To conduct a scoping review of peer-reviewed publications that have used data from Caribbean cancer registries (CR). The overall goal is to capture the reach of Caribbean CR data, characterize the type of information disseminated, and identify knowledge gaps. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science: Core Collection and LILACS, and included full-text articles in English, French, or Spanish, published between 2003–2023, that used data from a CR based in at least one Caribbean country or territory. The screening process was completed in two stages using Covidence (screening at abstract and full text levels) by two reviewers independently. Data was extracted from each full text of included articles using a standardized, predefined form in Covidence by two reviewers. A total of 127 articles met the inclusion criteria. CR data from 1958 to 2018 were reported. Of the 33 Caribbean countries and territories included, 14 had published at least one article. Almost all publications (96%) used data from population-based CR (PBCR). Three of the countries/territories with PBCRs had <3 publications and three had no publications. Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers were the most reported. The most reported factors of interest assessed were tumor characteristics, followed by environment and socioeconomic status. This scoping review shows that while Caribbean cancer registries have contributed substantially to the peer-reviewed literature, this is limited to less than half of the region. Several countries/territories with PBCRs had low or no publications represented. The research published presents important research on cancer types of interest for the region, and possible associations with important risk factors. Continued efforts are needed to strengthen, support, and sustain high-quality PBCRs in the Caribbean, as well as the use and dissemination of this data to fill knowledge gaps and prioritize key research questions and cancer control policies. Rachel A. Hanisch, Sarah Quesnel-Crooks, Linsey Eldridge, Ann Chao, Madison N. Behm, Brenda K. Edwards, Sara Benitez Majano, Alicia A. Livinski. Exploring the Use and Reporting of Cancer Registry Data by the Caribbean Region in Peer-Reviewed Literature: A Scoping Review [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; 2025 Sep 16. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2025;34(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 54.

PDF file - 26K, Estimated Hysterectomy Prevalence over Time for Women Age 50+ by Race and Ethnicity, NHIS

PDF file - 40K, Hysterectomy Prevalence by Age, Race and Year, 1992 to 2008, BRFSS

The fight against cancer escalated in 1971 with the introduction of the National Cancer Act during the presidency of Richard M. Nixon. Since that time, there have been dramatic developments in a number of research areas including prevention, screening, and treatment that have had a major impact on

The Caribbean region faces a growing burden due to cancer. Urgent action needs to be taken to monitor this disease and inform measures required for prevention and control. Cancer surveillance, supported by the implementation of population-based cancer registries (PBCRs), is an important component of cancer prevention and control strategies. Yet, the ability of some Caribbean countries to implement infrastructure needed for sustainable, high-quality PBCRs remains a challenge given limitations in resources and competing health priorities. While some Caribbean cancer registries have been successful in contributing high-quality cancer data in support of national cancer control and prevention efforts, this represents coverage of only a small percentage of the Caribbean population, and these data have limited generalizability to other countries in the region. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Caribbean Cancer Registry Hub (http:// caribbeancrh.carpha.org) is performing an important role in providing technical support, capacity building, advocacy, and research needed for strengthening cancer registration in the region. The Caribbean Hub engages high-level political and technical stakeholders, and shares appropriate and relevant resources and expertise to help health care and public health professionals and policymakers understand the importance of data generated from PBCRs for cancer control planning and monitoring. Through the provision of technical support for the implementation or strengthening of PBCRs in the region, the Caribbean Hub will support efforts being made by Caribbean countries to establish high-quality PBCRs. The Hub will continue to facilitate capacity building through training workshops and other similar activities as well as support training opportunities for cancer registries throughout the region. Research initiatives will continue to be conducted and supported by the Caribbean Hub to identify priorities and to monitor and evaluate cancer control strategies in the region. Through the work of the IARC Caribbean Cancer Registry Hub, Caribbean countries are better equipped to overcome challenges faced and strengthen cancer surveillance nationally and regionally. This is an important step towards mitigating the cancer burden and improving cancer prevention and control measures in the Caribbean.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (1); in 2012, an estimated 65% of all cancer deaths occurred in the less developed regions of the world (2). In the Caribbean region, cancer is the second leading cause of mortality, with an estimated 87,430 cancer-related deaths reported in 2012 (3). The Pan American Health Organization defines the Caribbean region as a group of 27 countries that vary in size, geography, resources, and surveillance systems.* CDC calculated site- and sex-specific proportions of cancer deaths and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for 21 English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries, the United States, and two U.S. territories (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands [USVI]), using the most recent 5 years of mortality data available from each jurisdiction during 2003-2013. The selection of years varied by availability of the data from the countries and territories in 2015. ASMR for all cancers combined ranged from 46.1 to 139.3 per 100,000. Among males, prostate cancers were the leading cause of cancer deaths, followed by lung cancers; the percentage of cancer deaths attributable to prostate cancer ranged from 18.4% in Suriname to 47.4% in Dominica, and the percentage of cancer deaths attributable to lung cancer ranged from 5.6% in Barbados to 24.4% in Bermuda. Among females, breast cancer was the most common cause of cancer deaths, ranging from 14.0% of cancer deaths in Belize to 29.7% in the Cayman Islands, followed by cervical cancer. Several of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the Caribbean can be reduced through primary and secondary preventions, including prevention of exposure to risk factors, screening, early detection, and timely and effective treatment.

