Background: Summer holiday programs offer a promising solution to prevent unhealthy changes in health behaviors often experienced by children during the extended break from school. However, not all families are able to access summer programs. This qualitative study explored parents’ experiences of the summer holiday period and their perceptions of receiving free summer programs to identify potential benefits, facilitators, and challenges to access. Methods: Parents (N=24: 100% female, 63% Black) of families randomized to receive free summer programming or experience “summer as usual” (control) were interviewed at the conclusion of summer 2024. Parents of “high-attenders” (N=8), “low-/non-attenders” (N=8) and controls (N=8) were recruited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Participants were asked about general summer experiences and benefits/challenges of the free summer program. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and coded. Thematic analysis was conducted with themes compared across attendance groups. Results: Parents described variability in their summer holiday experiences compared with the school year. Themes included family functioning, daily routines, and children’s health behaviors. Families with greater work flexibility and financial resources more often reported psychosocial benefits, including reduced stress and increased family time. Families with fewer financial or social support reported greater stress managing childcare demands and activity costs. Control-group parents particularly described stress juggling family roles while trying to provide healthy and enjoyable summer experiences. Summer programs were perceived as providing structured, active, and socially engaging environments that supported children’s physical, social, and emotional wellbeing while meeting parents’ childcare needs. Cost remained a significant barrier. Families’ values, needs, and practical constraints shaped engagement decisions. Free programs improved access and reduced financial distress. Facilitators to engagement included program design, content, and delivery features. Conclusion: Families with stronger financial and social support were better able to offset the increased demands of the summer holidays. Summer programs functioned as a social safety net and provided opportunities for physical activity, social connection, and cognitive engagement while supporting family wellbeing. Ensuring equitable access to summer programs represents a practical and scalable opportunity to support children and families. Future research should explore sustainable funding models and fee structures that promote participation while remaining equitable. Trial registration: NCT05880901

Background Most people who receive a total knee replacement (TKR) are physically inactive and meet criteria for overweight/obesity, putting them at increased risk of poor functional outcomes and chronic diseases. This paper describes the protocol and procedures for the Healthy Living Study, a 12-month randomized controlled trial comparing outcomes between a patient-centered weight loss program and chronic disease self-management program in adults with TKR. Methods This study will aim to recruit 212 adults with overweight/obesity (body mass index [BMI] 25–45 kg/m2) who received a TKR ≤6 months previously. Participants will be randomized to either a) PACE, a 12-month telephone-based program focused on reducing calories and increasing physical activity to facilitate a 7 % weight loss or b) a Chronic Disease Self-Management (CDSM) control group which provides education on how to manage chronic diseases while avoiding content related to physical activity or diet. Assessments conducted at baseline, 6, 12 (post-intervention) and 18 months (following a 6-month no intervention period) will assess change in weight (primary outcome), physical activity, pain, and physical function. Secondary aims will examine the cost-effectiveness of PACE, as well as potential behavioral and psychosocial mediators of weight loss and TKR-related outcomes. Conclusion This protocol paper describes the design, rationale, and behavioral interventions for the Healthy Living randomized controlled trial which will target an important clinical population and determine whether a patient-centered weight loss program after TKR is an effective solution to improve outcomes.

Biologists often need to investigate multiple genes simultaneously in an organism. However, it is currently not possible to express more than a few transgenes in an animal under conditional control. Here, we developed a technique based on the mutually exclusive splicing of the Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule1 (Dscam1) gene in Drosophila melanogaster to achieve simultaneous transgene expression of 12 genes at a time. We show that the hypervariable Dscam1 exon 4 region maintains its alternative splicing when placed in a UAS expression vector. Each of the twelve exon 4 alternates can be replaced with an exogenous gene of at least 10 kilobases and will express properly in vivo all under conditional genetic control. We demonstrate the expression of four different fluorophores placed in different exon 4 alternate positions in neural and non-neural cells in vivo. We validated the technique by rewiring Drosophila sensory neuron axons in vivo by simultaneously expressing several cell surface receptors within the neuron. This technology will also enable Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for synthetic biology research. ### Competing Interest Statement R.Y.Y., A.B-M., and B.E.C. are inventors on a pending patent describing the system and materials in this manuscript.

