The escalating generation of hazardous oily wastewater poses severe threats to ecosystems and human health, necessitating robust separation materials capable of operating under harsh industrial and marine conditions. However, polydopamine-based coatings commonly suffer from chemical instability in extreme pH environments, while high-temperature carbonization typically induces structural brittleness, limiting practical applicability. Herein, we report a low-temperature carbonization strategy to fabricate a superhydrophobic/superoleophilic carbonized melamine sponge (CMS) via sequential decoration with PDA, chitosan, cellulose nanofibrils, and methyltrimethoxysilane. The low-temperature carbonization process promotes dehydration-crosslinking densification and enhances Si-O-Si network condensation, circumventing embrittlement associated with conventional high-temperature carbonization. The optimized CMS exhibits a water contact angle of 151.8 degrees, exceptional adsorption capacities, 98% gravity-driven separation efficiency, and effective demulsification capability. Notably, it maintains stable performance after 72 h immersion in corrosive media and retains 92.8% capacity after 10 regeneration cycles. DFT calculations confirm enhanced interfacial binding energies and electronic structure stability. This work presents a scalable approach to address the flexibility-robustness trade-off in oil-water separation materials for hazardous wastewater treatment.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) suffers from limited adsorption capacity and severe photogenerated carrier recombination, hindering its practical application for dye wastewater remediation. Herein, we demonstrate a facile hydrothermal strategy to construct a potassium cyanate-modified g-C3N4 composite (KCNO/g-C3N4-5) that simultaneously incorporates K+ ions into the interlayers and grafts OCN- functional groups onto the surface. This dual-modulation approach effectively optimizes the pore structure, enhances surface polarity, and suppresses charge recombination, as revealed by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, XPS, and electrochemical impedance analysis. Under UV-visible light irradiation, the optimized KCNO/g-C3N4-5 achieves 100% removal of methyl orange (MO) and 93.4% removal of methylene blue (MB) within 30 min, with degradation kinetics following a pseudo-first-order model. The synergistic effect originates from K+-mediated interlayer charge transport and OCN--enhanced dye adsorption, which collectively promote the generation of & centerdot;OH and & centerdot;O-2(-) radicals. After five consecutive cycles, the composite retains >84% activity, confirming its stability. This work provides a generalizable "intercalation-functionalization" strategy to engineer efficient, recyclable carbon-nitride photocatalysts for dye-polluted water treatment.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination poses severe risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Conventional treatment technologies face challenges such as high operational costs, secondary pollution, and limited efficiency under visible light. This study presents a novel steel slag-embedded sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose composite aerogel (SS/SAPVA) that couples adsorption enrichment with photocatalytic reduction for efficient Cr(VI) removal. In this design, steel slag served as the waste-derived active component, in which Fe-containing phases acted as visible-light-responsive centers, while Ca-bearing mineral phases facilitated interfacial charge transfer and chromium species immobilization. Under the optimized conditions, SS/SAPVA achieved rapid and efficient Cr(VI) removal through an adsorption-enrichment and interfacial electron-transfer pathway. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, while photocatalytic reduction was better described by the quasi-second-order kinetic model, indicating that Cr(VI) removal was governed by interfacial active-site interactions and electron-transfer processes. Isotherm and thermodynamic analyses confirmed favorable, spontaneous, and endothermic adsorption behavior. EPR, radical trapping and XPS results further revealed that photogenerated electrons and ·O2- were the dominant active species, and Ca-Fe-mediated interfacial electron transfer promoted the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The reduced Cr(III) was mainly immobilized as amorphous hydroxylated Cr(III) species on the aerogel skeleton. Moreover, SS/SAPVA maintained high removal efficiency over five consecutive cycles, demonstrating good stability and regenerability. This work provides a sustainable strategy for Cr(VI) remediation and high-value utilization of steel slag.

The development of dual-functional adsorbent-photocatalyst materials for synergistic adsorption-photocatalytic reduction remains a challenge due to the trade-off between surface area and active sites. Herein, an Fe-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Fe-CTAB) co-pillared montmorillonite (MMT) was synthesized via a sequential intercalation strategy. This process expanded the interlayer spacing from 1.25 nm to 2.04 nm and narrowed the band gap to 2.22 eV, enabling visible-light response. CTAB intercalation expanded the interlayer spacing to 2.04 nm but reduced the BET surface area from 61.17 to 11.47 m2/g, because CTAB occupies interlayer space and restricts N2 access at 77 K. In aqueous solution, however, the positively charged quaternary ammonium groups electrostatically attract HCrO4- and Cr2O72- anions into the expanded interlayer, pre-concentrating Cr(VI) near the Fe-oxide pillars. This enables a “concentrate-and-degrade” pathway: enrichment followed by photoreduction, achieving 89.7% Cr(VI) removal despite the lower BET value. The resultant composite exhibited a maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of 75.72 mg/g at pH 1 and achieved 89.7% removal of Cr(VI) within 40 min under irradiation. Mechanistic studies revealed that adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and is a spontaneous, endothermic chemisorption process. Under visible light, the conduction band electrons reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II), creating a sustainable redox cycle that efficiently converts pre-concentrated Cr(VI) to Cr(III). ESR analysis confirmed the generation of ·OH and ·O2– radicals as auxiliary active species. Crucially, despite a reduced BET surface area due to CTAB filling, the material showed excellent stability with negligible Fe leaching and maintained > 70% of its original photoreduction efficiency and > 85% of its adsorption capacity after five cycles. This work presents a robust “concentrate-and-degrade” strategy for treating acidic chromium-containing wastewater.

