Thousands of undocumented border crossers have died while attempting to cross the US-Mexico border since the 1990s. Prior studies have found that these deaths are a consequence of increased border enforcement efforts as well as of economic, political, and social conditions in immigrant-sending countries and in the United States. The present study contributes to this expanding body of literature. Drawing on data from the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner (PCOME), we provide information on the recovery of human remains either known or believed to be of undocumented border crossers in southern Arizona between FY 1990 and 2020. We find that during this period the remains of at least 3,356 undocumented border crossers were recovered in the region, with the majority being found since 2005. US Border Patrol apprehensions, which immigration scholars often use as proxy for undocumented migration trends, have decreased in that agency’s Tucson Sector since the mid-2000s. However, the rate of recovered remains of undocumented border crossers has largely increased even as apprehensions have declined, which is a dynamic that suggests undocumented migration in southern Arizona has become increasingly dangerous. We also find that the remains of undocumented border crossers were increasingly recovered from more remote areas of southern Arizona over time, which further supports this assertion. The PCOME records we examined over our study period suggest that migrants who have died in southern Arizona are largely male (84%), and, among identified decedents, 20-49 years of age (82%) and from Mexico (80%). Most perished due to exposure (38%) or an undetermined cause of death (48%), and were successfully identified post-mortem (64%). Nevertheless, as highlighted throughout this report, we find important changes in the breakdown of these factors across time, for which we offer possible explanations. Our hope is that policymakers and the public will consider the data presented in this report, as access to empirical evidence is crucial when formulating public policy and when addressing the root causes of critical social concerns such as border-crosser deaths along the US-Mexico border.

Journal of Forensic SciencesVolume 59, Issue 4 p. 1165-1166 Book Review Review of: Human Identity and Identification Bruce E. Anderson Ph.D., Bruce E. Anderson Ph.D. Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ, 85714Search for more papers by this author Bruce E. Anderson Ph.D., Bruce E. Anderson Ph.D. Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, Forensic Science Center, 2825 East District Street, Tucson, AZ, 85714Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 June 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12492Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume59, Issue4July 2014Pages 1165-1166 RelatedInformation

Stockpiling forage for fall and winter grazing can extend the grazing season and reduce costs associated with harvesting, storing, and feeding forages. The objectives of this study were to determine species, stockpile initiation date, and winter harvest date effects on yield and nutritive value of eight cool‐season grasses grown under irrigated conditions near North Platte, NE. Treatments included stockpile initiation dates of 15 July or 15 August and winter harvest dates of mid‐November, December, January, and February arranged in a split‐plot design. Stockpiled dry matter (DM) yield for the eight grass species ranged from 3.79 to 5.19 Mg ha−1 in 2005 and from 3.68 to 4.54 Mg ha−1 in 2006. Delaying initiation of stockpiling from 15 July to 15 August resulted in 30% less DM yield in November (P < 0.05). In 2005, stockpiled DM yield declined 18% from November to February while the decline was 24% for the same period in 2006. Species did not respond consistently to treatment effects for nutritive value of the stockpiled herbage. Herbage crude protein (CP) in November and December was greater when stockpiling was initiated in August (132 g kg−1) compared with July (112 g kg−1; P < 0.01). Initiating stockpiling in August resulted in greater in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) throughout the winter period (P < 0.05). Late summer and fall growth of irrigated cool‐season grasses and retention of adequate levels of nutrients supports their possible use as stockpiled forages in this area. However, cost‐effectiveness of stockpiling grazing declines as hay value increases. Stockpiled forage grazing during the early part of the winter period (November and December) would be most advantageous because of weathering losses.

Irrigated cool-season perennial grasses are becoming an important complementary forage source in the Central Plains. A study was conducted to evaluate effects of clipping stubble height on dry matter (DM) production, growth rate, tiller density, and nutrient content of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.), and meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem.) under irrigated conditions on a Cozad silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplustoll). Clipping treatments (35-cm canopy height cut to 7-, 14-, and 21-cm stubble heights) were applied to monoculture plots of these species for two growing seasons in a randomized complete block design. Stubble height effects on total DM production varied by species (P < 0.05). For orchardgrass and meadow bromegrass, DM production was similar at the 14- and 21-cm stubble heights (22.22 Mg ha(-1)), but significantly greater than production at the 7-cm stubble height (14.03 Mg ha(-1)). In contrast, DM production of smooth bromegrass and creeping foxtail was significantly greater at each successively higher stubble height. End-of-season tiller density of the 7-cm stubble height treatment was about 50% of the tiller density of the 14-cm and 21-cm stubble height treatments. Stubble height effects on nutritive value varied by species and clipping period. Stubble height did not affect crude protein (CP) content of creeping foxtail, but CP was lower at the 7-cm height for the other species. Defoliation strategies that maintain adequate residual herbage will optimize production of nutrient dense forage and maintain tiller density.

