This study features laparoscopic stone surgery and Y-V plasty procedure performed on a 26-year-old female patient presenting with a horseshoe kidney and multiple renal calculi. Port site extraction of ureteric stone allowed successful removal of stones from the renal pelvis and the upper calyx, thereby maintaining the minimally invasive nature of the surgery and obviating the need for the use of specimen retrieval bags. This case underscores the intricacies of managing stone disease with congenital anomalies and emphasizes the utility of laparoscopic surgery combined with endourological elements for its flexibility and adaptability.

UNLABELLED:Robotic surgery has changed pediatric urology more and more by giving pediatric urologists less invasive options for complicated reconstructive surgeries. Thanks to advances in technology, pediatric urologists can now execute procedures with better dexterity, 3-dimensional visibility, and accuracy. These are especially important for congenital malformations that need precise dissection. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty is now the most prevalent technique. It boasts success rates that are similar to those of open surgery and benefits including less pain, shorter hospital stays, and better appearance. Robotic ureteral reimplantation is also a safe and successful alternative to open repair for vesicoureteral reflux and primary obstructive megaureter, although it takes longer to learn how to do it. More and more often, complex surgeries like heminephrectomy, augmentation ileocystoplasty, Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy, and bladder neck reconstruction are being done with robots, and the results are looking excellent. Robotic methods in pediatric uro-oncology are changing, but it's important to choose patients carefully because of worries about tumor spilling. Robotic surgery is a useful technique in pediatric urology because it is more precise, comfortable, and quick to recover from, even if it costs more and takes longer to do. As robotic surgery becomes more common and its technology improves, it is likely to become a major part of both simple and complicated pediatric urology treatments in the future.

INTRODUCTION:This retrospective study compares extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureteroscopy (URS) in pediatric ureteral stones ≤1.0 cm2, aiming to determine the optimal treatment based on clinical outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS:The study included patients with ureteral stones ≤1.0 cm2 eligible for SWL or URS. Treatment choices were made based on family decisions. SWL was performed under sedation, with 180° rotation for distal stones, whereas URS was conducted under general anesthesia using semirigid/flexible ureteroscopes with Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. Complications were classified using Satava and Clavien criteria, respectively. RESULTS:A total of 230 children (median age:7 y/o, interquartile range 4-12) underwent SWL (n = 129, 56%) or URS (n = 101, 44%)for ureteral stones ≤1.0 cm2. The groups were comparable in terms of demographic characteristics. SWL and URS had comparable stone-free rates (85% vs 80, p = 0.276), and there was no difference according to the location. However, URS had a higher overall complication rate (16% vs 4%, p = 0.005). Complication rates were significantly higher for distal stones treated with URS (p = 0.009), whereas stone-free rates were similar between proximal (p = 0.821) and distal stones (p = 0.332). Logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender and stone burden were significant factors in achieving overall stone-free status. When stone-free outcomes were evaluated based on stone location, female gender and a history of previous minimally invasive stone intervention were also found to be influential predictors. CONCLUSION:These findings indicate that SWL and URS provide comparable efficacy in stone clearance, but URS is associated with a higher complication rate, particularly for distal ureteral stones. Additionally, our data suggest that SWL remains a preferable first-line option, particularly for stones ≤1.0 cm2, whereas URS might be reserved for cases with larger stone burdens or prior treatment failures.

Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is a guideline-endorsed, size-independent surgical standard for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, conventional HoLEP is frequently associated with loss of antegrade ejaculation (AE), an outcome of increasing importance for sexually active patients. Anatomically informed modifications aimed at preserving peri-ejaculatory structures have been proposed, yet the evidence supporting antegrade ejaculation-preserving HoLEP (EP-HoLEP) remains fragmented. To systematically review and synthesize the contemporary evidence on ejaculation-preserving HoLEP techniques, focusing on ejaculatory outcomes, urinary function, and surgical safety. A systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to identify studies evaluating EP-HoLEP techniques published through December 2025. Randomized controlled trials, prospective comparative studies, and retrospective cohorts reporting ejaculatory outcomes were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, ROBINS-I, and MINORS tools as appropriate. Ten studies encompassing 1,675 patients were included, comprising three randomized controlled trials, four non-randomized comparative studies, and three single-arm case series. EP-HoLEP techniques were categorized as ejaculatory hood–sparing, mucosal and sphincter-sparing (including modified two-lobe and Double-n techniques), and selective median-lobe enucleation. Hood-sparing approaches alone demonstrated limited efficacy in preserving AE. In contrast, techniques that preserved peri-verumontanum tissue, anterior urethral mucosa, and bladder-neck fibers consistently achieved higher AE preservation rates, reaching 70–85

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of three treatment approaches—primary flexible ureteroscopy (fURS), preoperative double-J (JJ) stenting, and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN)—in patients with single proximal ureteral stones, including those with varying degrees of preoperative hydronephrosis. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the data from the multicentric RIRSearch group (April 2017–September 2024). Patients with a single proximal ureteral stone were categorized into three groups: preoperative PCN (Group 1), preoperative JJ stent (Group 2), and primary surgery (Group 3). We conducted a case–control matching analysis to equalize the properties and ensure comparability between the groups in terms of age, stone volume, and preoperative hydronephrosis. The primary outcomes included stone free rate (SFR), surgical duration, length of hospitalization, and perioperative/postoperative complications, including fever and urinary tract infections (UTI). Initially, 551 patients were included. After case-control matching, the analysis included 42, 75, and 80 patients in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. No significant differences were detected in SFR (76.2

Introduction: Iatrogenic ureteral injuries following ureterorenoscopic (URS) stone surgery are significant complications that can occur despite the preserved structure of the urinary tract. This study aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics, types of injuries, timing of diagnosis, and outcomes of treatment methods in patients with iatrogenic ureteral injury after URS. Materials and Methods: Patients with iatorogenic ureteral injury during URS were included based on retrospective data collected from 19 centers across Turkey between November 2010 and December 2022. Demographics, location, and grade of injury, time of diagnosis, and success rates of endourological or reconstructive surgical interventions were analyzed. Surgical success was defined as the absence of postoperative complications and no need for further surgical intervention. Results: Of the 105 patients, 65 were males and 40 females, with a median age of 48 years (20-86). Injuries occurred in the distal ureter in %60, mid-ureter in %18.1, and proximal ureter in %21.9 of cases. Laceration accounted for %64.7 of the injuries, whereas %35.3 occurred during laser use. Diagnosis was made intraoperatively in %21 and postoperatively in %79 of patients, with a median time to postoperative diagnosis of 30 days (1-720). Higher body mass index was associated with lower primary surgical success (p = 0.049). The most common initial treatment was ureteral stent placement. Reconstructive surgeries had lower rates of secondary interventions or complications compared to endourological procedures (p = 0.045). Among patients necessitating a second surgery, those who underwent reconstructive surgery had significantly lower tertiary intervention or complication rates (p < 0.001). Nephrectomy was required in six patients because of renal atrophy. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is crucial in iatrogenic ureteral injuries after URS. Elevated BMI may negatively affect surgical outcomes. Although endourological approaches are commonly used initially, reconstructive surgeries offer more durable outcomes, especially in severe injuries or failed primary treatments, underscoring the need for individualized management strategies.

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a cell surface protein expressed in over 90% of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), driven by hypoxia or Von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) loss. The phase 3 ZIRCON trial evaluated [89Zr]girentuximab, a CAIX-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, and met its primary endpoint for the accurate detection of ccRCC in patients with renal masses. Many aggressive forms of non-ccRCC (nccRCC) can express CAIX, which is linked to a hypoxic state. A reanalysis of the trial was performed demonstrating the tracer also identified nccRCC, particularly in forms of papillary RCC (pRCC) with higher CAIX expression (H score) and PET avidity (SUVmax). The positive predictive value for any renal malignancy was 98%, with sensitivity/specificity of 82% and 87%, respectively. This suggests [89Zr]girentuximab has applications beyond the detection of ccRCC in primary renal masses and may have implications to management of nccRCC. Patient summary The ZIRCON phase 3 trial used an imaging agent ([89Zr]girentuximab) with a primary focus to detect the most common kidney cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Other forms of kidney cancer can express the marker that the imaging agent can identify. The additional analysis showed that when positive, 98% of cases were correctly identified as any form of cancer.

