SUMMARY The succinic dehydrogenase (SDHase) and adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activities were determined in the corpora lutea, ovarian interstitial tissue and endometria of pseudopregnant (PP) rabbits and rabbits in which superovulation was produced by treatment with pituitary gonadotrophins (SO). Statistical analysis of the results showed that the weight, SDHase, ATPase and percentage solids of the corpora lutea, and the SDHase of the endometria of each of the two groups varied significantly (P<0·01) between days. The day values for the SDHase of the endometria, however, were particularly high in SO rabbits at the 2-day stage and low in the 12- to 16-day stages as compared with the PP group. Other differences found were of less statistical significance. The results are considered in relation to the poor survival of embryos formed from eggs of SO rabbits. The lesser weight of the corpora lutea and the lesser SDHase activity of the endometria of the SO group, as compared with the PP group during the latter half of the experimental period, may be significant in relation to the poorer survival of embryos.

The concentration of lactic acid, sodium, potassium and calcium was measured in four structures of the brain 3 hours after death in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs which had been subjected to simulated altitude and ground level control protocols for 15 minutes. The effect of the simulated altitude was elevation of a) the sodium concentration in the corona radiata but not in the cerebral cortex or caudate nucleus, b) the calcium concentration in the cortex, corona radiata and caudate nucleus and c) the lactic acid concentration in all the tissues. No potassium changes were noted. The effect of the anesthesia was very slight and only indirectly detectable. The sampling problem was studied and caudate nucleus and cortex recommended as sampling sites for the detection of hypoxia by lactic acid elevation if a whole hemisphere cannot be used. It is pointed out that accuracy in diagnosing ante mortem hypoxia depends upon discrete anatomical sampling since lactic acid is not evenly distributed within the brain. A chemical approach to give compensation for the uneven distribution of lactic acid is presented.

The concentration of 17-hydroxycorticosterone and a corticosterone-like fraction in peripheral venous blood was not elevated significantly following 15- or 30-minute exposure of dogs to hypocapnia induced by hyperventilation, to hypoxemia induced by breathing 5% oxygen, or to the combination of these conditions. Neither were there significant differences between control and exposed animals in ACTH content of anterior pituitary tissue, or in ascorbic acid content of adrenals. Cytological study of sections of anterior pituitaries revealed somewhat greater than normal acidophilia in all dogs, with the greatest acidophilia being observed in the hypocapnic animals. The concentration of 17-hydroxycorticosterone was higher than that of the corticosterone-like fraction, the 17-hydroxycorticosterone to corticosterone-like ratio varying from 1.3:1 to 1.7:1.

Blood sugar levels of 93 dogs are reported. In animals in which respiration was controlled and hypoxemia or hypocapnia induced for 15 minutes, there was no change in blood sugar. However, there was an elevation when hypocapnia and hypoxemia were combined. Exposure for 30 minutes elevated blood sugar to a greater extent in the hypoxemic group than in the combined hypocapnic and hypoxemic group, whereas hypocapnia alone produced no change. Exposure of pentobarbital sodium-injected or uninjected dogs to 30,000 feet simulated altitude for 15 minutes failed to produce a statistically significant increase in blood sugar, although evidences were observed of a physiologically important increase.

The lactic acid concentration of brain was measured 3 hours after death in dogs which had been subject to hypocapnia, hypoxemia with hypocapnia, and hypoxemia without hypocapnia for 15 minutes. There was no elevation of brain lactic acid above the control level in those dogs subjected to hypocapnia or hypoxemia alone, however, when hypocapnia and hypoxemia were combined there was a significant increase. Cardiovascular and blood chemical analyses support the conclusion that variations in cerebral blood flow, availability of oxygen at the tissue level and interference with oxidative metabolism are important determining factors in brain lactic acid build-up. The results agree with those obtained in altitude-exposed animals, for they likewise show an elevation of brain lactic acid.

