Nitrophenols has become a significant threat to the ecosystem and the health of the human beings. Photocatalytic degradation is considered to be the utmost competent approach for the amputation of nitroaromatic pollutants. In this research, 2-nitrophenol (MNP), 2,4-dinitrophenols (DNP), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol or picric acid (PA) are taken for the degradation studies using the photo-Fenton catalyst of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticle modified with biopolymer containing organic and inorganic functionalities. The morphological study reveals the uniformly distributed TiO2 nanoparticles (15 nm) surfaces are encapsulated by the active site-rich chitosan-ligand-copper complex facilitating more absorption and enhancing the photocatalytic activity toward the target molecules. The UV spectra confirm the predominant shifting of absorption peak in the range 305–310 nm which results due to the formation of TiO2-CBGCu nanocomposites. The zeta potential of the synthesized nanocomposites TiO2-CBGCu 5

Jute fibres and their composites have attracted attention from researchers and have been used in many fields.

Introduction The efficacy of wound-healing treatments can be significantly enhanced through innovative combination therapies. This research investigates the wound-healing properties of a combination therapy involving silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Delphinium denudatum (Dd), bovine tendon collagen (BTC), and the antibiotic doxycycline (DOX) in Wistar albino rats. Each component has known therapeutic benefits: AgNPs possess antimicrobial properties, BTC aids in tissue regeneration, and DOX is an effective antibiotic. The synergy between these components is hypothesized to enhance wound closure, reduce inflammation, and promote scar-free healing. Methods The synthesis of DdAgNPs was carried out using Dd. The presence of AgNPs was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The study was conducted on Wistar albino rats following ethical guidelines for animal research. The rats were divided into different groups to receive various treatments: DdAgNPs alone, BTC alone, DOX alone, combinations of two components, and the triple combination of DdAgNPs: BTC: DOX. Wound closure rates, epithelialization, and collagen deposition were monitored and recorded over time. Tissue samples from the wound sites were collected for histological analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to evaluate epithelialization and overall tissue architecture. Collagen deposition was assessed using Masson's trichrome staining. Additionally, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was measured as an indicator of inflammation. Results UV-Vis spectroscopy provided the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak indicative of AgNPs, while HRTEM revealed the morphology and size of the nanoparticles, showing spherical particles with an average size of 35±10.42 nm. The combination therapy of DdAgNPs: BTC: DOX significantly enhanced wound closure compared to individual and dual-component treatments. This was evidenced by faster epithelialization and increased collagen deposition. The histological analysis showed that the triple combination treatment resulted in more organized tissue architecture and denser collagen fibers. Furthermore, the treatment led to a marked decrease in COX-2 expression, indicating reduced inflammation and potential for lower scar formation. Conclusion The synergistic application of DdAgNPs, BTC, and DOX presents a promising strategy for advanced wound healing and tissue regeneration. The combination therapy not only accelerates wound closure but also enhances the quality of healing by promoting epithelialization and collagen deposition while reducing inflammation. These findings offer a potential pathway for developing effective, scar-free healing solutions, highlighting the benefits of integrating multiple therapeutic agents in wound care.

N -Acetyl- L -Leucine(NAL), a single crystal with dimensions up to 9 × 4 × 2 mm 3 was grown. The grown crystal is associated with noncentrosymmetric space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 and crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system. This grown crystal is characterized by powder XRD analysis. Further, various molecular vibrations in the material was confirmed by FTIR and FT-Raman spectrum. Lower cut off of NAL single crystal was found to be 298 nm. The melting point of the crystalline powder sample of NAL was found to be180°Cand decomposes at 308 °C. In photoluminescence studies the emission of the crystals was observed at 305 nm. SHG efficiency of NAL was around 4.3 times that of KDP, as determined by the Kurtz-Perry powder technique. Quantum chemical calculations of the NAL molecules were performed using the Gaussian 09 software program. The energy value of HOMO–LUMO orbital’s was also investigated using Frontier Molecular Orbital analysis. The molecular nonlinear properties, molecular electrostatic potential map, and Mulliken charge analysis were all performed and discussed in detail.