Successful grazing management of stockers requires knowledge of plant growth characteristics. Maintaining abundant leaf area is critical to support photosynthesis and plant growth as well as to provide nutritious grazing for the animals. Controlling stocking rate, stock density, and lengths of grazing and recovery periods can optimize individual animal rates of gain and gain per acre while maintaining pasture productivity. Various plant resources, perennial and annual, can be used strategically to provide the quantity and quality of forage needed by stockers throughout the year.

18 days of MERLIN data and 42 h of A-array VLA data at 1.4 GHz have been combined to image a 10-arcmin field centred on the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). This area also includes the Hubble Flanking Fields (HFF). A complete sample of 92 radio sources with S-1.4 > 40 mu Jy was detected using the VLA data alone and then imaged with the MERLIN+VLA combination. The combined images offer ( i) higher angular resolution ( synthesized beams of diameter 0.2-0.5 arcsec), (ii) improved astrometric accuracy, and (iii) improved sensitivity compared with VLA-only data. The images are amongst the most sensitive yet made at 1.4 GHz, with rms noise levels of 3.3 mu Jy beam(-1) in the 0.2-arcsec images. Virtually all the sources are resolved, with angular sizes in the range 0.2 to 3 arcsec. The central 3-arcmin square was imaged separately to search for sources down to 27 mu Jy. No additional sources were detected, indicating that sources fainter than 40 mu Jy are heavily resolved with MERLIN and must have typical angular sizes > 0.5 arcsec. Radio sources associated with compact galaxies have been used to align the HDF, the HFF and a larger CFHT optical field to the radio-based International Celestial Reference Frame. The HST optical fields have been registered to < 50 mas in the HDF itself, and to <= 150 mas in the outer parts of the HFF. We find a statistical association of very faint ( >= 2 mu Jy) radio sources with optically bright HDF galaxies down to similar to 23 mag. Of the 92 radio sources above 40 mu Jy, similar to 85 per cent are identified with galaxies brighter than I = 25 mag; the remaining 15 per cent are associated with optically faint systems close to or beyond the HFF ( or even the HDF) limit. The high astrometric accuracy and the ability of radio waves to penetrate obscuring dust have led to the correct identification of several very red, optically faint systems, including the the strongest submillimetre source in the HDF, HDF850.1. On the basis of their radio structures and spectra, 72 per cent ( 66 sources) can be classified as starburst or active galactic nucleus-type systems; the remainder are unclassified. The proportion of starburst systems increases with decreasing flux density; below 100 mu Jy > 70 per cent of the sources are starburst-type systems associated with major disc galaxies in the redshift range 0.3 - 1.3. Chandra detections are associated with 55 of the 92 radio sources, but their X-ray flux densities do not appear to be correlated with the radio flux densities or morphologies. The most recent submillimetre results on the HDF and HFF do not provide any unambiguous identifications with these latest radio data, except for HDF 850.1, but suggest at least three strong candidates.

During the second phase of the NASA Pacific Exploratory Mission to the Pacific Tropics (PEM‐Tropics B), regions of unusually high concentrations of sulfuric acid vapor ranging from 107 to 108 molecules cm−3 were detected near the ocean surface in equatorial regions between Hawaii and Tahiti. No 3–4 nm diameter nanoparticles were observed near the ocean surface where acid concentrations were highest; however, 3–4 nm particles were detected at higher elevations in regions near clouds. Calculations show that in some regions of high acid concentrations newly formed particles would be readily detected by our instruments and thus the lack of nanoparticles suggests that there was no nucleation. In contrast, in the previous PEM‐Tropics A mission Clarke et al. [1998a] observed a large nucleation event in the equatorial marine boundary layer under similar temperatures, relative humidity, and sulfuric acid concentrations. Comparison between these two studies further demonstrates that some additional species or unknown process is necessary to significantly enhance nucleation in the remote marine troposphere and that this component is not always present at levels sufficient to sustain nucleation throughout the region, even at a low continuous rate. We speculate that if ammonia is one example of a critical nucleation precursor, tropospheric ternary nucleation (sulfuric acid/ammonia/water) under some conditions requires ammonia concentrations to be greater than typical background concentrations for particle production via this mechanism.