Polygenic scores (PGSs) have promising clinical applications for risk stratification, disease screening, and personalized medicine. However, most PGSs are trained on predominantly European ancestry cohorts and have limited portability to external populations. While cross-population PGSs have demonstrated greater generalizability than single-ancestry PGSs, they fail to properly account for individuals with recent admixture between continental ancestry groups. GAUDI, a recently proposed PGS method, overcomes this gap by leveraging local ancestry to estimate ancestry-specific effects, penalizing but allowing ancestry-differential effects. However, the modified fused LASSO approach used by GAUDI is computationally expensive and does not readily accommodate more than two-way admixture. To address these limitations, we introduce HAUDI, an efficient LASSO framework for admixed PGS construction. HAUDI reparameterizes the GAUDI model as a standard LASSO problem, allowing for extension to multiway admixture settings and far superior computational speed than GAUDI. In extensive simulations, HAUDI compares favorably to GAUDI while dramatically reducing computation time. In real data applications, HAUDI uniformly outperforms GAUDI across 18 clinical phenotypes, including total triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and shows substantial benefits over ancestry-agnostic PGSs for white blood cell count and chronic kidney disease. It is also substantially faster and more accurate than the recently proposed SDPR_admix method.

BACKGROUND:Summer is a period of accelerated body mass index (BMI) gain for elementary school-aged children. Summer day camps may provide a structured environment, which has been shown to mitigate accelerated summer BMI gain. Many of these programs have a fee-for-service structure, creating a financial barrier for families with low-income. Providing vouchers to pay for these programs may be an effective strategy for addressing this barrier and mitigating accelerated summer BMI gain but requires further investigation on the optimal dose - the minimum exposure needed to see meaningful results while not overextending resources. METHODS:This study will use a multi-arm randomized controlled trial with three treatment levels. Children (n = 360) ages 5-12 years from participating schools (n = 4) will be randomly assigned to either summer as usual (comparison group) or to receive a voucher to attend an existing summer day camp for 4-, 6-, or 8-, weeks. BMI will be objectively measured at baseline (i.e., ∼May), 3-months (i.e., ∼August), and 12-months (i.e., ∼May of following school year). Obesogenic behaviors (e.g., physical activity, diet, screen time, and sleep) will be assessed in spring (i.e., late May) and summer (i.e., late June and July). Implementation factors, such as content, attendance frequency, duration, and coverage, relationship with children's summer BMI gain and obesogenic behaviors will also be evaluated. The study will also evaluate the cost-effectiveness of each duration. DISCUSSION:The study's findings will identify the optimal dose of summer programming to mitigate excess summer BMI gain, informing effective public health initiatives to combat childhood obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION:NCT06158594 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06158594?titles=determining%20optimal%20amount%20of%20structured%20environments&rank=1.

Background:To examine the efficacy of providing free summer day camp (SDC) to children from low-income families on changes in physical activity, time spent sedentary, and screentime. Methods:Across three summers (2021-2023), we randomized 422 children (8.2±1.5yrs, 48% female, 51% Black, 69% at or below 200% Federal Poverty Level, 30% food insecure) from seven elementary schools to one of two conditions: summer as usual (control, n=199) or free SDC for 8-10wks (intervention, n=223). Accelerometry measured activity (moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA] and time spent sedentary) and parent daily report of screentime were measured using a 14-day in April/May (school) and July (summer). Intent-to-treat analysis examined changes in behaviors between school and summer. Exposure models examined differences in behaviors during summer on days when children attended vs. did not attend a SDC in both intervention and control children. Results:Intent-to-treat models indicated in the summer children in the intervention group accumulated +15.0mins/day (95CI 12.0 to 18.0) more MVPA and spent -29.7mins/day (-37.7 to -21.8) less time sedentary and -14.1 mins/day (-23.9 to -4.3) on screens, compared to children in the control group. Exposure models indicated, on days children attended SDCs, they accumulated more MVPA (+26.1mins/day, 22.5 to 29.7), and spent less time sedentary (-63.5mins/day, -72.9 to -54.1) and on screens (-9.5mins/day, -20.1 to 1.2), compared to days when children did not attend SDC. Conclusions:Policies targeting upstream structural factors, such as universal access to existing community SDCs during summer, could lead to improvements in health behaviors among children from low-income households. Clinical Trialsgov:NCT04072549.