To evaluate the predictive value of three-dimensional (3D) CT-based volumetric shrinkage for post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) pathology in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs). We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent post-chemotherapy RPLND at our tertiary care center between 2016 and 2025, of whom 52 were included in the final analysis. Retroperitoneal lymph node volumes were segmented using 3D Slicer software on pre- and post-chemotherapy contrast-enhanced CT scans. Volumetric shrinkage (Δ

Background Cystine stones are a rare yet challenging cause of pediatric nephrolithiasis, marked by high recurrence and repeated surgical needs. Although endourological advances have improved the safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), long-term renal outcomes remain strongly influenced by adherence to medical therapy. Objective To evaluate the efficacy, safety, recurrence patterns, and long-term renal outcomes of PCNL for cystine stones in children across a 25-year institutional experience. Study design This retrospective review included pediatric patients with cystine stones who underwent PCNL between 2000 and 2024 at a tertiary referral center. Surgical success was defined as stone-free status. Complications were graded using the modified SATAVA and Clavien-Dindo systems. All patients received urine alkalization and thiol therapy, with adherence assessed by the Medication Possession Ratio. Long-term renal function and blood pressure were evaluated during follow-up. Results A total of 127 PCNLs were performed in 94 renal units of 78 patients (median age at first PCNL 6 years [IQR 2-14]; 56% male, 44% female), with a median follow-up of 216 months (IQR 141-287). The overall stone-free rate was 64%, increasing to 81% when combined with simultaneous endoscopic procedures. Repeat PCNL for recurrence occurred in 42.5% of renal units (n = 40/94), and regrowth in 11.7% of the renal units (n = 11/94). Only nine (11.5%) of patients were fully adherent to medical therapy. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly shorter time to repeat PCNL in non-adherent renal units (log-rank p = 0.016); among those that experienced an event, the median time to first repeat PCNL was 15 months, whereas no repeat PCNL events were observed in adherent renal units. During follow-up, 18 patients (23%) developed hypertension and eight (10.3%) developed renal function decline, all confined to the non-adherent group. Discussion Although PCNL provided high clearance with good procedural safety, long-term success was limited by poor adherence. Recurrence and renal deterioration rates were comparable to those reported in previous series. Major limitations include the retrospective, single-center design and incomplete metabolic data. Conclusions PCNL is a safe and effective option for pediatric cystine stones, but sustained medical adherence is essential to prevent recurrence and preserve renal function, ensuring durable long-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacy and safety of the flexible and navigable suction ureteral access sheath (FANS-UAS) against the conventional ureteral access sheath (CUAS) in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 161 patients who underwent RIRS at seven centers using similar surgical methods (thulium fiber laser and 7.5 F disposable flexible ureterorenoscope) were prospectively enrolled in the study between May 2024 and September 2025. The patients were randomized into two groups based on the use of UAS (Group 1: CUAS; Group 2: FANS-UAS). Demographic and clinical data of the patients, stone characteristics, surgical data, perioperative and postoperative complications, duration of hospitalization, and stone-free rates (SFRs) were analyzed for comparison. RESULTS:Of the 161 patients included in the study, 79 received a CUAS and 82 received a FANS-UAS. The groups were demographically similar (p > 0.05). The postoperative SFR at 1 month was statistically significantly higher in the FANS-UAS group (79.3% vs 63.3%, p = 0.041), and the operative time was shorter in the CUAS group (p = 0.011). The perioperative bleeding rate was higher in the FANS-UAS group (p = 0.034), although there was no significant difference in postoperative hemoglobin decrease. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of postoperative complications (p = 0.162). CONCLUSION:The FANS-UAS is an effective method that increases SFR compared to the CUAS. Although the FANS-UAS prolongs operation time and increases perioperative bleeding, both FANS-UAS and the CUAS are similarly safe in terms of postoperative complications.

