Background Endogenous retroviruses (ERV) are remnants of former exogenous retroviruses that had previously invaded the germ line of the host that can be vertically transmitted across generations. While the majority of ERVs lack infectious capacity due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations, some ERVs remain active and produce potentially infectious viral particles. ERV sequences have been reported in all mammals; however, the distribution and diversity of ERVs in several primate taxa remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify and classify the ERV sequences in the genomes of the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) and the black and white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), two endangered primate species that exploit high altitude (2,500–4,500 m) temperate forests in southern and central China. Methods We used a TBLASTN program to search the ERV sequences of golden snub-nosed monkey genome and the black and white snub-nosed monkey genome. We retrieved all complete accession sequences from the homology search and then used the program, RetroTector, to check and identify the ERV sequences. Results We identified 284 and 263 endogenous retrovirus sequences in R. roxellana and R. bieti respectively. The proportion of full-length sequences of all ERV was 30% in R. roxellana and 21% in R. bieti and they were described as class I and class II or gamma-retrovirus and beta-retrovirus genera. The truncation pattern distribution in the two species was virtually identical. By analyzing and comparing ERV orthologues among 6 primate species, we identified the co-evolution of ERVs with their host. We also examined ERV-like sequences and found 48 such genes in R. roxellana and 63 in R. bieti. Some of those genes are associated with diseases, suggesting that ERVs might have involved the abnormal expression of certain genes that have contributed to deleterious consequences for the host. Conclusions Our results indicate that ERV sequences are widely distributed in snub-nosed monkeys, and their phylogenetic history can mirror that of their hosts over long evolutionary time scales. In addition, ERV sequences appear to have an important influence on the evolution of host pathology.

As single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), known as the third-generation molecular markers, are extensively used in genetic studies. The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled the development of a large number of SNP markers to be cost-effective and rapid. Based on the genome resequencing dataset of Rhinopithecus roxellana , we characterized 34 polymorphic SNP markers using a high resolution melting diversity assay. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.323 to 0.725, while the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.352 to 0.638. In addition, the MAF varied from 0.206 to 0.5000, while HWE values varied from 0.060 to 0.725. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest set of SNP markers developed for R. roxellana by far, and could be useful in further geographic populations, analysis of evolutionary relationships and conservation genetics of this species.

Snub-nosed monkeys (genus Rhinopithecus) are a group of endangered colobines endemic to South Asia. Here, we re-sequenced the whole genomes of 38 snub-nosed monkeys representing four species within this genus. By conducting population genomic analyses, we observed a similar load of deleterious variation in snub-nosed monkeys living in both smaller and larger populations and found that genomic diversity was lower than that reported in other primates. Reconstruction of Rhinopithecus evolutionary history suggested that episodes of climatic variation over the past 2 million years, associated with glacial advances and retreats and population isolation, have shaped snub-nosed monkey demography and evolution. We further identified several hypoxia-related genes under selection in R. bieti (black snub-nosed monkey), a species that exploits habitats higher than any other nonhuman primate. These results provide the first detailed and comprehensive genomic insights into genetic diversity, demography, genetic burden, and adaptation in this radiation of endangered primates.

Most of China's 24-28 primate species are threatened with extinction. Habitat reduction and fragmentation are perhaps the greatest threats. We used published data from a conservation genetics study of 5 endangered primates in China (Rhinopithecus roxellana, R. bieti, R. brelichi, Trachypithecus francoisi, and T. leucocephalus); distribution data on these species; and the distribution, area, and location of protected areas to inform conservation strategies for these primates. All 5 species were separated into subpopulations with unique genetic components. Gene flow appeared to be strongly impeded by agricultural land, meadows used for grazing, highways, and humans dwellings. Most species declined severely or diverged concurrently as human population and crop land cover increased. Nature reserves were not evenly distributed across subpopulations with unique genetic backgrounds. Certain small subpopulations were severely fragmented and had higher extinction risk than others. Primate mobility is limited and their genetic structure is strong and susceptible to substantial loss of diversity due to local extinction. Thus, to maximize preservation of genetic diversity in all these primate species, our results suggest protection is required for all sub-populations. Key priorities for their conservation include maintaining R. roxellana in Shennongjia national reserve, subpopulations S4 and S5 of R. bieti and of R. brelichi in Fanjingshan national reserve, subpopulation CGX of T. francoisi in central Guangxi Province, and all 3 T. leucocephalus sub-populations in central Guangxi Province.

