Previously, vascular imaging was done exclusively using angiography (X-ray projectional imaging of vessels opacified by iodinated contrast media). Recently angiography especially is used in combination with angioplasty (percutaneous enlargement of a closed or stenotic vessel). There has been a change from invasive to non invasive procedures. New developments in computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MR) and ultrasound have reduced the indications for the invasive digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Further improvement especially im MR-angiography and colour-coded dopplersonography will cover all primary diagnostic vascular examinations.

The recent change in the therapeutic approach to gallstone disease (dissolution therapy, lithotripsy and especially laparoscopic cholecystectomy) has promoted an obvious transition in biliary imaging. In a short review the actually most relevant imaging modalities are presented and validated. In the light of the explosive growth of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a main concern of this presentation is focused on biliary duct imaging.