Dogs were exposed to hypocapnia, hypoxemia with hypocapnia, and hypoxemia without hypocapnia for 30 minutes, then decapitated. Three hours later brain samples of white matter from the corona radiata and corpus callosum, gray matter from the caudate nucleus and cerebral cortex and a mixture of white and gray matter from an entire cerebral hemisphere, were analyzed for lactic acid. Gray matter contained more lactic acid than white matter and a mixture from the cerebral hemisphere was intermediate in concentration. Hypocapnia did not elevate significantly blood or brain lactic acid above control levels. However, hypoxemia with hypocapnia and hypoxemia without hypocapnia produced a statistically significant elevation of lactic acid. The results in the latter group were different from those obtained previously in dogs exposed for 15 minutes, the difference apparently being due to cardiovascular changes which decreased cerebral blood flow. The results indicate that the lactic acid level of carefully sampled brain tissues may be used to determine whether or not hypoxemia was present at the time of death and to distinguish this condition from hypocapnia. Submitted on May 1, 1958

In this study, adrenalectomy prevented a rise in lactic acid content of brain tissue in hypoxic rats. When various adrenal hormones were injected, the brain lactic acid level of adrenalectomized hypoxic rats was elevated to the same extent as intact hypoxic rats. Animals adapted to a simulated altitude of 18,000 feet did not respond to the same degree as non-adapted animals when both groups were exposed to severe hypoxia.

Growing rats were fed tissue from lambs or butterfat from cows that had consumed DDT-dusted alfalfa hay as part of their diets for 12 to 16 weeks. The concentration of DDT varied from .1 to 30 ppm. on a dry basis. No significant differences in food consumption, rate of growth, or tissue change could be detected by gross and microscopi examination in the rats fed the highest am lowest levels of DDT. High concentrations of DDT in the diet of rats gave the greates storage of it in their body fat.

Twenty-two male and 22 female weanling pigs were fed control and DDT-treated alfalfa hay in their diets at the following percentage levels; zero, three, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 33. The DDT-treated alfalfa was dusted in the field at the rate of two pounds of technical DDT per acre. There was a DDT residue of 23 p.p.m. (dry basis) on the harvested hay. The pigs were fed until they reached market weight (approximately 210 pounds). DDT did not affect the body weight gain, and there were no gross pathology or microscopic changes of the livers or kidneys of the pigs.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTToxaphene, Transmission Studies of Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Toxaphene-Treated HayG. Q. Bateman, Clyde. Biddulph, J. R. Harris, D. A. Greenwood, and L. E. HarrisCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1953, 1, 4, 322–324Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60004a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60004a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views25Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

This paper is the second of a series reported from the Utah Station on the transfer of dietary DDT to eggs and poultry tissues. The first paper was reported by Bryson et al. (1950) on the accumulation of DDT in poultry products.

Methoxychlor did not appear in measurable amounts in the blood, milk or tissues of six dairy cows consuming alfalfa hay that had been dusted in the field with methoxychlor. Two cows receiving untreated alfalfa hay likewise had no methoxychlor in their milk, blood or tissues.

A 44-acre field of alfalfa hay was laid off in 16 one-acre plots with intervening buffer strips. The 16 plots were divided into 4 blocks of 4 plots each. DDT was applied to the plots at the following levels per acre: (1) none; (2) 1 pound; (3) 2 pounds; (4) 4 pounds. In addition another lot of alfalfa hay was procured to feed to lambs along with DDT in capsules at the following amounts in parts per million of hay: 0, 50, 100, and 200. Thirty-two Rambouillet and 32 Rambouillet × Columbia lambs were segregated according to breed and weight and allotted to the eight treatments at random. They were fed individually for 112 days. Digestion coefficients, total digestible nutrients, nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy were determined on 4 of the field treated plots of alfalfa hay using 4 lambs in a Latin square design. The collection period lasted 7 days. The average DDT residue on the alfalfa hay was 0.0, 15, 22, and 42 parts per million when 0, 1, 2, and 4 pounds of DDT was applied per acre of alfalfa. The DDT dusted alfalfa hay had a greater ether extract content, carotene content, and yield of dry matter per acre. There were no apparent differences among the alfalfa hays in content of protein, ash, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract, phosphorus, or calcium. There were no apparent differences among the alfalfa hays in the digestibility of protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract or in the amount of total digestible nutrients. The DDT dusted alfalfa hays had an increased metabolizable energy content when compared to the non-dusted alfalfa hay. There was an increase in nitrogen balance as the amount of DDT residue decreased on the alfalfa hay. There were no apparent differences among the DDT-treated field hays or the laboratory hays in rate of gain, total gain, and feed consumption of the lambs. The average amount of DDT present in the mesenteric and kidney fat was 1.9, 15.8, 18.2 and 44.2 ppm in the lambs consuming alfalfa hay dusted with 0, 1, 2, and 4 pounds of active DDT per acre, respectively. The average amount present in the mesenteric and kidney fat of lambs receiving DDT in capsules was 0, 19.6, 32.1, and 73.4 ppm when 0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm DDT, respectively, were fed. The average amount of DDT in muscle, liver, kidney, and brain varied from 0 to 1.7 ppm.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO BOOKPREVChapterNEXTDDT in Eggs and Tissues of Chickens Fed Varying Levels of DDTMELVIN J. BRYSONMELVIN J. BRYSON Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by MELVIN J. BRYSON, C. I. DRAPERC. I. DRAPERUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by C. I. DRAPER, JOSEPH R. HARRISJOSEPH R. HARRISUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by JOSEPH R. HARRIS, CLYDE BIDDULPHCLYDE BIDDULPHUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by CLYDE BIDDULPH, D. A. GREENWOODD. A. GREENWOODUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by D. A. GREENWOOD, L. E. HARRISL. E. HARRISUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by L. E. HARRIS, WAYNE BINNSWAYNE BINNSUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by WAYNE BINNS, M. L. MINERM. L. MINERUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by M. L. MINER, and L. L. MADSENL. L. MADSENUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Present address, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Tex.More by L. L. MADSENDOI: 10.1021/ba-1950-0001.ch043Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1950Publication History Published online22 July 2009Published inprint 1 January 1950RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSAGRICULTURAL CONTROL CHEMICALSChapter 43pp 232-236Advances in ChemistryVol. 1ISBN13: 9780841224421eISBN: 9780841221475 Copyright © 1950 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYChapter Views22Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSChapter Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (682 KB) SUBJECTS:Anatomy,Animal derived food,Biochemistry,Nutrition Get e-Alerts