Biosensors are modern engineering tools that can be widely used for various technological applications. In the recent past, biosensors have been widely used in a broad application spectrum including industrial process control, the military, environmental monitoring, health care, microbiology, and food quality control. Biosensors are also used specifically for monitoring environmental pollution, detecting toxic elements' presence, the presence of bio-hazardous viruses or bacteria in organic matter, and biomolecule detection in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, deep medical applications such as well-being monitoring, chronic disease treatment, and in vitro medical examination studies such as the screening of infectious diseases for early detection. The scope for expanding the use of biosensors is very high owing to their inherent advantages such as ease of use, scalability, and simple manufacturing process. Biosensor technology is more prevalent as a large-scale, low cost, and enhanced technology in the modern medical field. Integration of nanotechnology with biosensors has shown the development path for the novel sensing mechanisms and biosensors as they enhance the performance and sensing ability of the currently used biosensors. Nanoscale dimensional integration promotes the formulation of biosensors with simple and rapid detection of molecules along with the detection of single biomolecules where they can also be evaluated and analyzed critically. Nanomaterials are used for the manufacturing of nano-biosensors and the nanomaterials commonly used include nanoparticles, nanowires, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanorods, and quantum dots (QDs). Nanomaterials possess various advantages such as color tunability, high detection sensitivity, a large surface area, high carrier capacity, high stability, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. The current review focuses on nanotechnology-enabled biosensors, their fundamentals, and architectural design. The review also expands the view on the materials used for fabricating biosensors and the probable applications of nanotechnology-enabled biosensors.

Materials research relating to bio-based polymers and composites has become the order of the day and several types of research are being undertaken on these materials. This is mainly due to the belief in the ability of these polymers and composites to serve as potential alternatives for synthetic polymers and fiber-reinforced composites and to mitigate problems pertaining to environmental pollution. A majority of synthetic fibers and polymers in the market today are developed from nonrenewable petroleum-based materials. These have the potential to harm the natural biodiversity of the environment. On the other hand, the use of bioplastics and biocomposites is supported by a few facts such as low cost, lesser energy consumption during production, and notable mechanical and thermal characteristics. The usage of bio-based fibers and polymers in the manufacture of biocomposites in numerous applications greatly enhance the sustainability by eradicating the problem of waste generation. Considering all the above points, the current review focuses on the synthesis and characterization of bioplastics and biocomposites. An elaborate discussion on the mechanical and thermal properties of these materials has also been made. In addition, this review comprehensively discusses the applications, challenges, and prospects of bioplastics and biocomposites.

Abstract The wound healing potentials of brown algae Turbinaria conoides aqueous extract (TCAe) and silver nanoparticles synthesized utilizing T. conoides aqueous extract (TCAgNPs) were investigated in this study. TCAgNPs and TCAe were tested for cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblast cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which revealed that TCAgNPs and TCAe were not cytotoxic and may be tested for medicinal qualities. TCAgNPs and TCAe were tested for wound healing efficacy using a wound scratch assay on human dermal fibroblast cells. The damaged cells were subjected to TCAgNPs and TCAe, which demonstrated stronger wound repair activities than the control (Untreated). The cell cycle study of human dermal fibroblast primary cell lines treated with TCAgNPs and TCAe, as well as those not treated, was performed using flow cytometry to determine the DNA content of the nuclei. These findings show that TCAgNPs-treated cells proliferated more than TCAe and control-treated cells, implying that cell proliferation is boosted, which aids the wound-healing process. During immunoblot analysis, the TCAgNPs-treated group showed higher collagen and fibronectin expression than the TCAe-treated group. Our findings imply that TCAgNPs and TCAe can repair wounds in vitro and could be used as a source of wound healing agents.

The high-strength materials fabricated from biodegradable resources are in demand due to their renewable nature, lightweight, and environmental friendliness. The current experimental investigation aims to examine the influence of Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica tree trunk bark nano-powder on properties of milkweed fiber-reinforced polymer composites (MFPCs). The composites were prepared by compression molding method, and the properties such as mechanical strength and water absorption behavior were analyzed; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation were also carried out. Results revealed that the inclusion of V. indica tree trunk nano-powder had a considerable effect on the properties of MFPCs, and it could act as an impending nano-filler for the polymer matrix composites.