Introduction: A JJ stent placed before retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) may passively dilate the ureter and facilitate ureteral access sheath (UAS) implantation. No studies have examined the significance of preoperative JJ stent diameter, even though numerous studies have shown that UAS insertion is simpler in patients with them. Our study examines the relationship between preoperative ureteral stent caliber and UAS placement and RIRS results. Materials and Methods: A total of 655 patients with known preoperative double-J stent size before RIRS were analyzed. The patients were categorized into two groups based on their preoperative stent diameter (Group 1: 4.8 Fr and Group 2: 6 Fr). Demographic and clinical data of the patients, stone characteristics, surgical data, perioperative and postoperative complications, duration of hospitalization, and stone-free rates (SFRs) were analyzed for comparison. Results: The groups contained 323 and 332 patients. The demographic data of the two groups were similar. There was no statistically significant difference between SFR, UAS insertion rate, hospitalization time, and complications. The success rate of placing a UAS with a higher caliber was statistically significantly higher in those with a 6 Fr JJ stent than in those with a 4.8 Fr stent (P = .001). The operation time was also shorter in the group with a thicker stent (P = .003). Conclusions: Our data suggest that while the preoperative JJ stent diameter does not significantly affect overall UAS insertion success, complication rates, or postoperative stone-free status, using a 6 Fr stent facilitates the placement of larger UAS calibers and may decrease operation time. Consequently, although both stent diameters are efficacious, selecting a 6 Fr stent may provide procedural benefits without jeopardizing safety or results.

The aim of this study was to identify preoperative and perioperative predictors of radiation exposure during retrograde intrarenal surgery and to develop a scoring system to estimate intraoperative fluoroscopy time. Data from 753 patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery for renal stones were obtained from a multicenter database. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia using fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy time, recorded in seconds, was the primary outcome. Ordinal regression analysis was applied to evaluate the association between clinical variables and fluoroscopy duration. A predictive score was developed based on statistically significant factors. The performance of the score was tested using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and a calibration plot.The mean fluoroscopy time was 58 seconds, while the median was 5 seconds. In 140 procedures, fluoroscopy time exceeded 120 seconds. Six parameters were independently associated with longer fluoroscopy use: absence of preoperative ureteral stenting, low stone density (<1000 Hounsfield units), small stone burden (<250 cubic millimeters), multiple stone localizations, failure of ureteral access sheath insertion, and use of large-caliber sheaths (≥10–12 French). Each parameter was assigned a weighted value, generating a score ranging from 0 to 15. The scoring system demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability (area under the curve: 0.901). A score of 10 or more predicted fluoroscopy duration above 120 seconds with 87.5