During summer vacation, many children in households with low income lose access to federally-funded, healthful school meals. Summer day camps (SDCs) provide access to healthful meals and a structured environment; yet low-income families often cannot afford SDCs which may influence food/beverage consumption. This study examined the impact of receiving a free SDC versus experiencing summer as usual (SAU) on dietary intake during summer among children from low-income families. Parent-child dyads (N = 422; child age: 8.2 ± 1.5 yrs; 48

A strong association exists between exposure to life stressors and accelerated aging in humans and animal models. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the adverse effect of stress on aging remain poorly characterized, and there is a paucity of prognostic predictors of stress-induced disease outcomes and life expectancy. To address this gap, we developed mathematical models to predict remaining lifespan based on healthspan data across two independent cohorts which were part of a large study (350 + mice) on social stress and aging in mice. We then relate remaining lifespan to changes in DNA methylation, due to its strong association with age as well as environmental factors such as stress exposure. Multivariate multiple regression identified blood glucose as a major trait associated with DNA methylation. An independent neural network analysis also identified blood glucose among the traits most associated with mortality risk. Finally, elastic net regression identified several DNA methylation sites, including Ptp4a3, Lrrc3b, Adgrb1, Mron5, and Gm6549, which represent possible targets at the intersection of glucose, stress and survival. Overall, the main finding of our analysis is that epigenetic biomarkers of mortality risk reveal an association with blood glucose levels, informing on individual life trajectories shaped by the impact of chronic social stress.

Neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders affect more than half of the population. Many of these diseases are caused by the malfunctioning of protein synthesis, where too little or too much production of a protein harms a cell and its functions within the brain. We developed a drug screening platform to identify compounds that target the primary cause of these diseases, namely protein expression amounts. This cellular assay monitors protein expression of a target disease gene along with the protein expression of a control gene using the Protein Quantitation Ratioing (PQR) technique. PQR tracks protein concentration using fluorescence. We used human cells and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to insert the Protein Quantitation Reporter into target genes. These cells are used in high-throughput drug screening measuring the fluorescence as the assay. Drug hits can be validated using the same PQR technique or animal models of the disease.

Recently, admixed populations make up an increasing percentage of the US and global populations, and the admixture is not uniform over space or time or across genomes. Therefore, it becomes indispensable to evaluate local ancestry in addition to global ancestry to improve genetic epidemiological studies. Recent advances in representing human genome diversity, coupled with large-scale whole-genome sequencing initiatives and improved tools for local ancestry inference, have enabled studies to demonstrate that incorporating local ancestry information enhances both genetic association analyses and polygenic risk predictions. Along with the opportunities that local ancestry provides, there exist challenges preventing its full usage in genetic analyses. In this review, we first summarize methods for local ancestry inference and illustrate how local ancestry can be utilized in various analyses, including admixture mapping, association testing, and polygenic risk score construction. In addition, we discuss current challenges in research involving local ancestry, both in terms of the inference itself and its role in genetic association studies. We further pinpoint some future study directions and methodology development opportunities to help more effectively incorporate local ancestry in genetic analyses. It is worth the effort to pursue those future directions and address these analytical challenges because the appropriate use of local ancestry estimates could help mitigate inequality in genomic medicine and improve our understanding of health and disease outcomes.

The search for biomarkers that quantify biological aging (particularly 'omic'-based biomarkers) has intensified in recent years. Such biomarkers could predict aging-related outcomes and could serve as surrogate endpoints for the evaluation of interventions promoting healthy aging and longevity. However, no consensus exists on how biomarkers of aging should be validated before their translation to the clinic. Here, we review current efforts to evaluate the predictive validity of omic biomarkers of aging in population studies, discuss challenges in comparability and generalizability and provide recommendations to facilitate future validation of biomarkers of aging. Finally, we discuss how systematic validation can accelerate clinical translation of biomarkers of aging and their use in gerotherapeutic clinical trials. Robust validation of biomarkers of aging will be critical to their clinical translation; here, authors review the key challenges and propose recommendations to overcome them.