Two-dimensional (2D) nano-materials have provided attraction for many researchers in the innovation of viable routes for large scale synthesis, doping and integration of mono-layers and the development of unique materials with excellent properties. Graphene-based 2D nano-materials are promising agents for several biosensor and bioelectronics applications due to their intriguing properties. In this review, a detailed discussion on preparation, synthesis, properties, and characterization of graphene and graphene-based 2D nano-materials focusing on bioelectronics and biosensors has been carried out and the findings have been provided. Discussions relating to the current review might provide motivation for the future researchers to perform more studies on graphene-based 2D nano-materials and explore more applications in such a way that it can be used as cost effective alternative for the conventional materials. Further this review provides the critical over look on this topic, highlighting the major unexplored areas which require future investigation.

In this century, there is more research focused on sustainability by exploring and examining new ecologically sustainable materials. Due to developing natural shortages and immense social imbalances in worldwide growth, society today is looking toward sustainable development as a major advancement model. A sustainability approach is connected to sustainable development, i.e., the social, ecological, and economical development of bio-based green composites. This strategy encompasses many resources toward future sustainable development and a green economy. This chapter is intended to convey a framework of far-reaching ongoing experimental studies to give an account of applications of green ecofriendly biocomposites for sustainable development.

In this work, the influence of silane treatment on characterization of Ipomoea staphylina plant fiber composites reinforced with epoxy matrix are studied. The silane treated I. staphylina fiber reinforced composites (ISFRCs) are fabricated through hand layup and compression molding methods. The composites are subjected to characterization techniques, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. Results revealed that the silane treatment has a significant influence on characterization of ISFRCs.

From the beginning of humanity, our generation has been on the edge of finding suitable solutions to increase the product's life-cycle and reduce the environmental impact of the product. Life-cycle assessment is a process to evaluate the effects of products or services whereas environmental impact assessment is an inter-related process of evaluating the environmental impact of a product or service. Plant fibre reinforced composites are developed by researchers, which are kindled by economic and environmental trepidations. The forest's wood resources will decline and deplete due to environmental issues caused by natural and renewable resources. The main objective of this review is to conduct life-cycle assessment and environmental impact assessment studies on plant fibres and manufacturing of bio-composites from these fibres. It identifies the differences and causes to the environment, in particular about the total effect on the surrounding atmosphere. Another aim of this work is to assess a techno-economic feasibility based on the environmental impact category. In addition to this, inventory assessments of these composites are also dealt with, alongside the industrial applications. This review concludes a summary of current research and point out the opportunities and challenges for future researchers.

The poly(N-tert-amylacrylamide-co-acrylamide/AcNa)hydrogel was synthesized by free radical copolymeristion in water/methanol medium using Ammonium per sulphate as the initiator and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker at 60oC.The amount of N-tertamylacrylamide(NTA) and Acrylamide(AM) were fixed and the amount of sodium acrylate was varied.The Hydro gels were characterized by 1H-NMR ,13C-NMR and IR Spectroscopy.The swelling behavior of hydrogels was studied by gravimetric method and degree of swelling was increased by increasing the amount of AcNa.The surface morphology was studied by SEM analysis. Keywords: N-tert-amylacrylamide,AcNa,Hydrogels,Swelling behavior

Utilization of energy and the lifetime increment are the big issues in designing of routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many routing algorithms have been developed by various researchers to achieve energy efficiency and to improve the lifetime of the network. But, the way to route the information from the sensor node (SN) to the base station (BS) and vice versa is an important issue, because of resource constraints. In this paper, we have proposed a low energy consumed, cluster-based routing protocol named an energy-efficient and double cluster-head routing (EEDCR) protocol, to increase the network lifetime and minimize the end-to-end delay. Selection of the cluster head (CH) is depending on random selection method, energy method, the total number of nodes, and its energy level. The performances of developed protocol were assessed using simulations and found that it provides successful outcomes in terms of energy-efficient and lifetime increment in routing for WSNs.