Background and objective:The aim of our study was to predict pathological lymph node involvement (stage pN1) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) and extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) for prostate cancer (PC) and to compare the performance of nomograms used in ePLND decision-making. Methods:Data for 191 patients with PC who underwent and ePLND between 2018 and 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Demographics, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) results, and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) findings were assessed in relation to pN1 prediction and nomogram comparison. Statistical analyses included χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests. New models in which PSMA PET/CT parameters (PRIMARY score, mean and maximum intraprostatic standardized uptake values) were incorporated in the Amsterdam-Brisbane-Sydney nomogram were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in a second analysis for a subset of 139 patients. The performance of the new models was analyzed using likelihood ratio tests. Key findings and limitations:In the primary cohort of 191 patients, 35 (18.3%) had stage pN1 at RP. AUC values were 0.751 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.676-0.826) for the Briganti 2012 nomogram, 0.722 (95% CI 0.641-0.803) for the Briganti 2017 nomogram, 0.725 (95% CI 0.643-0.807) for the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center nomogram, and 0.862 (95% CI 0.794-0.929) for the Amsterdam-Brisbane-Sydney nomogram. In the second analysis for the subset of 139 patients, the PRIMARY score was significantly higher in the pN1 group (p = 0.011). The AUC for a new model incorporating the PRIMARY score in the Amsterdam-Brisbane-Sydney nomogram was 0.870 (95% CI 0.791-0.949), which surpasses AUC results for the other models. The performance of the newly developed models was significantly better than the original nomogram according to likelihood ratio tests (p < 0.001 for all models). Conclusions and clinical implications:The Amsterdam-Brisbane-Sydney nomogram outperformed other nomograms in predicting pN1 status. The PRIMARY score was significantly higher for a pN1 subgroup versus pN0, which indicates its potential clinical value. These findings suggest that the PRIMARY score and the Amsterdam-Brisbane-Sydney nomogram show promise for pN1 prediction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between the PRIMARY score and pN1 status. Further research is needed to clarify the role of the PRIMARY score in clinical decision-making. Patient summary:We looked at how well different tools predict whether patients with prostate cancer are likely to have metastasis in their pelvic lymph nodes. We found that combining a tool called the Amsterdam-Brisbane-Sydney nomogram with a score for PET (positron emission tomography) scans called the PRIMARY score gave the best prediction performance. This combined tool could help in planning the extent of surgery for patients with intermediate-risk or high-risk prostate cancer if our results are confirmed in other studies.

Background: Hem-o-lok® clips (HOLC) (Weck Surgical Instruments, Teleflex Medical, Durham, NC) are commonly used to achieve athermal hemostasis and control the lateral vascular pedicles of the prostate, especially in nerve-sparing surgery during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). However, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated intravesical HOLC migrations. This study aims to describe the clinical presentation, symptoms, management, and outcomes of intravesical HOLC migration to the vesicourethral anastomotic site (VUAS). Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 386 RALP procedures performed by an experienced surgeon at a tertiary care center between November 2017 and November 2024. The data of all patients who have experienced intravesical HOLC migration during long-term follow-up and were treated for this reason were compiled. Cystoscopy findings, HOLC localizations, the number of HOLCs removed, procedures, and patient follow-up data were analyzed. Results: Of 386 patients, 5 (1.2%) experienced intravesical HOLC migration at follow-up. Two of these patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. The mean time to identify HOLC migration was 27.8 ± 18.3 months. Following a single cystoscopic intervention, none of the patients' HOLC migration-related symptoms recurred, and no further procedures were required. During follow-up, bladder neck stenosis occurred in 2 patients. Conclusion: In long-term follow-up of RALP, the lower urinary tract symptoms and persistent dysuria may be related to intravesical HOLC migration. In surgical practice, avoiding using HOLC close to the VUAS and reducing the number of HOLC utilized may help prevent complications.

It is unclear whether ureteral virginity has an effect on retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). We aimed to evaluate the impact of ureteral virginity on RIRS outcomes in a multicenter study. Data from the RIRSearch study group database were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a history of endoluminal interventions or extrinsic ureteral surgery were categorized as having a “non-virgin ureter,” while those without such histories were classified as “virgin ureters.” Case-control matching was performed based on age, gender, uretral access sheath size, and stone characteristics. Demographic, clinical, surgical and complication data were compared after-matching. A total of 894 procedures were included, with 119 (13.3%) involving non-virgin ureters. Pre-matching, the non-virgin ureter group had higher mean age (50.6 ± 13.2 vs. 46.6 ± 13.6 years) and Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2 (51.3% vs. 40.4%). In addition, number of stones, total-stone volume and rate of multiple stone localization were significantly higher in non-virgin ureter group. Operation time, hospital stay, surgical failure, need for auxiliary treatment, and perioperative complications were significantly higher in non-virgin ureter group ( p < 0.05). After case-matching, perioperative complications (18.7% vs. 5.3%), hospital stay (1.54 ± 1.30 vs. 1.18 ± 0.98 days), and auxiliary treatment requirements (20% vs. 8.4%) remained significantly higher in non-virgin ureter group ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative complication rates (17.3% vs. 19.8%) or surgical failure rates (36% vs. 26%). Non-virgin ureters were associated with higher perioperative complication rate, longer hospital stays and increased need for auxiliary treatments during RIRS. Patients with non-virgin ureters may be informed about these potential risks before surgery.