Organic dyes are extensively used in industries such as textiles and printing, contributing to the increasing discharge of wastewater and posing significant risks to human health. Conventional photocatalysts, including metal oxides and sulfides, often exhibit limited pollutant adsorption capacities and suffer from charge carrier recombination. In this study, we synthesized a novel composite aerogel via the lyophilization of cellulose modified with polyethyleneimine and cadmium sulfide. This composite demonstrated exceptional efficacy in degrading of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The composite exhibits a unique three-dimensional structure characterized by a multitude of uneven pores, providing abundant active sites favorable for catalytic reactions. Furthermore, the material shows significant light absorption within the visible spectrum and has a low band gap. Under optimized conditions, the removal efficiencies of MO and MB reached 99.56 % and 100 %, respectively. After five consecutive cycles, the degradation rates of MO and MB remained high at 83 % and 87 %, respectively, showcasing excellent photocatalytic activity and stability. The amino and hydroxyl groups within the composite act as electron donors during photocatalytic reactions, with reaction kinetics following a quasi-first-order model. The mechanism of dye removal by the composite involves a synergistic interplay between adsorption and photocatalytic reduction, underscoring its potential for efficient wastewater treatment.

The escalating global energy crisis and environmental degradation underscore the urgent need for sustainable hydrogen production. Photocatalytic water splitting, leveraging solar energy to generate hydrogen, presents a green, low-energy solution. Traditional photocatalysts, such as TiO2, ZnO, and CdS, are constrained by their limited light absorption, rapid electron-hole recombination, and stability concerns. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its broad light absorption spectrum, cost-effectiveness, and chemical stability. However, pure g-C3N4 suffers from low charge separation efficiency and surface activity. To address these limitations, advanced modification strategies, including morphology control, elemental doping, and heterojunction construction, have been developed. These strategies enhance light absorption, optimize band structures, promote carrier separation, and introduce active sites, thereby significantly boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in the synthesis, mechanisms, and performance of g-C3N4 composites, highlighting their role in improving hydrogen production efficiency. It critically analyzes the interplay between structural modifications and catalytic activity, addressing challenges in stability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Future research directions are proposed, emphasizing scalable synthesis techniques, long-term durability assessments, and integration with industrial applications to fully realize the potential of g-C3N4-based systems in sustainable energy.

By incorporating steel slag into the highly porous structure of modified cellulose aerogels through freeze-drying, we have developed a synergistic platform for water treatment applications. The unique properties of cellulose aerogels, complemented by the active sites from steel slag, enhance the efficiency of the composite material in removing Cr(VI). Our findings reveal that the composite aerogels show remarkable performance in Cr(VI) treatment, achieving a 96.6% removal rate within 1 h under visible light. The protonated amino groups on the material's surface electrostatically adsorb negatively charged Cr(VI) species, while the silicate compounds generate photo-induced electrons that facilitate the subsequent reduction of Cr(VI). This study advances the development of composite materials for environmental remediation, offering valuable insights into the design and optimization of multifunctional materials for water treatment. The results not only highlight innovative strategies to combat Cr(VI) contamination but also promote environmental sustainability.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), a notorious toxicant and carcinogen in industrial wastewater, poses severe health hazards. Traditional photocatalytic materials, effective primarily with ultraviolet light, have limited practical application due to their inefficiency under visible light. This study presents an innovative composite, polyethyleneimine-modified nanocellulose aerogel loaded with steel slag (SS/PCNFA), which demonstrates superior Cr6+ reduction under visible light. Our experiments reveal that SS/PCNFA achieves an impressive Cr6+ removal efficiency of 96.4% within a mere 40 min, with the potential for complete removal within 45 min, starting from an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. Kinetic analysis confirms that the adsorption process adheres to a second-order model with an R2 value of 0.9985, indicating a high degree of fit. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses affirm the presence of nitrogen and hydroxyl functional groups that actively participate in the reduction process. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the adsorption process is endothermic, with excellent fitting to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, suggesting a combination of monolayer and multilayer adsorption mechanisms. Under optimal conditions, SS/PCNFA has proven to be exceptionally effective in reducing Cr6+ levels, showcasing its promising potential for the remediation of industrial wastewater.

