ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRapid N-methylimidazole-catalyzed acetylation of plant cell wall sugarsAllan S. Bittner, Lorin E. Harris, and William F. CampbellCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1980, 28, 6, 1242–1245Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60232a054Request reuse permissionsArticle Views169Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (526 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Extensive research has been reported concerning the chemical composition of rumen ingesta. Many researchers have investigated the end products of fermentation, while others have compared the end products of fermentation derived from various feed-stuffs. The complex biochemistry and physiology of the rumen have been found to involve a multitude of regulating mechanisms that tend to favor microbial fermentation of ingested feed. The regulating mechanisms buffer the pH, absorb and dilute the fermentation end products, and empty the rumen of its contents (Annison and Lewis, 1959; Rodrique, 1960). Therefore, the effect of a relatively small change in the diet of the animal upon the end products of fermentation are difficult to determine. The purpose of this experiment was to determine how the level of protein and phosphorus influence the rate of fermentation in the rumen of sheep as measured by the concentration of volatile acids and ammonia, and the rate of in vivo digestion of cotton thread.

Thirty-two female Holstein cattle with an average age of 3 to 4 months and an average initial weight of 105 kg. were divided into two replications by weight and assigned to 16 treatments in a factorially designed experiment. The overall experiment was terminated when the animals reached an age of 7.5 years. The four levels of fluorine used were 10, 28, 55, and 109 ppm on a moisture-free hay basis; computed according to dry matter intakes, the fluorine levels were 12, 27, 49, and 93 ppm. Two quantities, 1.0 or 3.0%, of a Ca-P mineral mixture were incorporated in a pelleted grain concentrate. Two or four pounds of the concentrate were fed during the first two metabolism trials. During the last three trials the concentrate levels were raised to 0.75 or 1.0 lb. daily per pound of milk fat produced weekly. Five digestion and metabolism trials were conducted, two before and three after the animals began to lactate. Fluorine consumption had no significant effects upon feed intakes, digestion coefficients, or absorption of nutrients during the first two trials before the cattle began to lactate. During trials three, four, and five, however, the animals ingesting 109 ppm F consumed less feed than the animals on the lower levels. Because of this lowered feed intake, the amount of nutrients absorbed was also decreased in most of the animals on the 109-ppm F treatment. This effect was also evident in some of the animals receiving the 55-ppm F level. Digestion coefficients for many of the nutrients increased slightly with each higher level of ingested fluorine, although these increases were not statistically significant. The higher quantities of concentrate tended to result in higher energy intakes and higher amounts of absorbed energy as measured by digestible and metabolizable energy. The high concentrate level did not result in significantly less fluorine retention. Likewise, the higher level of Ca-P mineral did not reduce body retention of fluorine. Apparently the effects of fluorine on the digestion and absorption of nutrients are secondary, since it required nearly 2½ years for the higher levels to influence these physiological functions. The results of this experiment indicate that during a 7-year period of the life of a dairy animal, the tolerance level of fluorine as sodium fluoride is between 28 and 55 ppm on a dry hay basis or between 27 and 49 ppm on a total dry feed basis.

Columbia wethers, confined in individual pens, were fed a constant amount of a semipurified ration in which only the nitrogen content was varied. Three of the animals were fed additional casein per duodenum as the ingested nitrogen was reduced to maintain the total nitrogen input constant, and thereby minimize variation in the recycled nitrogen.

Agronomy JournalVolume 51, Issue 4 p. 226-234 Article Symposium on Forage Evaluation: V. Intake and Digestibility Techniques and Supplemental Feeding in Range Forage Evaluation1 Lorin E. Harris, Lorin E. HarrisSearch for more papers by this authorC. Wayne Cook, C. Wayne CookSearch for more papers by this authorJohn E. Butcher, John E. Butcher Professor of Animal Husbandry, Professor of Range Management, and Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry, respectively.Search for more papers by this author Lorin E. Harris, Lorin E. HarrisSearch for more papers by this authorC. Wayne Cook, C. Wayne CookSearch for more papers by this authorJohn E. Butcher, John E. Butcher Professor of Animal Husbandry, Professor of Range Management, and Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry, respectively.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 1959 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962005100040013xCitations: 3 1 A contribution from the American Society of Animal Production and the American Society of Range Management and Utah State University. Approved for publication as Journal paper No. 77, 1958. Report on project 421. Utah State University Agr. Exp. Sta., Logan. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume51, Issue4April 1959Pages 226-234 RelatedInformation

A disease locally called “Brisket Disease” has plagued livestock of southeastern Utah for many years. The disease is characterized by a loss of appetite, edema (swelling) of the brisket and throat region, and a genaral unthrifty condition. The theory that the disease is caused by altitude does not fit in with the experience of the cattle raisers in Utah. Experiments were conducted to determine if trace elements or other supplements would prevent or cure the disease. The experiments were divided into four phases: (1) Supplementary feeding of all animals on both ranges, (2) additional feeding of calves on one of the ranges, (3) drenching cattle with trace minerals in a fenced section of range pasture, and (4) treatment of sick animals with various supplements. Cattle on 7-mile Range received the trace minerals, copper, cobalt and later iron along with salt and bonemeal, while those on U. M. Range received only bonemeal and salt. Incidence of the disease appeared to be less among the cattle receiving the trace minerals. In 1953 cattle on U. M. Range received a supplement of ground alfalfa hay at the rate of approximately one pound per head per day. Salt was used as regulator. The animals suffered no ill effect from the excess salt and incidence of the disease on this range was less than in any other year. Calves on 7-mile Range were creep fed a protein pellet one year and alfalfa hay for two years. The value of protein pellets as a preventive measure for Brisket Disease was not satisfactorily determined. There appeared to be less incidence of Brisket Disease among calves that received the alfalfa hay than among those not receiving it. A controlled experiment drenching animals with copper, cobalt, and iron was conducted for three consecutive years. There were no significant differences in gain of body weight, hemoglobin values, and incidence of the disease. Animals that became affected with Brisket Disease were placed on various treatments to determine if the disease could be cured at the same elevation as it developed. Of the various treatments used in treating the sick animals only alfalfa hay appeared to bring about a recovery.

