Measurements in the coastal zone are carried out using various methods, including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), hydroacoustic and optoelectronic methods. Therefore, it is necessary to develop coordinate transformation models that will enable the conversion of data from the land and marine parts to one coordinate system. The article presents selected issues related to the integration of geodetic and hydrographic data. The aim of this publication is to present the various transformation methods and their effects that relate to the data from the tombolo measurement campaign in Sopot conducted in 2018. Data obtained using GNSS Real Time Kinematic (RTK) measurements, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and the Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) were transformed. On the basis of the coordinate transformation methods used, it can be concluded that the adjustment calculus method obtained the best results for the plane coordinates, while the method of P.S. Dąbrowski et al. obtained the best results for the height coordinates. The standard deviation for the difference of the modelled coordinates acquired by the method of P.S. Dąbrowski et al. with respect to the reference coordinates amounted to: 0.022 m (Northing), 0.040 m (Easting) and 0.019 m (height), respectively, while the adjustment calculus method allowed to obtain the following values: 0.009 m (Northing), 0.005 m (Easting) and 0.359 m (height). It can be assumed that a combination of these two seven-parameter transformation methods would provide the best results. In the future, a new seven-parameter transformation method should be developed based on the synthesis of these two existing methods.

Abstract The paper presents results of research based on analysis of historical and present studies of the Arctic ice drift. Current information about Arctic ice drift comes from the scientific expedition organized by the Alfred-Wrgener-Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) from Bremerhaven (Germany) in the Arctic Ocean, as a part of the Multidiscipli-nary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), coming from the deck of the icebreaker RV “Polarstern”. The main purpose of the article was to collect and illustrate information on the phenomenon of ice drift in the Arctic Ocean, considering data from ongoing research during the MOSAiC expedition. The average movement speed of the icebreaker RV “Polarstern” frozen in Arctic ice during the first three legs of the expedition was over 5 Nm/day, which is characteristic of the current data relating to the speed of the Arctic ice drift in the place of research. On the other hand, the article is popular science, and presents the overall characteristics of Arctic ice drift with an indication of the general directions, and speed of its movement. Ice drift speeds in the Arctic can reach exceptionally high values under favorable conditions. The drift of sea ice reaching at its intensity/intensity values close to the limit (dangerous criterion) in these extreme cases is called the “ice river”. The speed of “ice rivers” can reach up to 1–2 knots, however, in extreme conditions up to 9 knots. Based on data from the AWI, correlation points were identified between the speed of Arctic ice drift and the speed of winds and atmospheric pressure values.

Abstract The paper presents results of research based on analysis of marine icing nomograms, models and charts using in the sea navigation. The problem of ships icing occurs in specific weather and geographical conditions. Every year numbers of vessels navigate in these areas meet a phenomenon of icing. Ice on decks of ships can be formed from fresh water or sea (salt) water. Ships operating in waters where the phenomime of icing is occurred use for safety navigation icing nomograms and icing charts. Icing charts are created based on icing models. The main aim of the article is to perform a review of currently used in the sea navigation icing nomograms and icing maps, based on icing models, used in navigation to depict the phenomenon of icing.

Abstract The paper presents results of research based on analysis of weather conditions during the storm front on 11th and 12th August, 2017, which has been relocated through a significant area of Poland. The front with an unprecedented force struck the infrastructure of the Academic Training Centre in the village of Czernica (ATC Czernica) on 11th August, 2017 about 23:05 CET. Due to wind impact of near-hurricane force, significant damage in the facility’s infrastructure and the biggest losses are incurred in forest resources. The data from the front passage through Gdynia was observed on a mobile meteorological station located at the Naval Academy in Gdynia. Describing the phenomenon and displaying the losses caused is one of the historical goals set before the article, because such a rapid weather phenomenon has not been recorded in the more than 50-years history of the Center in Czernica.

Abstract This article presents the results of research based on analysis of ice conditions on the Arctic Sea in recent years and consequences of these changes. The Arctic ice extent are changed due to global warming. Reducing the ice surface leads to intensification of the navigation of the waters of the Arctic Sea, resulting in a significant reduction of the distance between the ports of Europe and East Asia and the North and South Americas. This phenomenon is conducive to the opening of new shipping routes leading through the Arctic Sea. After the entry into force of 1st January, 2017 The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) is expected to improve the safety of conducting the navigation of the waters. Analysis of maritime accidents in the Arctic waters shows that the number of accidents has a growing trend, however, last year brings them a significant decreasing.

Abstract The paper presents results of research concerning hydrological and meteorological conditions during the stormy weather on 27th November, 2016 in the South Baltic Sea and over the Polish coast. The wind which occurred the South Baltic Sea at that time reached the force of 7 Beaufort degree and in gusts 8 to 9 Beaufort degree. The south part of the Baltic Sea was affected by the low pressure system (981 hPa) which the centre was situated in South Finland and Northwest Russia. Some destroys were observed on the Polish coast line and in ports of the Gdansk Bay. The analysis is concerned on the wind force, the wind direction, the atmospheric pressure and the sea water level in some places of the Polish coast line and especially in the Gdansk Bay.

Abstract The paper presents results of research based on analysis of ice conditions in the Baltic Sea and in the Puck Bay. Analyses are concerned on the last century the maximum ice extents in the Baltic Sea (1915-2015) and ice conditions in the Puck Bay (1986-2005). Ice conditions in the Baltic Sea are generally of average intensity and depend mainly on the type of winters (mild, average/ normal and severe), however, the Baltic bays and gulfs cover the sea ice almost every year. The average ice extent in the Baltic Sea during typical winters, the ice extent in the Baltic Sea during winters in years from 1915 to 2015 and the average time limits the occurrence of the first ice, number of days with ice, ice thickness, terms the disappearance of the last ice in the Puck Bay together with examples of ice forms are presented in this paper. The phenomenon of ice has a significant impact on human activities in the sea, have an effect on weather and climate, plant and animal life, fishery and ports activities and the safety of navigation.

Abstract In the paper the issue of maritime safety is presented. Most of the modern world trade is carried by sea, where maritime safety plays a key role. The article also presents the analysis of marine casualties at the beginning of the 21st century, covering the years 2002-2015. Apparent systematic steady decline in accidents and total losses of vessels is the result of improved maritime safety.