Compared to the scarce resources of lithium-ion batteries, sodium ion batteries have gradually become an ideal carrier for large-scale energy storage systems due to their abundant raw material resources. In recent years, hard carbon as an anode material for sodium ion batteries has attracted much attention. Biomass materials have become an ideal hard carbon precursor due to their natural and renewable advantages. This article evaluates the effect of hard carbon derived from three types of biomass waste (peanut shell, coffee grounds, and sugarcane bagasse) on the electrochemical performance of sodium ion batteries through pre carbonization pyrolysis method. The three materials exhibit different structures and surface functional group contents. Compared with coffee grounds and sugarcane bagasse, peanut shell-derived hard carbon has lower structural ordering and smaller specific surface area, and exhibits a higher initial Coulombic efficiency of 53.84 %. The initial reversible capacity of the HC-P electrode is 203.6 mAh/g, and the Coulombic efficiency of the electrode is close to 100 % with a reversible capacity of 127.1 mAh/g and a capacity retention of 81.4 % after cycling 100 at 1C current. The excellent electrochemical properties of HC-P can be attributed to its higher C=O bond content, larger layer spacing and lamellar structure.

The impact of transient reoxidation environments on the chemical morphology evolution of nonmetallic oxide inclusions in rare‐earth‐treated bearing steel is investigated using FactSage thermodynamic simulation calculations, vacuum induction furnace experiments, and high‐temperature laser confocal microscopy experiments. Thermodynamic calculations indicate a direct correlation between the initial rare‐earth content and the oxygen required to transform Ce2O2S to CeAlO3 during secondary oxidation. Furthermore, a higher initial rare‐earth content leads to a more extensive and complete conversion to CeAlO3. Vacuum induction furnace experiments reveal that the inclusions transform from Ce2O2S to CeAlO3 and Al2O3 and eventually into composite oxide clusters. This results in a significant increase in inclusions, with near‐spherical Ce2O2S inclusions transforming into aggregated CeAlO3, leading to an increase in the average inclusion size from 2.4 to 4.2 μm. Laser confocal scanning microscopy experiments show that CeAlO3 exhibits a higher tendency to aggregate than Ce2O2S inclusions, the primary factor contributing to the observed increase in the average inclusion size after secondary oxidation. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for mitigating the adverse effects of rare‐earth secondary oxidation on bearing steels, particularly in terms of inclusion control.

The surge in economic growth has spurred the expansion of the textile industry, resulting in a continuous rise in the discharge of printing and dyeing wastewater. In contrast, the photocatalytic method harnesses light energy to degrade pollutants, boasting low energy consumption and high efficiency. Nevertheless, traditional photocatalysts suffer from limited light responsiveness, inadequate adsorption capabilities, susceptibility to agglomeration, and hydrophilicity, thereby curtailing their practical utility. Consequently, integrating appropriate carriers with traditional photocatalysts becomes imperative. The combination of chitosan and semiconductor materials stands out by reducing band gap energy, augmenting reactive sites, mitigating carrier recombination, bolstering structural stability, and notably advancing the photocatalytic degradation of printing and dyeing wastewater. This study embarks on an exploration by initially elucidating the technical principles, merits, and demerits of prevailing printing and dyeing wastewater treatment methodologies, with a focal emphasis on the photocatalytic approach. It delineates the constraints encountered by traditional photocatalysts in practical scenarios. Subsequently, it comprehensively encapsulates the research advancements and elucidates the reaction mechanisms underlying chitosan based composite materials employed in treating printing and dyeing wastewater. Finally, this work casts a forward-looking perspective on the future research trajectory of chitosan based photocatalysts, particularly in the realm of industrial applications.

Dyeing wastewater is a carcinogenic pollutant, which is widely known for its harmful effects on humans and marine organisms. In this study, a novel composite was prepared by blending thiourea modified chitosan with zinc sulfide nanoparticles (T-CS/ZnS) to comprehensively remove methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (Rh B), and methylene blue (MB) effectively. Characterization results suggested that the synthesized composite has an irregular and rough surface that provided high specific surface area for adsorption process, while the strong optical response and low bandgap width contributed to the subsequent photocatalytic degradation of adsorbed dye molecules. Under optimum experimental conditions, the removal rates of MO, Rh B, and MB were 99.59 %, 99.49 %, and 91.04 %, respectively. Amino and hydroxyl groups provide electrons in photocatalytic reactions. The reaction process is consistent with the quasi-first-order kinetic model, and the material has good stability and regeneration potential. This study indicated that T-CS/ZnS composite is a highly effective material for the treatment of dyeing wastewaters.

随着经济全球化，企业的竞争越来越激烈，需要做好财务管理工作。企业由于经营不善可能面临市场淘汰，需要偿还债务，因此在破产时需要进行破产清算。本文首先介绍了破产清算中的财务问题，然后分析了企业破产清算中存在的财务问题的对策。

随着市场经济的不断发展,企业并购已经成为现代企业经营发展中的重要阶段.目前,并购已经成为企业经营发展的手段.并购企业为了增加抵抗力.财务效益分析对于并购具有重要意义,管理者需要结合财务效益加强并购管理,及时处理突发事件.