BACKGROUND:Treatment variation from observational data has been used to estimate patient-specific treatment effects. Causal Forest Algorithms (CFAs) developed for this task have unknown properties when treatment effect heterogeneity from unmeasured patient factors influences treatment choice - essential heterogeneity. METHODS:We simulated eleven populations with identical treatment effect distributions based on patient factors. The populations varied in the extent that treatment effect heterogeneity influenced treatment choice. We used the generalized random forest application (CFA-GRF) to estimate patient-specific treatment effects for each population. Average differences between true and estimated effects for patient subsets were evaluated. RESULTS:CFA-GRF performed well across the population when treatment effect heterogeneity did not influence treatment choice. Under essential heterogeneity, however, CFA-GRF yielded treatment effect estimates that reflected true treatment effects only for treated patients and were on average greater than true treatment effects for untreated patients. CONCLUSIONS:Patient-specific estimates produced by CFAs are sensitive to why patients in real-world practice make different treatment choices. Researchers using CFAs should develop conceptual frameworks of treatment choice prior to estimation to guide estimate interpretation ex post.

Detecting when and how much of a protein molecule is synthesized is important for understanding cell function, but current methods either cannot be performed in vivo or have poor temporal resolution. Here, we developed a technique to detect and quantify subcellular protein synthesis events in real time in vivo. This Protein Translation Reporting (PTR) technique uses a genetic tag that produces a stoichiometric ratio of a small peptide portion of a split fluorescent protein and the protein of interest during protein synthesis. We show that the split fluorescent protein peptide can generate fluorescence within milliseconds upon binding the larger portion of the fluorescent protein, and that the fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the protein of interest synthesized. Using PTR, we tracked and measured protein synthesis events in single cells over time in vivo. We use different color split fluorescent proteins to detect multiple genes or alleles in single cells simultaneously. We also split a photoswitchable fluorescent protein to photoconvert the reconstituted fluorescent protein to a different channel to continually reset the time of detection of synthesis events.

To gain insight into how researchers of aging perceive the process they study, we conducted a survey among experts in the field. While highlighting some common features of aging, the survey exposed broad disagreement on the foundational issues. What is aging? What causes it? When does it begin? What constitutes rejuvenation? Not only was there no consensus on these and other core questions, but none of the questions received a majority opinion-even regarding the need for consensus itself. Despite many researchers believing they understand aging, their understanding diverges considerably. Importantly, as different processes are labeled as "aging" by researchers, different experimental approaches are prioritized. The survey shed light on the need to better define which aging processes this field should target and what its goals are. It also allowed us to categorize contemporary views on aging and rejuvenation, revealing critical, yet largely unanswered, questions that appear disconnected from the current research focus. Finally, we discuss ways to address the disagreement, which we hope will ultimately aid progress in the field.

ImportanceChildren experience accelerated gains in body mass index (BMI) during the summer months when school is not in session. Children from low-income households are most susceptible. Accelerated BMI gain in summer may be due to the removal of the health-promoting structure provided by schools. During summer, a common form of health-promoting structure is summer day camps (SDCs). Summer day camps are predominately fee for service, which creates a financial barrier for children from low-income households. One solution to mitigate accelerated BMI gain is providing free access to an existing SDC.ObjectiveTo investigate whether providing free access to an existing community SDC can mitigate accelerated BMI z score (zBMI) gain in elementary school–age children.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis randomized clinical trial was conducted during the summers of 2021, 2022, and 2023 in the southeastern United States. Participants were children (kindergarten through fourth grade) from predominantly low-income households who were randomized to attend an SDC operated by a parks and recreation commission or continue summer as usual (control).InterventionFree SDC every weekday (Monday through Friday) for 8 to 10 weeks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was between-group differences in change of zBMI measured before school ended (May) and on return to school from summer (late August). Secondary analyses examined the dose response of zBMI change with parent-reported child attendance at SDCs during the summer for all children (intervention and control).ResultsA total of 422 children (mean [SD] age, 8.2 [1.5] years; 202 [48%] female, 220 [52%] male, 292 [69%] at or below 200% federal poverty level, 127 [30%] with food insecurity) were randomized to 1 of 2 conditions: summer as usual (control, n = 199) or free SDC (n = 223). Intent-to-treat analysis indicated mean (SE) change in zBMI at the end of the summer was 0.046 (0.027) for the control and −0.048 (0.025) for the intervention group, representing a significant between-group difference of −0.094 (95% CI, −0.166 to −0.022). Dose-response analyses indicated that every 1 day per week increase in attending an SDC resulted in a −0.034 to −0.018 zBMI reduction, which translates to a gain of 0.046 to 0.080 zBMI for children never attending summer programming vs −0.09 to −0.04 zBMI reduction for children attending summer programming every weekday.Conclusions and RelevanceProviding children free access to existing community summer programming can have a meaningful effect on children’s zBMI gain during the summer. Future studies should replicate these findings across different regions and identify the optimal dose of programming to mitigate unhealthy zBMI gains.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04072549