T A BENMORE, Utah, trials are being cooperatively conducted by the Utah State Agricultural College, Soil Conservation Service, and the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station to determine the proper intensity and best method of grazing cattle on crested wheatgrass. Information on this subject is important to the proper management of thousands of acres already seeded to crested wheatgrass and will become increasingly valuable as seeding of semiarid ranges is expanded. Literature on the subject generally recognizes the importance of grazing crested wheatgrass so as to utilize the forage before it becomes coarse and mature in early summer. Williams and Post (1945) reported that cattle made daily gains of 2 pounds or more per head for a period of 75 days in the spring, but that gains dropped considerably with longer periods of grazing. Barnes and Nelson (1950) concluded that for maximum daily gains, grazing of crested wheatgrass, beginning about April 16, should be sufficiently heavy to make full use of t)he forage by the forepart of June, after which animals would gain more on some other types of forage. Sarvis (1941) reported that crested wheatgrass became unpalatable to animals after it reached maturity. A general reduction in the consumption of herbage by livestock as it reaches maturity was reported by Graves, Dawson, Kopland, and Moseley (1933) ; and by Johnstone-Wallace and Kennedy (1944). Williams and Post (1945) reported further that rotation grazing of crested wheatgrass resulted in a 6 percent greater total gain per acre than continuous grazing, but they concluded that this small advantage probably did not justify the extra time and expense involved in a rotation system. The Benmore experimental area is located in southeastern Tooele County within a belt commonly considered as spring-fall range in the Intermountain region. The elevation is approximately 5,800 feet and average annual precipitation is about 12 inches. Soils are mainly loams derived from t,he ancient Lake Bonneville sediments with a coarser overburden of alluvial and colluvial outwash material toward the southern boundary. This area, now administered by the Soil Conservation Service, was marginal dry farm land purchased by the Federal Government in 1934 under the National Resources Board. Thirtyt,wo hundred acres were set aside as an experimental area from which twentyeight loo-acre pastures were fenced. Water was piped to the area in the late 1930’s. Seeding of the pastures was done between 1938 and 1940 by drilling crested wheatgrass with small amounts of several ot,her grasses directly into existing stands of Russian-thistIle (Salsola kali tenu~folia) Irregular stands resulted in some pastures and it was necessary to seed portions of them twice. Scattered seedlings

T HE abundance of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) on the foothill and semidesert ranges throughout the Intermountain and Great Basin region make it of concern to the livestock industry of this area. It is the most abundant forage plant on many spring ranges andperhaps contributes more feed for livestock than any other range species during this period. However, the forage production from cheatgrass fluctuates greatly from year to year, depending upon moisture and growing conditions. Therefore, many believe that cheatgrass should be replaced by native or introduced perennial grasses. The return of native perennials through light grazing is slow and the necessary reductions in livestock grazing might constitute inefficient use of the areas involved. However, on the better soils, cheatgrass ranges can be planted successfully to introduced perennial grasses. During the past twenty years crested wheatgrass has been used rather extensively for this purpose. Yet, in many areas, the soils are low in productivity, and rehabilitation through seeding is hazardous and impractical. Further, the necessity of prior eradication of cheatgrass makes seeding uneconomical in many instances. As a result, a large part of the spring ranges throughout the Great Basin area are supporting cheatgrass with scattered clumps of native grasses and browse plants (Fig. 1). Cheatgrass areas often produce as much forage per acre as crested wheatgrass or native bunch grasses (Hull et al., 1947). However, cheatgrass remains green only a relatively short time during the spring and soon after maturity becomes unpalatable. Sheep normally graze very little on cheatgrass after it becomes dry, but cattle graze dry mature cheatgrass rather extensively during the winter when furnished water and a high protein supplement (Fleming et al., 1942). The palatability of crested wheatgrass for both sheep and cattle likewise decreases markedly as the plant matures. However, the perennial wheatgrass remains green much longer than the annual cheatgrass and in addition maintains an upright stature much better through heavy rains and snows. Even though perennial grasses apparently have many advantages over cheatgrass as a forage cover, it is believed that only a relatively small portion of the cheatgrass area in the Great Basin region will be replaced by perennial bunch grasses (Fleming et al., 1942). Therefore, we must recognize cheatgrass as a source of range feed and manage these areas for maximum forage and livestock production.

EXTENSIVE areas of desert range in the intermountain area are the sole ;source of forage for sheep during the winter grazing season. The diversity in soil, climate, and topography provides a variety of native forage for grazing animals, and the nutritive content of the diet varies widely depending upon environmental conditions, and animal selectivity for various species and parts of plants. Thus, a knowledge of the nutritive qualities of native forage plants is of extreme importance for a better understand-ing and appraisal of the animal's diet under range conditions. Most studies of the nutrients supplied by range forage have dealt with chemical analyses of bulk samples of herbage collected from the range. However, chemical content is not a reliable index to availability of the various nutrients and is of limited value unless accompanied by digestibility determinations or balance trials. For this reason a method for determining digestibility of native forage under range conditions was developed and used in obtaining the data presented in this paper.