Cancer surveillance is a fundamental component of national or sub-national cancer control planning and research. Cancer incidence and mortality data allow countries to monitor change in cancer incidence, mortality, and survival over time, by geographic region, and by demographic characteristics. Such data provide important clues to form hypotheses for cancer etiologic research, including research to examine environmental contributions to cancer. Strengthening cancer surveillance systems is urgently needed to conduct high quality research in environmental pollution and cancer in many countries. The United States National Cancer Institute Center for Global Health organized the first symposium on Environmental Contributions to Cancer during the 16th International Conference of Pacific Basin Consortium (PBC) for Environment and Health. PBC provided an important forum for dialog to establish partnerships and collaborations among researchers of environmental pollution and cancer.

1287 CancerScope: Oncology Issues in Focus Carrie Printz This news section offers Cancer readers timely information on events, public policy analysis, topical issues, and personalities. This edition looks at how community oncology practices are coping with sequestration, new research showing diabetes is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer, recent findings indicating that a cancer mutation may be tied to scleroderma, and results of a new study that indicate a possible reason for resistance to breast cancer treatment. Published online 22 April 2014

The fight against cancer escalated in 1971 with the introduction of the National Cancer Act during the presidency of Richard M. Nixon. Since that time, there have been dramatic developments in a number of research areas including prevention, screening, and treatment that have had a major impact on

BACKGROUNDThe American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate annually to provide updates on cancer incidence and death rates and trends in these outcomes for the United States. This year's report includes the prevalence of comorbidity at the time of first cancer diagnosis among patients with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer and survival among cancer patients based on comorbidity level.METHODSData on cancer incidence were obtained from the NCI, the CDC, and the NAACCR; and data on mortality were obtained from the CDC. Long‐term (1975/1992‐2010) and short‐term (2001‐2010) trends in age‐adjusted incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancers among men and women were examined by joinpoint analysis. Through linkage with Medicare claims, the prevalence of comorbidity among cancer patients who were diagnosed between 1992 through 2005 residing in 11 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) areas were estimated and compared with the prevalence in a 5% random sample of cancer‐free Medicare beneficiaries. Among cancer patients, survival and the probabilities of dying of their cancer and of other causes by comorbidity level, age, and stage were calculated.RESULTSDeath rates continued to decline for all cancers combined for men and women of all major racial and ethnic groups and for most major cancer sites; rates for both sexes combined decreased by 1.5% per year from 2001 through 2010. Overall incidence rates decreased in men and stabilized in women. The prevalence of comorbidity was similar among cancer‐free Medicare beneficiaries (31.8%), breast cancer patients (32.2%), and prostate cancer patients (30.5%); highest among lung cancer patients (52.9%); and intermediate among colorectal cancer patients (40.7%). Among all cancer patients and especially for patients diagnosed with local and regional disease, age and comorbidity level were important influences on the probability of dying of other causes and, consequently, on overall survival. For patients diagnosed with distant disease, the probability of dying of cancer was much higher than the probability of dying of other causes, and age and comorbidity had a smaller effect on overall survival.CONCLUSIONSCancer death rates in the United States continue to decline. Estimates of survival that include the probability of dying of cancer and other causes stratified by comorbidity level, age, and stage can provide important information to facilitate treatment decisions. Cancer 2014;120:1290–1314. © 2013 American Cancer Society.