The Structured Days Hypothesis posits that structure protects children against obesogenic behaviors (e.g., physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary intake) and, ultimately, prevents the occurrence of excessive weight gain. The hours following school (i.e., 3–6 pm school days) and summer vacation are two “windows of vulnerability” when children may experience less structure. Programs that provide a healthy structured environment and may prevent BMI gain exist for both time periods (i.e., after-school programs and summer day camps). Unfortunately, these programs are cost prohibitive for children from low-income families to attend. This study will test the impact of providing vouchers to access existing, community-operated after-school and summer programs on BMI z-score, body composition, and obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, screen use, diet, and sleep) of children (5–12 years) from schools that primarily serve families with low income. The study will employ a 2x2 factorial design. Participants (N = 480) attending 4 elementary schools in one school district will be randomly assigned to a no treatment control, after-school program voucher only, summer day camp voucher only, or after-school and summer day camp vouchers. Vouchers will cover the full cost of attending a pre-existing community-based after-school or summer camp program. The primary outcome (BMI z-score) will be measured at baseline (before end of school year, May), 3-month follow-up (after summer, August), and 12-month follow-up (end the following school year, May). Secondary outcomes include body composition (i.e., whole-body fat mass, fat free mass, and percent body fat) and obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary time, sleep, screen-time, and diet). The study will also employ a rigorous process evaluation which will consider after-school and summer camp program attendance and content. Analyses will examine differences between the four groups in BMI z-score, body composition, and obesogenic behaviors. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios will determine the cost effectiveness of the intervention. The current study will provide critical information for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers seeking to combat the childhood obesity epidemic in children from families with low-income during the school year and summer. NCT05880901 . Registered 27 May 2023.

Background: Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) have a similar prevalence of hypertension as the general population, but a higher rate of medication nonadherence at 50% compared with the average of 30%. Objectives: To assess the cost-effectiveness of educational messaging and prescription-fill reminders to adults with IDD and hypertension and their helpers among Medicaid members in a randomized control trial. Research Design: The authors calculated net cost savings by subtracting per-participant intervention costs from differences in spending between preintervention/postintervention cases versus controls. Using bootstrap samples, they assessed the probability of positive cost savings. They used quantile and logistic regression to examine which members contributed to the cost savings and to identify future high-cost members at baseline. Subjects: Four hundred twelve members with IDD and their helpers were recruited from the South Carolina Medicaid agency in 2018. Measures: Intervention costs were determined using labor and communication costs. Health expenditures were obtained from South Carolina’s all-payer claims database, using actual Medicaid expenditures and total all-payer expenditures estimated with cost-to-charge ratios. Results: The intervention, which cost $26.10 per member, saved $1008.02 in all-payer spending and $1126.42 in Medicaid payments per member, respectively, with 78% and 91% confidence. Cost savings occurred among members above the 85th percentile of spending, and those using the emergency department or inpatient services at least twice at baseline were predicted to be future high-cost members. Conclusions: The intervention is cost-saving, and insurers can prospectively identify and target members who will likely benefit.

