erosion and difference recognition. The device's power consumption is calculated to be 0.111nJ per spike. The research results show great potential to provide simplified information processing and effectively promote the application of negative photoconductivity of PtSe2, which should help advance more integrated and efficient NVS.

Radiation‑induced lung injury (RILI) is a prevalent complication following thoracic radiation, and currently there is a lack of effective intervention options. The present study investigated the potential of Compound Kushen Injection (CKI), a botanical drug, to mitigate inflammatory responses in mice with RILI, along with its underlying mechanisms of action. C3H mice underwent total lung irradiation (TLI) and intraperitoneal injection of CKI (2, 4 or 8 ml/kg) once daily for 8 weeks. Pre‑radiation treatment with 4 or 8 ml/kg CKI starting 2 weeks before TLI or concurrent treatment of 8 ml/kg CKI with TLI led to a significantly longer overall survival compared with the TLI vehicle‑treated group. Micro‑computed tomography evaluations showed that concurrent treatment with 8 ml/kg CKI was associated with a significantly lower incidence of RILI. Histological evaluations revealed that concurrent CKI (4 and 8 ml/kg) treatment significantly reduced grades of lung inflammation. Following radiation at 72 h, TLI plus vehicle‑treated mice had significantly elevated serum IL6, IL17A, and transforming growth factor β (TGF‑β) levels compared with non‑irradiated normal mice. Conversely, mice that received TLI plus CKI displayed lower cytokine levels than those in the TLI plus vehicle‑treated mice. Immunohistochemistry staining showed a reduction of TGF‑β positive cells in the lung tissues of TLI mice after CKI treatment. The concurrent TLI CKI‑treated mice had a significantly reduced cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‑2) activity and COX‑2 metabolites compared with TLI vehicle‑treated mice. These data highlight that CKI substantially reduced radiation‑induced lung inflammation, mitigated RILI incidence, and prolonged overall survival.

This study presents a high-frequency heat-assisted incremental bending process for the high-efficiency, high-precision forming of medium-thickness (≥3 mm) double-curved metal plates, addressing the limitations of traditional stamping and line heating methods in aerospace and marine applications. A minimum energy loading path strategy is proposed to optimize the forming trajectory and reduce residual stress. A coupled thermomechanical finite element model was developed, incorporating high-frequency induction heating, temperature-dependent material properties, and Coulomb friction. The model was validated through experiments on Q235 steel plates. Results show that the proposed process reduces the peak forming force and decreases the number of forming points compared to conventional cold incremental bending. Springback is reduced, and the final shape accuracy reaches within 3 mm deviation from the target geometry. Double-curvature sail and saddle-shaped plates were successfully fabricated, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. This work provides a promising solution for low-cost, flexible manufacturing of complex medium-thickness components.

Radial magnetic vortices, characterized by their topological stability and nanoscale dimensions, are considered to be highly promising information carriers in magnetic electronic devices. However, traditional methods of reversing the polarity of radial magnetic vortices, which rely on magnetic fields or spin-polarized currents, encounter significant energy consumption problems. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel field-free control scheme based on multiferroic heterostructures, consisting of a bicomponent nanomagnet (Terfenol-D/Ni), a heavy metal layer, and a piezoelectric layer. The intrinsic symmetry-breaking property of this structure effectively disrupts the circular symmetry of the radial magnetic vortex, which can make voltage-driven polarity reversal through magnetoelectric coupling effects. MuMax3-based multifield coupling simulations of electro-mechanical-magnetic interactions show that when the ratio of the bicomponent materials d(TD):d(Ni)=1:2 and the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) coefficient (D) is in a range of 1.2mJ/m(2)

Machine vision, serving as the "eyes" of artificial intelligence (AI), is one of the key windows for AI to acquire external information. However, traditional machine vision relies on the Von Neumann architecture, where sensing, storage, and processing are separated. This architecture necessitates constant data transfer between different units, inevitably leading to high power consumption and latency. To address these challenges, a PtSe2 photosynaptic device with negative light response is prepared. The device shows an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) under light pulse stimulation, and achieves optically tunable synaptic behaviors, including double pulse facilitation (PPD), short-range plasticity (STP), and long-range plasticity (LTP). In addition, by using a 3 x 3 sensor array, the device exhibits dependence on light duration, and the image in-situ sensing and storage functions are demonstrated and verified. By using 28 x 28 device array combined with artificial neural network (ANN), the integrated perception-storage-preprocessing function of visual information is realized. The experimental results show that the image after preprocessing (denoising) is trained for 100 epochs, and the accuracy rate reaches 91%. Finally, lasers with two representative wavelengths of 405 nm and 532 nm are chosen as the light sources in the experiment, and the I-V characteristic curve changes most under the blue light pulse of 450 nm, which is because the blue light has higher photon energy to produce negative light effect. Based on the different photocurrents of the device responding to different wavelengths of light, the photoelectric synaptic logic gates 'NOR', 'NAND' and 'XOR' are established, which enables image processing functions such as dilation, erosion and difference recognition. The device's power consumption is calculated to be 0.111 nJ per spike. The research results indicate that the negative photoconductivity of PtSe2 has great potential in simplifying information processing and effectively promoting applications, which will help promote more integrated and efficient NVS.