In this experimental work, the influence of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) powder on thermo-mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of Tindora (Coccinia grandis) tendrils fiber-reinforced epoxy composites is investigated. The Coccinia grandis fibers (CGFs) were extracted from tendrils of the Tindora plant, and composites with and without Haritaki powder (HP) are fabricated by using hand layup and compression molding techniques. The mechanical strengths, water absorption studies, and the characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies are conducted. From the results, it is found that the mechanical strengths of the HP filled C. grandis fiber-reinforced composites (HPCGFRCs) are 14.26–26.59% higher than that of those without HP composites. The maximum weight gain percentages of CGFs and their composites due to water absorption varied between 6.32% and 10.63%. Findings of the experiments reveal that the inclusion of HP has a significant influence on the properties of CGFRCs and ascertained that HP could be the potential nanofiller formost of the polymer matrix composites.

Our expanding world concern about the atmosphere is promoting the need for alternate suppliers in resources which does not affect environment as well as arrive via an alternative method of strong business opportunity. The added advantage of agricultural waste from banana trees is the rise in the use of banana fiber. This chapter discusses a description of banana fiber reinforced composites (BFRCs) with an emphasis on their composition, mechanical properties and physical properties. This chapter clearly demonstrates that the number of new and existing applications has shown that banana fibers can be used in a polymer matrix composite as an important reinforcement material.

Recent era witnessed a tremendous growth in utilization of plant fibers to make composite materials, and their industrial applications have multiplied many folds. All these utilizations were kindled by the advantageous features of the plant fibers and their potential to substitute the currently used synthetic fibers in almost all the applications. Current work falls in line with the abovementioned statements, and Calotropis gigantea fibers (CGFs) are reinforced with epoxy matrix to fabricate composite materials. The fiber surfaces were modified with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) solutions. The CGFs reinforced composites with epoxy matrix were fabricated with the aid of compression molding technique and the samples were subjected to wear tests. The effect of fiber surface modification over the tribological characteristics of these composites such as frictional force, coefficient of friction, and rate of wear was evaluated by varying the time of wear from 40 to 1040 s at an interval of 40 s. From the results, it is found that the weight loss varies between 0.0013 and 0.0018 g . Scanning electron microscopy studies are also carried out to observe the surfaces of the samples before and after wear tests. Experimental results portrayed that NaOH treated CGF composites rendered better tribological behavior when compared with untreated and KMnO 4 treated CGF composites.

Copolymers of various feed ratio of N-tert-butylacrylamide (NTB) and 7-methacryloyloxy-4-methyl coumarin (MAMC) were prepared by free radical solution polymerization in DMF at 70 degrees C using AIBN as an initiator. Synthesised copolymers were characterized and copolymer compositions were obtained by H-1 NMR analysis data. By using Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tudos and extended Kelen-Tudos methods, monomer reactivity ratios (r(1) and r(2)) were calculated. Mean sequence lengths of the copolymers were estimated from monomer reactivity ratio (r(1) and r(2)) values. Thermal characterizations of the copolymers were carried out using thermogravimetric analysis. The antimicrobial effects of obtained copolymers were also tested on various bacteria, and fungi. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Healthcare system takes challenges in making an effort for the patients and individuals in providing a better diagnosis. Since there are huge volumes of healthcare data are available, the analysis of this data depends upon the collection and integration from various resources. In order to diagnosis the disaas-es people spend a lump sum amount which is not affordable by all, with the help of the data explosion and with the power of data analytics and machine learning. A robust and a powerful data model are built to identify the cluster the population on various criteria's. The category of diseases that they might encounter in the near future is predicted using the data. It can also prescribe the respective diagno-sis that they can afford and take necessary action before in hand. This will be useful in discovering the cause of the disease and to alert them with respective discoveries. By defining the business problem and mapping to suitable algorithms such as NN, SVM, KNN, Navies Bayes' and logistic regression with respective data points and EDA is prepared. The curated data have been used to support a number of healthcare analytic applications, including descriptive analytics, data visualization, patient stratification, and predictive modelling.