IT WAS SHOWN in a previous report from this laboratory (Meyer, McShan and Erway, 1945) that the ovaries of pregnant and pseudopregnant rats were high in succinic dehydrogenase (SDH-ase) and that this high activity was due to the lutein tissue rather than the other ovarian tissues. However, the determinations during pregnancy were made on days 18 and 20 of gestation, and therefore information is not available as to the way in which this enzyme changes in activity throughout pregnancy and lactation. Thus it was of interest to determine the SDH-ase activity of the corpora lutea and other ovarian tissues at intervals during these two phases of the reproductive cycle. The results obtained are presented in this report. EXPERIMENTAL Sprague-Dawley rats approximately 4 months of age were used in the study. Males were introduced into cages containing females on the day preceding the next estimated estrus and the females were examined on the following morning to determine whether insemination had taken place.

WHEN a normal immature female rat is united in parabiosis with an ovariectomized partner the ovaries of the intact rat undergo hypertrophy. This has been demonstrated by Kallas (1930), Hertz and Meyer (1937), Bunster and Meyer (1938), Biddulph, Meyer and Gumbreck (1940), and others. This ovarian stimulation has been attributed to the hypersecretion of pituitary gonadotrophic hormones which follows gonad removal. According to Zeckwer (1940), the typical castration changes in the pituitary gland of the castrated partner are unaltered by parabiosis, while the normal partner shows varying degrees of degranulation of both acidophil and basophil cells. The parabiosis technique has been used as a method for determining the effect of injected gonadal hormones on the secretory activity of the pituitary gland, and also to ascertain the natural hormonal interactions of pituitary gland and gonads.

The injection of LH, gonadotrophin prepared from the urine of pregnant women, and unfractionated sheep pituitary extracts into the nonhypophysectomized partner produced luteinization in the ovaries of the hypophysectomized partner of either hypophysectomized-gonadectomized or hypophysectomized-normal parabiotic rats.

IT IS WELL KNOWN that the adenosine triphosphate system occupies a key position in the energy exchanges of muscle during glycolysis. The presence of ATP and the ATP-splitting enzyme, ATP-ase, in variable quantities in a number of additional tissues has been reported (DuBois and Potter, 1943), and evidence has been presented pointing to the ATP system as a unique mechanism in linking the energy-requiring reactions of tissues with the energy-yielding reactions (Potter, 1945). These reports suggested that the energy changes occurring in tissues other than muscle might be mediated through the ATP system. We became interested, therefore, in determining whether or not the ATP-ase activity of ovarian tissues varied during the different phases of the reproductive cycle, as it is well known that these tissues undergo rapid changes in function and structure at these times. The studies which are reported here were made on the ATP-aee activity of lutein and remaining ovarian tissues during the reproductive cycle. A portion of these results have appeared in preliminary form elsewhere (Biddulph, Meyer and McShan, 1946).