Abstract Background: Incidence rates of endometrial cancer are routinely calculated without removing women who have had a hysterectomy from the denominator, which leads to an underestimate. Furthermore, as the number of women who have had a hysterectomy (hysterectomy prevalence) varies by race, the estimate of racial difference in endometrial cancer incidence is incorrect. Methods: Data from 1992 to 2008 from the SEER Program were used to calculate incidence rates of endometrial cancer (corpus uterus and uterus, NOS) for 67,588 women 50 years and older. Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to estimate hysterectomy prevalence. SEER area populations were reduced by hysterectomy prevalence, and corrected incidence rates were calculated. Results: For women 50 years and older, the corrected incidence rate of endometrial cancer was 136.0 per 100,000 among whites and 115.5 among blacks, a 73% and 90% increase respectively compared with the uncorrected rate. The increase was greater for black women because hysterectomy prevalence was higher among black women (47%) than white women (41%). The corrected incidence among black women significantly increased 3.1% per year compared with a 0.8% significant decrease among white women resulting in higher rates among black women toward the end of the study period. Conclusion: Correcting the incidence rate for hysterectomy prevalence provides more accurate estimates of endometrial cancer risk over time. Impact: Comparisons of rates of endometrial cancer among racial groups may be misleading in the absence of denominator correction for hysterectomy prevalence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(2); 233–41. ©2012 AACR.

The American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate annually to provide updates on cancer incidence and death rates and trends in these outcomes for the United States. This year's report includes incidence trends for human papillomavirus (HPV)associated cancers and HPV vaccination (recommended for adolescents aged 1112 years).Data on cancer incidence were obtained from the CDC, NCI, and NAACCR, and data on mortality were obtained from the CDC. Long- (1975/19922009) and short-term (20002009) trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancers among men and among women were examined by joinpoint analysis. Prevalence of HPV vaccination coverage during 2008 and 2010 and of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing during 2010 were obtained from national surveys.Death rates continued to decline for all cancers combined for men and women of all major racial and ethnic groups and for most major cancer sites; rates for both sexes combined decreased by 1.5% per year from 2000 to 2009. Overall incidence rates decreased in men but stabilized in women. Incidence rates increased for two HPV-associated cancers (oropharynx, anus) and some cancers not associated with HPV (eg, liver, kidney, thyroid). Nationally, 32.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.3% to 33.6%) of girls aged 13 to 17 years in 2010 had received three doses of the HPV vaccine, and coverage was statistically significantly lower among the uninsured (14.1%, 95% CI 9.4% to 20.6%) and in some Southern states (eg, 20.0% in Alabama [95% CI 13.9% to 27.9%] and Mississippi [95% CI 13.8% to 28.2%]), where cervical cancer rates were highest and recent Pap testing prevalence was the lowest.The overall trends in declining cancer death rates continue. However, increases in incidence rates for some HPV-associated cancers and low vaccination coverage among adolescents underscore the need for additional prevention efforts for HPV-associated cancers, including efforts to increase vaccination coverage.

BACKGROUND: Annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States are provided through collaboration between the American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR). This year's report highlights the increased cancer risk associated with excess weight (overweight or obesity) and lack of sufficient physical activity (<150 minutes of physical activity per week). METHODS: Data on cancer incidence were obtained from the CDC, NCI, and NAACCR; data on cancer deaths were obtained from the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics. Annual percent changes in incidence and death rates (age-standardized to the 2000 US population) for all cancers combined and for the leading cancers among men and among women were estimated by joinpoint analysis of long-term trends (incidence for 1992-2008 and mortality for 1975-2008) and short-term trends (1999-2008). Information was obtained from national surveys about the proportion of US children, adolescents, and adults who are overweight, obese, insufficiently physically active, or physically inactive. RESULTS: Death rates from all cancers combined decreased from 1999 to 2008, continuing a decline that began in the early 1990s, among men and among women in most racial and ethnic groups. Death rates decreased from 1999 to 2008 for most cancer sites, including the 4 most common cancers (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate). The incidence of prostate and colorectal cancers also decreased from 1999 to 2008. Lung cancer incidence declined from 1999 to 2008 among men and from 2004 to 2008 among women. Breast cancer incidence decreased from 1999 to 2004 but was stable from 2004 to 2008. Incidence increased for several cancers, including pancreas, kidney, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, which are associated with excess weight. CONCLUSIONS: Although improvements are reported in the US cancer burden, excess weight and lack of sufficient physical activity contribute to the increased incidence of many cancers, adversely affect quality of life for cancer survivors, and may worsen prognosis for several cancers. The current report highlights the importance of efforts to promote healthy weight and sufficient physical activity in reducing the cancer burden in the United States.* Cancer 2012; 118: 2338-66. (C) 2012 American Cancer Society.