The phylogenetic position of the genus Semnopithecus is unresolved because of topological incongruence when inferred using different molecular markers. Although some studies proposed hybridization between the genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus to explain the discordance, no conclusive evidence for hybridization has been identified. To address this issue, we used DNA walking and long‐range PCR to describe a nuclear mitochondrial DNA ( Numt ) segment present in Trachypithecus pileatus which extends over more than 15 kb, and represents approximately 92% of the entire mitochondrial genome. We assessed the presence of this Numt in 16 other colobine species, including four species of the genus Trachypithecus , six species of the genus Semnopithecus , and representative species of six other genera belonging to the subfamily Colobinae. We failed to detect a Numt sequence in any of the other colobine species except for T. shortridgei , which is closely related to T. pileatus . The sister relationship of this Numt within the genus Semnopithecus suggests that it was derived from the mt genome of the genus Semnopithecus and invaded the nuclear genome of T. pileatus by unidirectional introgression hybridization. These results offer the most conclusive evidence for the existence of hybridization between Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus . Am. J. Primatol. 77:901–910, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ming Li, Ruiqiang Li and colleagues report the whole-genome sequencing of a male golden snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus roxellana, as well as its relatives Rhinopithecus bieti, Rhinopithecus brelichi and Rhinopithecus strykeri. Their analysis provides insights into primate evolution and adaptation to a diet consisting primarily of leaves and seeds. Colobines are a unique group of Old World monkeys that principally eat leaves and seeds rather than fruits and insects. We report the sequencing at 146× coverage, de novo assembly and analyses of the genome of a male golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) and resequencing at 30× coverage of three related species (Rhinopithecus bieti, Rhinopithecus brelichi and Rhinopithecus strykeri). Comparative analyses showed that Asian colobines have an enhanced ability to derive energy from fatty acids and to degrade xenobiotics. We found evidence for functional evolution in the colobine RNASE1 gene, encoding a key secretory RNase that digests the high concentrations of bacterial RNA derived from symbiotic microflora. Demographic reconstructions indicated that the profile of ancient effective population sizes for R. roxellana more closely resembles that of giant panda rather than its congeners. These findings offer new insights into the dietary adaptations and evolutionary history of colobine primates.

The complete mitochondrial sequence of the capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) has been determined using long amplification polymerase chain reaction (LA-PCR). The total sequence length is 16,526 bp and includes 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 D-loop locus. The base composition of H-strand is 31.9% A, 29.1% T, 26.2% C and 12.8% G, with an AT content of 55.3%. The arrangement of genes in T. pileatus is identical to that of other primate species. All genes are encoded on the heavy strand with the exception of ND6 and eight tRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome of T. pileatus presented here will contribute to a better understanding of the species' population genetics, helping to protect its genetic diversity and resolve phylogenetic relationships within the family.

In this study, we used a targeted approach to discover single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in the genome of an endangered primate, Rhinopithecus roxellanae . We first performed polymerase chain reactions using reported comparative anchor tagged sequences (CATS) primers, as well as some of the primers modified according to the Macaca mulatta orthologs. 118 CATS sequences were attainable. Then a denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and sequencing combining method was applied to check single nucleotide polymorphisms within the sequences. A total of 56 original SNPs were successfully developed, which were further proved to be detectable and polymorphism in more individual samples. These SNP markers are expected to be used in genetic researches, such as population structure, demography and local adaptation of this precious species.

Recently, health is paid attention more and more, exercise has been become a part of daily life. Meanwhile, with the development of sensors and mechanical intelligence, the sensor began to be is a popular approach to help people daily work, so the importance of research is to use the sensor within a simple method and low power. In this paper, the LPHBD - Low Power Human Behavior Detection Method with Low Sampling Frequency 3D-Accelerometer has been presented. In this system, only one low sampling rate accelerometer (only 5.5Hz) was used to detect the human behaviors like running, walking, sitting and so on, the low sampling rate is in order to save energy and simplify the algorithm, at the same time, maximize the use of machine learning so that it has increased the breadth and applicability, when it cannot too much waste the equipment resource. The experiment results show that behavior detection accuracy is almost greater than 95%, except accuracy of running behavior detection, which is about 86.4%.

For many practical applications in industrial and medical fields, 3D object recognition based on feature extracting has become an actively investigative field. In general, 3D object recognition system can be completed through two stages. Firstly, we use 3D reconstruction of input data to get object expression. Then we use 3D invariant to identify objects. In order to promote further development of this field, this paper summarizes the 3D object recognition technology research, and introduces typical methods of modern 3D object recognition, the concepts of 3D reconstruction, 3D invariants. In the process of 3D object recognition, feature line extraction, 3D invariant calculation, matching strategy, 3D object recognition fields are reviewed. The first section presents the significance of 3D object recognition. The second section presents the development of object recognition. The third section presents the double viewpoint of 3D reconstruction. The fourth section presents the 3D reconstruction of image processing. The fifth section presents the 3D invariant technology. The sixth section presents the problems and development direction.