Introduction: The CenteringPregnancy (CP) program-proven to reduce preterm births-was modified to achieve more optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) by an intentional incorporation of nutrition education. We compared the effect of the modified CP program versus individual prenatal care (IPNC) on GWG. Methods: This observational study used linked birth certificate data and hospital discharge records of women who received prenatal care (PNC) in South Carolina Midlands' obstetric clinics between 2015 and 2019. Linear and multinomial logistic regressions were used to compare participants in CP (n = 568) versus IPNC on weight gain, measured by total GWG (delivery weight minus prepregnancy weight), weekly rate of weight gain, and meeting the Institute of Medicine's recommendations (inadequate, adequate, and excessive GWG). Nonrandom assignment to program was controlled by propensity scoring. Results: CP participants differed from IPNC participants in race, nulliparous, education, and type of health insurance, but not in parity or month PNC began (p-Value <0.05). CP and IPNC participants had a similar GWG experience: total GWG (coef(β) = -0.054; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.78 to 0.6), total weekly weight gain (coef(β) = -0.004; 95% CI -0.03 to 0.03), total GWG category (inadequate GWG: RRR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.64-1.21, and excessive GWG: relative risk ratio (RRR) = 0.92, 95% CI 0.71-1.20 vs. adequate), and weekly weight gain category (inadequate GWG: RRR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.53-1.01, and excessive GWG: RRR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.61-1.13 vs. adequate). Conclusion: The CP program with an enhanced nutritional knowledge component was not associated with achieving recommended GWG. Further investigation is needed to explain the lack of impact.

For centuries, aging was considered inevitable and immutable. Geroscience provides the conceptual framework to shift this focus toward a new view that regards aging as an active biological process, and the biological age of an individual as a modifiable entity. Significant steps forward have been made toward the identification of biomarkers for and measures of biological age, yet knowledge gaps in geroscience are still numerous. Animal models of aging are the focus of this perspective, which discusses how experimental design can be optimized to inform and refine the development of translationally relevant measures and biomarkers of biological age. We provide recommendations to the field, including: the design of longitudinal studies in which subjects are deeply phenotyped via repeated multilevel behavioral/social/molecular assays; the need to consider sociobehavioral variables relevant for the species studied; and finally, the importance of assessing age of onset, severity of pathologies, and age-at-death. We highlight approaches to integrate biomarkers and measures of functional impairment using machine learning approaches designed to estimate biological age as well as to predict future health declines and mortality. We expect that advances in animal models of aging will be crucial for the future of translational geroscience but also for the next chapter of medicine.

INTRODUCTION:This study aimed to assess whether two established psychosocial predictors of smoking abstinence, nicotine dependence and time-discounting, also apply to a population of predominantly cigarette light smokers, which is the dominant pattern of smoking in countries like Mexico. Relatively infrequent smoking is increasingly prevalent, yet still harmful, making it important to understand the predictors of cessation in this population. AIMS AND METHODS:Mexican adult smokers recruited from an online consumer panel were surveyed every 4 months between November 2018 and July 2020. We considered respondents who reported a quit attempt in between surveys (n = 1288). Dependence was measured with a 10-item version of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM). Time-discounting was assessed with five branching questions about hypothetical reward scenarios. Logistic models regressed sustained quit attempts (≥30 days of abstinence) at time t + 1 on study variables at time t. RESULTS:We found strong interitem reliability (α = 0.92) and intraindividual consistency of our brief WISDM (ρ = 0.68), but moderate intraindividual consistency of the time-discounting measure (ρ = 0.48). Forty-eight percent of the sample reported sustained quit attempts, and 79% were non-daily or light daily smokers (≤5 cigarettes per day). Smokers with higher WISDM-10 had lower odds of sustained quitting and this result remained when controlling for smoking frequency and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.768). Time-discounting was unassociated with sustained quitting. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that a brief, 10-item multidimensional measure of dependence is useful for predicting sustained quitting in a context of relatively light smoking; time-discounting appears less relevant, although our results are not conclusive because of the low test-retest reliability of our measure. IMPLICATIONS:Given the increase in non-daily and light daily cigarette smoking in many countries, including in Mexico, and the health risks this still poses, it is important to understand the predictors of cessation among relatively light smokers. The WISDM-10 multidimensional measure seems to be a good instrument to assess dependence and predict successful quitting in this population, and possibly more appropriate than physical dependence measures. As such, it could help design and target more suitable cessation treatments for non-daily and daily light cigarette smokers. While this study did not find time-discounting to be a relevant predictor of smoking abstinence, future studies should explore other measures.