BACKGROUND:The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate annually to provide updated information on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year's report highlights brain and other nervous system (ONS) tumors, including nonmalignant brain tumors, which became reportable on a national level in 2004.METHODS:Cancer incidence data were obtained from the National Cancer Institute, CDC, and NAACCR, and information on deaths was obtained from the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics. The annual percentage changes in age-standardized incidence and death rates (2000 US population standard) for all cancers combined and for the top 15 cancers for men and for women were estimated by joinpoint analysis of long-term (1992-2007 for incidence; 1975-2007 for mortality) trends and short-term fixed interval (1998-2007) trends. Analyses of malignant neuroepithelial brain and ONS tumors were based on data from 1980-2007; data on nonmalignant tumors were available for 2004-2007. All statistical tests were two-sided.RESULTS:Overall cancer incidence rates decreased by approximately 1% per year; the decrease was statistically significant (P < .05) in women, but not in men, because of a recent increase in prostate cancer incidence. The death rates continued to decrease for both sexes. Childhood cancer incidence rates continued to increase, whereas death rates continued to decrease. Lung cancer death rates decreased in women for the first time during 2003-2007, more than a decade after decreasing in men. During 2004-2007, more than 213 500 primary brain and ONS tumors were diagnosed, and 35.8% were malignant. From 1987-2007, the incidence of neuroepithelial malignant brain and ONS tumors decreased by 0.4% per year in men and women combined.CONCLUSIONS:The decrease in cancer incidence and mortality reflects progress in cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. However, major challenges remain, including increasing incidence rates and continued low survival for some cancers. Malignant and nonmalignant brain tumors demonstrate differing patterns of occurrence by sex, age, and race, and exhibit considerable biologic diversity. Inclusion of nonmalignant brain tumors in cancer registries provides a fuller assessment of disease burden and medical resource needs associated with these unique tumors.

The clinical importance of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in breast cancer is now clearly established, given that expression of this tumor marker is used to guide therapy and as a prognostic indicator. Despite its now routine evaluation in breast cancer patients, population-based data are lacking because information on HER2 status is not routinely collected in the majority of population-based cancer registries. We assessed the feasibility of collecting HER2 data and its completeness in three registries in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. Among a sample of invasive first primary breast cancer patients diagnosed between June and December 2007, HER2 tests had been done on 96.5% (n = 522), and test results were available for 95.2% (n = 515) of patients. The majority of HER2 tests were performed by immunohistochemistry alone (50.9%), 35.3% by both immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and 11.8% of tests by FISH alone. As a result of these findings, SEER registries will collect HER2 data on all invasive breast cancer patients as an optional data element for those diagnosed in 2009 and HER2 will likely be a required data element for these patients in 2010.

BACKGROUND. The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate annually to provide updated information regarding cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year's report includes trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and death rates and highlights the use of microsimulation modeling as a tool for interpreting past trends and projecting future trends to assist in cancer control planning and policy decisions. METHODS. Information regarding invasive cancers was obtained from the NCI, CDC, and NAACCR; and information on deaths was obtained from the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics. Annual percentage changes in the age-standardized incidence and death rates (based on the year 2000 US population standard) for all cancers combined and for the top 15 cancers were estimated by joinpoint analysis of long-term trends (1975-2006) and for short-term fixed-interval trends (1997-2006). All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS. Both incidence and death rates from all cancers combined significantly declined (P <.05) in the most recent time period for men and women overall and for most racial and ethnic populations. These decreases were driven largely by declines in both incidence and death rates for the 3 most common cancers in men (ie, lung and prostate cancers and CRQ and for 2 of the 3 leading cancers in women (ie, breast cancer and CRC). The long-term trends for lung cancer mortality in women had smaller and smaller increases until 2003, when there was a change to a nonsignificant decline. Microsimulation modeling demonstrates that declines in CRC death rates are consistent with a relatively large contribution from screening and with a smaller but demonstrable impact of risk factor reductions and improved treatments. These declines are projected to continue if risk factor modification, screening, and treatment remain at current rates, but they could be accelerated further with favorable trends in risk factors and higher utilization of screening and optimal treatment. CONCLUSIONS. Although the decrease in overall cancer incidence and death rates is encouraging, rising incidence and mortality for some cancers are of concern. Cancer 2010;116:544-73.(C) 2009 American Cancer Society.