To understand the evolutionary processes leading to the diversity of Asian colobines, we report here on a phylogenetic, phylogeographical and population genetic analysis of three closely related langurs, Trachypithecus francoisi, T. poliocephalus and T. leucocephalus, which are all characterized by different pelage coloration predominantly on the head and shoulders. Therefore, we sequenced a 395 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial control region from 178 T. francoisi, 54 T. leucocephalus and 19 T. poliocephalus individuals, representing all extant populations of these three species. We found 29 haplotypes in T. francoisi, 12 haplotypes in T. leucocephalus and three haplotypes in T. poliocephalus. T. leucocephalus and T. poliocephalus form monophyletic clades, which are both nested within T. francoisi, and diverged from T. francoisi recently, 0.46-0.27 (T. leucocephalus) and 0.50-0.25 million years ago (T. poliocephalus). Thus, T. francoisi appears as a polyphyletic group, while T. leucocephalus and T. poliocephalus are most likely independent descendents of T. francoisi that are both physically separated from T. francoisi populations by rivers, open sea or larger habitat gaps. Since T. francoisi populations show no variability in pelage coloration, pelage coloration in T. leucocephalus and T. poliocephalus is most likely the result of new genetic mutations after the split from T. francoisi and not of the fixation of different characters derived from an ancestral polymorphism. This case study highlights that morphological changes for example in pelage coloration can occur in isolated populations in relatively short time periods and it provides a solid basis for studies in related species. Nevertheless, to fully understand the evolutionary history of these three langur species, nuclear loci should be investigated as well.

In machine vision for object location or qualitative analysis, it needs to carry on the work of camera calibration. The camera calibration is defined according to the camera imaging geometric model, using actual 3D spatial reference point and 2D pixel point correspondence relationship, calculating the relevant parameters of camera system. In machine vision applications, the camera calibration is a very important link, the accuracy of the calibration results and the stability of the algorithm influence the accuracy of the visual system directly. Therefore, the camera calibration is the premise of the follow-up working well, and improving the calibration precision is the key of the machine vision scientific research work. Recent years sub-pixel positioning technologies will be used in camera calibration by more and more domestic and foreign scholars to improve calibration accuracy.

For many practical applications in industrial and medical fields, 3D object recognition has become an actively investigative field. In general, 3D object recognition system can be completed through two stages. Firstly, we use 3D reconstruction of input data to get object expression. Then we use 3D invariant to identify objects. In order to promote further development of this field, this paper summarizes the 3D object recognition technology research, and introduces typical methods of modern 3D object recognition, the concepts of 3D reconstruction, 3D invariants. In the process of 3D object recognition, feature line extraction, 3D invariant calculation, matching strategy, 3D object recognition fields are reviewed. The first section presents the significance of 3D object recognition. The second section presents the development of object recognition. The third section presents the double viewpoint of 3D reconstruction. The fourth section presents the 3D reconstruction of image processing. The fifth section presents the 3D invariant technology. The sixth section presents the problems and development direction.

The Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi) is an endangered species which is endemic to a small region in the fanjing mountain national nature reserve in Guizhou province, China. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of R. brelichi. The results showed that the total length of the mitogenome was 16,548 bp and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and one control region. Overall base composition of the complete mitochondrial DNA was 32.35% A, 29.28% T, 25.54% C and 12.83% G. All the genes in R. brelichi were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand.

Analysis of the population genetic structure and reproductive strategies of various primate species has been facilitated by cross-species amplification.We screened 138 human-derived markers to assess their utility in Francois' langur(Trachypithecus francoisi).Of the 138 loci,twenty-three produced reliable results and exhibited moderate levels of polymorphisra.The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to nine among 28 individuals,and average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.50 and 0.62,respectively.Seven loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.There were null alleles at nine loci,but no linkage disequihbrium between loci was detected.These loci could be useful in the population genetic stady of this species.

The polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from a microsatellite DNA-enriched DNA library for the white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), which is listed as one of the top 25 most endangered primate species in the world during the year of 2004–2006. These loci showed polymorphism information content ranging from 0.590 to 0.874, allele numbers ranging from 4 to 14, and observed and expected heterozygosities from 0.660 to 0.906 and 0.526 to 0.920 respectively. Thus, we expect that these markers will be useful for conservation genetic of white-headed langur.

The Tibetan Plateau is one of the top 10 biodiversity hotspots in the world and acts as a modern harbour for many rare species because of its relatively pristine state. In this article, we report a landscape genetic study on the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), a primate endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. DNA was extracted from blood, tissue and fecal samples of 135 wild individuals representing 11 out of 15 extant monkey groups. Ten microsatellite loci were used to characterize patterns of genetic diversity. The most striking feature of the population structure is the presence of five subpopulations with distinct genetic backgrounds and unique spatial regions. The population structure of R. bieti appears to be shaped by anthropogenic landscape features as gene flow between subpopulations is strongly impeded by arable land, highways and human habitation. A partial Mantel test showed that 36.23% (r = 0.51, P = 0.01) of the genetic distance was explained by habitat gaps after controlling for the effect of geographical distance. Only 4.92% of the genetic distance was explained by geographical distance in the partial Mantel test, and no significant correlation was found. Estimation of population structure history indicates that environmental change during the last glacial maximum and human impacts since the Holocene, or a combination of both, have shaped the observed population structure of R. bieti. Increasing human activity on the Plateau, especially that resulting in habitat fragmentation, is becoming an important factor in shaping the genetic structure and evolutionary potential of species inhabiting this key ecosystem.