1, 8-Cineole (Cin), a cyclic monoterpenoid derived from tea trees and eucalyptus species, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties. Yet, its therapeutic impact and underlying mechanism against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) pneumonia remain to be elucidated. In this study, metabolomics based on UPLC-MS/MS was integrated with network pharmacology, molecular biology, and molecular docking to investigate the effects of Cin. The findings demonstrated that Cin markedly reduced mortality and lung bacterial load, lessened pulmonary damage while suppressing the levels of proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of infected mice. Additionally, 19 metabolites, primarily involved in tryptophan metabolism and arginine biosynthesis, were notably modified by Cin via suppressing the enzymatic activity of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby attenuating the inflammatory response. Notably, knockdown of IDO1 or iNOS significantly diminished the anti-inflammation effect of Cin. In conclusion, our study validates the therapeutic potential of Cin against S. aureus pneumonia via anti-inflammation by downregulating IDO1 and iNOS. Our results provide a theoretical basis of natural substances applied in bacterial pneumonia treatment.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIschemic heart diseases (IHD), characterized by metabolic dysregulation, contributes majorly to the global morbidity and mortality. Glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism are critical energy production for cardiomyocytes, and disturbances of these metabolism lead to the cardiac injury. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), widely used for treating IHD, have been demonstrated to effectively and safely regulate the cardiac metabolism reprogramming.Aim of the reviewThis study discussed and analyzed the disturbed cardiac metabolism induced by IHD and development of formulas, extracts, single herb, bioactive compounds of TCM ameliorating IHD injury via metabolism regulation, with the aim of providing a basis for the development of clinical application of therapeutic strategies for TCM in IHD.Materials and methodsWith “ischemic heart disease”, “myocardial infarction”, “myocardial ischemia”, “metabolomics”, “Chinese medicine”, “herb”, “extracts” “medicinal plants”, “glucose”, “lipid metabolism”, “amino acid” as the main keywords, PubMed, Web of Science, and other online search engines were used for literature retrieval.ResultsIHD exhibits a close association with metabolism disorders, including but not limited to glycolysis, the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, branched-chain amino acids, fatty acid β-oxidation, ketone body metabolism, sphingolipid and glycerol-phospholipid metabolism. The therapeutic potential of TCM lies in its ability to regulate these disturbed cardiac metabolisms. Additionally, the active ingredients of TCM have depicted wonderful effects in cardiac metabolism reprogramming in IHD.ConclusionDrawing from the principles of TCM, we have pinpointed specific herbal remedies for the treatment of IHD, and leveraged advanced metabolomics technologies to uncover the effect of these TCMs on metabolomics alteration. In the future, further clinical experimental studies should be included to explore whether more TCM medicines can play a therapeutic role in IHD by reversing cardiac metabolism disorders; multi-omics would be conducted to explore more pathways and genes targeting such metabolism reprogramming by TCMs, and to seek more TCM therapies for IHD.

Achieving complete magnetization switching is a significant challenge in the electrical control of magnetic devices. In this paper, we propose a structure called bicomponent multiferroic nanomagnet (BMN) to study strain-mediated magnetization switching behavior. The BMN consists of a complete piezoelectric layer and a magnetostrictive layer made of bicomponent magnetic materials. Our team successfully developed a dynamic model for the magnetization of BMNs. By micromagnetic simulation, the results show that the strict requirements for a precise applied voltage period can be overcome in such a BMN, and a 180° magnetization switching can be achieved with only a square-wave voltage signal and a pulse width (tth) larger than 0.5 ns, given that the amplitude of the voltage is 60 mV. In addition, we also investigated the tolerance window of material composition and geometry, and proved that BMNs have sufficient error margins and the switching rate of BMNs can reach 1.67 GHz within the error margins at room temperature. Our proposed BMN device has a simple structure and low energy consumption as it does not require precise piezoelectric layer design or stringent voltage clocking requirements. The energy consumption per switching is only 7.3 aJ. These findings provide significant guidance for the design of nanomagnetic logic and memory devices and lay a strong foundation for the application of strain-mediated magnetization switching technology.