The Leser-Trélat sign, marked by the sudden onset and rapid proliferation of seborrheic keratoses, is a rare paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with internal malignancies. This report presents a case of a 75-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes who presented with an elevated PSA level and was subsequently diagnosed with synchronous prostate adenocarcinoma and high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma. Prior to the oncologic diagnoses, the patient exhibited cutaneous lesions consistent with the Leser-Trélat sign, which raised clinical suspicion for an underlying malignancy. The patient's treatment course comprised transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, complete intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy, radical prostatectomy, and subsequent combined androgen deprivation therapy with salvage radiotherapy due to persistent postoperative PSA elevation. The stabilization of the patient's dermatologic manifestations following oncologic treatment supports the hypothesis of a paraneoplastic origin. The Leser-Trélat sign, while infrequent and debated, may serve as an early indicator of malignancy, particularly when observed with atypical seborrheic keratosis distribution. Although the pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, molecular associations such as FGFR3 mutations have been implicated. The co-occurrence of this sign with synchronous genitourinary malignancies underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the precise underlying mechanisms of this rare phenomenon and its potential role in oncologic detection.

This study aimed to assess the outcomes of various perioperative management strategies employed during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in patients receiving anticoagulant (AC) or antiplatelet (AP) therapy. In this multicenter retrospective matched case–control study, we included patients with nephrolithiasis who received AC or AP therapy and underwent RIRS. The control group consisted of patients not receiving AC/AP therapy. Group 1 included patients who discontinued AC/AP treatment prior to RIRS, whereas Group 2 comprised patients who also discontinued AC/AP therapy but received bridging anticoagulation. The primary endpoints were surgical success and RIRS-related complications. These outcomes were assessed using non-contrast abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) scans obtained during the first postoperative month. In the final analysis, Group 1 and Group 2 each comprised 50 patients, while the control group consisted of 56 patients. The mean age was 59.36 ± 8.86 years in Group 1, 59.96 ± 9.70 years in Group 2, and 56.59 ± 11.56 years in the control group (p = 0.452). Surgical success was significantly lower in Group 2 (p = 0.026), and the need for auxiliary procedures was significantly higher in this group (p = 0.009). Although perioperative complications tended to be higher in Group 2 (p = 0.053), no statistically significant differences were observed in postoperative or overall complication rates. Patients undergoing RIRS with bridging anticoagulation demonstrated lower surgical success rates and a higher need for auxiliary procedures. These findings underscore the importance of close monitoring and individualized perioperative management in this high-risk patient population.

Postoperative fever (POF)/urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most unpleasant and undesirable conditions for surgeons after retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). RIRS is not recommended for any patient with a positive urine culture to avoid POF and UTI, but some patients may develop postoperative UTI even if the urine culture is sterile. This study investigated the predictive factors of fever and UTIs after RIRS. In total, 1240 patients who underwent RIRS for proximal ureteral stones and/or kidney stones were analyzed. After case-control matching, 168 patients were included in the study. Demographic data, preoperative/peroperative/postoperative data, and hematological parameters were compared. Patients with sterile urine cultures were included in the study. Postoperative fever was defined as fever ≥ 38 °C within 72 h after RIRS. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and without POF/UTI. Demographic data, preoperative and postoperative findings, and inflammatory parameters of the patients were compared retrospectively. POF/UTI was observed in 61 (36.3